高山峡谷地区大跨度桥梁岸坡稳定性分析、趋势预测及应用研究

In order to realize fast development of the national economy in a healthy way and coordinate progress with whole society, the country has implemented the strategy of development of the western region. An important action of finishing this strategic task is to accelerate the highway construction in the western region, join the western region and places along the coast, the river, the border with goods and materials, technology, and personnel interchanges, and then drive development of the local economy.The western region was influenced by the Himalaya Tectonization in Cenozoic, and the crust rose and became the plateau. In the course of rising, rivers cut down sharply to form a lot of high mountains and gorges.Because of topography and geomorphology, bridges in the traffic construction in the alpine gorge area are needed. Rivers have characteristics of large flow, fast velocity and high and steep river valley, so building a pier in the river is not only very difficult, but also making the cost increase. At the same time, the impact that the pier is corroded and the bridge base that is drawn to be empty by flow are apt to cause destruction of the pier. For those reasons, suspending bridge and cable-stay bridge are usually adopted with the single and large span. For the large span bridge, the pier foundation could receive ten thousand and more vertical strength, bending moment and near kiloton horizontal thrust.Because bank slope in the alpine gorge district is cut deeply and unsettled big, natural stability is worse under endogenic and exogenic force. When bank slope bears heavy vertical strength, bending moment and horizontal thrust facing the river, it will inevitably make the balance state of rock and soil mass change, bridge bank slope deform, and even destroyed. So the key problem at the time of the large span's bridge construction in the alpine gorge area is how to make it stable.So based on the spot investigation, the Engineering Geology Analysis Method is very important to grasp the bank slope stability. It can provide the bank slope stability macroscopic ally and qualitatively, and reference to the indoor calculation. The Engineering Geology Analysis Method is that by way of analyzing and investigating terms of bank slope instability, stability development trend, the ancient rock slide and devolution in the site, stability comprehensive evaluation primarily, current and future stability of bank slope is gotten, realizing the intention to serving the concrete engineering.After the Engineering Geology Analysis Method is applied to project instances of BeiPan River Bridge and BaLin River Bridge, results are accord with bank slope actual conditions, which proves sites are suited to building bridges from site stability.we often meet bank slope stability issues in the traffic construction in the alpine gorge areao Before the evaluation of the bank slope stability, the engineering geological condition is investigated first. After that, the next exploration target and geology measures are decided. So, the Engineering Geology Analysis Method that the investigation of the engineering geological condition is the main content is quite important in practice. The other evaluations of the bank slope stability are based on it. Because foundation receives very heavy load, for the big span's bridge in the alpine gorge area, a long pile of the large diameter (D^0.8m) is usually selected. In order to reflect rock mass's deformation properties under rock-socketed pile function, the author has used the FLAG30 software for rock and soil mass and done many numerical simulations. By them, the author launches the further investigation on deformation properties of bank slope under different slope angle, pile length, diameter, elastic modulus, load, bank slope's structure, etc. Some conclusion meaningful to the design and produce are obtained.

Contributos da educação em Geociências para o desenvolvimento: uma abordagem ao tempo geológico

Perante os desafios do mundo contemporâneo, marcado pela complexidade, pelo ritmo acelerado de mudança e pela incerteza, o desenvolvimento dos alunos como cidadãos cientificamente cultos é um fator crítico. Neste contexto, a educação em Geociências, em geral, e a compreensão do tempo geológico, em particular, podem contribuir para um aprofundamento da cultura científica e da responsabilidade do cidadão promotor do desenvolvimento sustentável, numa matriz Ciência/Tecnologia/Sociedade. Assim, com este estudo, pretende-se alcançar duas grandes finalidades: a) contribuir para o desenvolvimento de um quadro teórico e concetual, no âmbito da educação em geral e das Geociências em particular, visando o desenvolvimento dos alunos como cidadãos cientificamente cultos numa lógica de sustentabilidade; b) conceber, implementar e avaliar estratégias, fundamentadas no corpus de referência, no âmbito da Geologia no ensino secundário. Corresponde a uma investigação-ação desenvolvida pelo professor de Biologia e Geologia com alunos do 11.º ano e organizada em três fases: i) desenvolvimento de um quadro teórico de referência e concetual; ii) conceção, desenvolvimento e avaliação de uma intervenção didática iii) elaboração de uma proposta metodológica fundamentada para o aprofundamento de uma cultura científica que promova o desenvolvimento da sustentabilidade na Terra a partir do ensino do tempo geológico. Os resultados do estudo apontam para a importância de trabalhar de modo articulado os conceitos de tempo geológico e de desenvolvimento sustentável na formação de cidadãos cientificamente cultos, capazes de dar resposta às questões complexas da sociedade atual. Por outro lado, a análise da intervenção didática confirma a importância das atividades exteriores à sala de aula e do trabalho prático para o desenvolvimento da cidadania, em alunos do ensino secundário, e como facilitadoras da compreensão de conceitos complexos como o de tempo geológico.

O ensino da biologia e geologia com recursos às tecnologias da informação e comunicação:implicações para a aprendizagem

Tese de doutoramento, Educação (Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação na Educação), Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto de Educação, 2014

Trabalho prático em biologia e geologia no ensino secundário : estudo dos documentos oficiais e suas recontextualizações nas práticas dos professores

Tese de doutoramento, Educação (Didática das Ciências), Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto de Educação, 2014

A implementação da norma NP EN ISO 50001:2012 em instituições da administração pública portuguesa: caso de estudo

Tese de mestrado integrado em Engenharia da Energia e do Ambiente, apresentada à Universidade de Lisboa, através da Faculdade de Ciências, 2015

Estudo da redução de consumos energéticos de uma Piscina Municipal

As cada vez mais importantes questões ambientais levam à imprescindibilidade da eficiência energética, sendo que esta tem cada vez mais importância a nível mundial. Deste modo, a eficiência energética, quer por uma obrigação legal (devido aos níveis de consumo) quer por questões de estatuto no mercado (imagem de uma empresa amiga do ambiente), está bem presente no mundo industrial. Portugal apresenta, no que diz respeito à situação energética, uma forte dependência externa, acima dos 70 %. Em 2012, informação disponível pela Direção Geral de Energia e Geologia (DGEG), o consumo total de energia primária era de 21.482 ktep e mais de 55 % desse consumo era proveniente de origem fóssil. Os setores que apresentam maiores consumos de eletricidade por setor de atividade são a Indústria e o setor de Serviços, onde estão presentes os edifícios com consumos perto dos 33 %. De forma a promover a eficiência energética e implementar a utilização racional de energia foram criados programas, estratégias e legislação que permitiram incentivar a diminuição dos consumos de energia nos edifícios de serviço. Uma das metodologias implementadas passa pela gestão de energia, ou seja, para atuar é necessário conhecer os fluxos de energia de um edifício. As auditorias energéticas permitem realizar um levantamento e análise desses mesmos fluxos, com o desígnio de identificar oportunidades de racionalização de consumo de energia. Nesta dissertação foi realizado um estudo da redução de consumos energéticos de uma piscina municipal baseado em dados de uma auditoria energética. Através da auditoria foi possível obter um resultado do exame energético, caracterizar o perfil real de utilização da energia elétrica e caracterizar os equipamentos dos consumidores energéticos instalados. Também permitiu realizar um levantamento térmico, de forma conhecer as temperaturas e a humidade relativa do edifício. Por fim, são apresentadas cinco medidas e algumas recomendações de eficiência energética, que permitem uma redução do consumo anual à instalação de cerca de 20%. Procedeu-se, também, a uma análise dos dados obtidos na auditoria, de forma a identificar algumas oportunidades de racionalização de energia.

Réécriture des récits bibliques dans les proses du Graal au XIIIe siècle

Ce mémoire présente les résultats et la réflexion d’une recherche qui avait pour but d’analyser les liens entre la Bible médiévale et les romans du Graal écrits au XIIIe siècle. À cet effet, nous avons eu recours aux paraphrases et aux traductions bibliques en prose écrites en ancien français afin de montrer comment les romans à l’étude réécrivaient l’héritage biblique qu’ils comportaient. Le mémoire s’articule en trois chapitres. Le premier chapitre présente les corpus principal et secondaire et en les mettant en contexte. Ce chapitre traite également de la Bible au Moyen Âge, c’est-à-dire de son statut et de sa diffusion dans la société. Le deuxième chapitre s’attache à l’analyse des réécritures bibliques présentes dans le corpus principal en traitant les questions de l’allégorie et de l’exégèse et en analysant la Légende de l’Arbre de Vie. Enfin, le troisième chapitre étudie la mise en récit du rêve comme processus d’écriture commun à la Bible et aux romans du Graal. Cette recherche montre comment les auteurs médiévaux reprennent non seulement les récits de la Bible, mais aussi ses procédés d’écriture. Cette dynamique de reprise permet également de voir comment les textes traitent la matière biblique dans le développement spécifique du roman du Graal, en s’intéressant particulièrement au phénomène de christianisation du roman.

Faunal exploitation at the middle paleolithic site Kabazi II(Western Crimea)

Kabazi II est un site de plein air, situé sur la deuxième rangée des Monts de Crimée. Après sa découverte en 1986, les investigations archéologiques effectuées entre 1987 et le milieu des années 90 ont établi que Kabazi II avait auparavant servi de lieu de chasse et d’abattage pour les groupes néanderthaliens de la région. Les études archéozoologiques antérieures (Patou-Mathis 2003, 1999, 2005, 2006a, 2006b) ont déterminé que les stratégies de subsistance des Néanderthaliens du Kabazi II étaient très spécialisées et principalement axées sur la chasse des petits groupes de Equus hydruntinus mais aussi, à l’occasion, sur la chasse d’autres espèces. Ces comportements ont persisté malgré les changements climatiques et technologiques à travers l’histoire d’occupation du site. Cette étude présente l’analyse des assemblages fauniques encore inédits des niveaux II/1,II/2-1, II/2, II/3, II/4, II/5, II/7, II/8, II/9, II/13, II/13A de Kabazi II. Nos résultats sont en accord avec ceux obtenus parles d’études antérieures ; cependant, des différences par rapport à la fonction du site ont été constatées et un lien possible avec Kabazi V, un abri sur roche tout près de Kabazi II, a été établi. On croit que la persistance des activités de subsistance des Néanderthaliens de Kabazi II pendant presque 100 000 ans de présence est due à la polyvalence des ânes asiatiques tels que Equus hydruntinus, au contexte géographique et géologique de la région ainsi qu’aux caractéristiques du site elles-mêmes.

Étude sur le châtiment corporel des enfants chez les protestants conservateurs francophones du Québec : conflit entre loi séculière et loi divine?

Résumé La recherche présentée ici porte sur la manière dont les protestants conservateurs francophones du Québec évaluent la compatibilité entre leurs croyances religieuses et les lois qui limitent le recours au châtiment corporel à l’égard des enfants. Plus précisément, elle s’intéresse à la façon dont ils résolvent les conflits éventuels entre leurs croyances puisées dans la Bible et ces lois. En ce sens, la Bible prescrit dans plusieurs de ses versets, notamment dans le proverbe 22 :15, d’utiliser le châtiment corporel comme moyen pour chasser une inclination au mal qui serait innée chez les enfants et d’effectuer ce châtiment à l’aide d’une verge. De ce fait, de nombreux protestants conservateurs emploient des objets (cuillers en bois, bâtons, baguettes) pour administrer ce châtiment à leurs enfants. Or, ces pratiques entrent en contradiction avec l’article 43 du Code criminel du Canada qui limite et encadre le recours au châtiment corporel et avec la Loi sur la protection de la jeunesse du Québec qui protège les enfants contre des traitements pouvant s’apparenter à de la maltraitance et qui risquent de compromettre leur développement. La méthodologie utilisée est une méthodologie qualitative mixte basée d’abord sur une série d’observations non participantes in situ à des services religieux et des ateliers d’enseignement doctrinal dans quatre congrégations protestantes conservatrices (deux Églises évangéliques, une Église pentecôtiste et une Église baptiste) suivie d’une série d’entretiens auprès de trente-neuf protestants conservateurs québécois francophones appartenant à ces congrégations. Ce matériel a été complété par une analyse documentaire des écrits produits par ces groupes et des écrits d’autres organisations conservatrices consultés par ces groupes. L’analyse des données a permis de dégager chez les protestants conservateurs à l’étude trois différentes attitudes face à l’incompatibilité entre leurs préceptes religieux et les lois séculières : une attitude de conciliation qui se traduit par un effort d’accommodement de ces préceptes à la loi ; une attitude d’omission face à la loi séculière où l’individu opte pour une désobéissance passive de la loi ; et une attitude contestataire face aux autorités où la désobéissance aux lois est envisagée comme une forme de militance. Nous examinons les éléments qui influencent ces différents positionnements face aux lois. En plus de répondre aux objectifs visés, la présente recherche constitue une étude approfondie du discours des protestants conservateurs québécois francophones sur le châtiment corporel des enfants et de leurs pratiques.

La indeterminación judicial de la responsabilidad extracontractual del estado por <> del servicio en la función administrativa

El trabajo inquiere, examina y condena la concepción bíblico-antigua con el cual se ha pretendido acrisolar a las convenciones jurídicas bajo el estigma de la objetividad, especialmente en el contexto de la Responsabilidad Civil Extracontractual de la Administración Pública, contrastado con el débito acaecido una vez presente un juicio orgánico, esto es, la falla del servicio, supuesto extraído en el interactuar antitético de las autoridades públicas respecto de una obligación primaria de cuidado debido, esto es, una norma legal pre-constituida al momento de la actuación material o acto administrativo. Supuesta tal objetividad en la falla del servicio, una dicotomía se presupone en su contra, la elasticidad con que ésta teoría pretende amalgamar bajo unos mismos y nunca cambiantes elementos de imputación jurídica en manos del juez siempre una única responsabilidad en las autoridades públicas. Y por otro lado, la incidencia de la teoría en la praxis, pragmática que no deja de insinuar lo contrario, esto es, supone desavenencias inexpugnables en la aplicación de tales premisas supuestas objetivas. Luego, resultado de este cisma es la indeterminación en la concepción falla del servicio, como concepto que no conoce contornos definidos, lo cual ofrece como síntoma de su abstrusa constitución una espiritual-subjetiva aplicación, y un cuestionamiento ineludible ¿existen líneas jurisprudenciales cuando de responsabilidad extracontractual se trata, en particular, en la falla del servicio?

Evolución de la oruga o constreñimiento de la mariposa: una mirada al rol económico de China en Sudán. (1999- 2008)

La presente monografía tiene como propósito analizar el rol económico de China en Sudán de 1999 al 2008. Tras su crisis en la década de 1990, se examina el efecto que el rol chino tuvo en los sectores productivos de la economía sudanesa: el textil, el agrícola, el metalúrgico y el petrolero, aun cómo la estabilidad política en el régimen de Omar Al-Bashir en el ámbito político y el conflicto en Darfur como factor social. Como un último objetivo esta investigación, basándose en el trabajo de Mohammed Ayoob, se reevalúa el estatus de Sudán como Estado Tercermundista ilustrándolo a través del uso de la analogía de la metamorfosis de una mariposa.

Assessment of the CMD Mini-Explorer, a new low-frequency multi-coil electromagnetic device, for archaeological investigations

In this article we assess the abilities of a new electromagnetic (EM) system, the CMD Mini-Explorer, for prospecting of archaeological features in Ireland and the UK. The Mini-Explorer is an EM probe which is primarily aimed at the environmental/geological prospecting market for the detection of pipes and geology. It has long been evident from the use of other EM devices that such an instrument might be suitable for shallow soil studies and applicable for archaeological prospecting. Of particular interest for the archaeological surveyor is the fact that the Mini-Explorer simultaneously obtains both quadrature (‘conductivity’) and in-phase (relative to ‘magnetic susceptibility’) data from three depth levels. As the maximum depth range is probably about 1.5 m, a comprehensive analysis of the subsoil within that range is possible. As with all EM devices the measurements require no contact with the ground, thereby negating the problem of high contact resistance that often besets earth resistance data during dry spells. The use of the CMD Mini-Explorer at a number of sites has demonstrated that it has the potential to detect a range of archaeological features and produces high-quality data that are comparable in quality to those obtained from standard earth resistance and magnetometer techniques. In theory the ability to measure two phenomena at three depths suggests that this type of instrument could reduce the number of poor outcomes that are the result of single measurement surveys. The high success rate reported here in the identification of buried archaeology using a multi-depth device that responds to the two most commonly mapped geophysical phenomena has implications for evaluation style surveys. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Att bli, att vara och att ha varit - om ingångar i och utgångar ur Jehovas vittnen i Sverige

Summary To become, to be and to have been: about the  Jehovah’s Witnesses The Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, in the following text referred to as the Jehovah’s Witnesses or “the organisation”, is a worldwide Christian organisation with about 6.7 million members. The organisation has many times, without any success so far, proclaimed Armageddon when they expect Jehovah to return to Earth. They interpret the Bible in their own, often very literal way, and require their members to live according to these interpretations. Among the consequences of this, members are forbidden to vote, to do military service or to receive blood transfusions. Apart from attending the three weekly meetings, members are expected to be active in missionary work, known as “publishing”. If a member fails to do a certain number of hours’ publishing, he or she risks being deprived of active membership status Sweden in general is considered to be a society where the population is not very religious. The formerly state-governed Lutheran church has lost its influence and the vast majority of ordinary Swedes do not visit church on other occasions than weddings, funerals or christenings. Expressing one’s own religious values has become somewhat of a private matter where publicity is seldom appreciated, which is contrary to the practice of the Jehovah’s Witnesses. This is one of the reasons why the Jehovah’s Witnesses are commonly perceived by average Swedes as a “suspicious” religious organisation. The aim and methods of the study This dissertation seeks to describe and investigate the entering and leaving of a highly structured and hierarchical religious community, exemplified in this case by the Jehovah’s Witnesses. What are the thoughts and aspirations of someone who is considering becoming a Jehovah’s Witness? What are the priorities and what experiences seem important when a person is going through such a process? And when this person has finally reached his or her goal of becoming a member, is it the same motivation that makes him or her stay in the organisation for longer periods of time, possibly for the rest of their lives, or does it change during the process of entering, or does this motivation change its character during the transition from entering to being a regular member? Why do some of the members change their attitude to the Jehovah’s Witnesses from rejoicing to bitterness? And how does this process of exit manifest itself? In what way is it different from the process of entry? The respondents in this study were chosen from both active members of the Jehovah’s Witnesses in Sweden and those who have left the organisation for personal reasons. Repeated interviews with ten active members of the organisation have been conducted in the course of the study and compared to equal numbers of former members. The interviews have been semi-structured to deal with questions of how a person has come into contact with the organisation; how they retrospectively experienced the process of entry; the reasons for becoming a member. Questions have also been asked about life in the organisation. The group of “exiters” have also been asked about the experience of leaving, why they wanted to leave, and how this process was started and carried out. In addition to this I have analysed a four-year diary describing the time inside and the process of leaving the organisation. This has given me an extra psychological insight into the inner experience of someone who has gone through the whole process. The analysis has been done by categorising the content of the transcribed interviews. An attempt to outline a model of an entry and exit process has been made, based on ideas and interpretations presented in the interviews. The analysis of the diary has involved thorough reading, resulting in a division of it into four different parts, where each part has been given a certain key-word, signifying the author’s emotional state when writing it. A great deal of the information about the Jehovah’s Witnesses has been collected through discussion boards on the Internet, informal talks with members and ex-members, interviews with representatives of the organisations during visits to its different offices (Bethels), such as St. Petersburg, Russia, and Brooklyn, New York, USA. The context Each organisation evolves in its own context with its own norms, roles and stories that would not survive outside it. With this as a starting point, there is a chapter dedicated to the description of the organisation’s history, structure and activities. It has been stated that the organisation’s treatment of its critical members and the strategies for recruiting new members have evolved over the years of its history. At the beginning there was an openness allowing members to be critical. As the structure of the organisation has become more rigid and formalised, the treatment of internal critics has become much less tolerated and exclusion has become a frequent option. As a rule many new members have been attracted to the organisation when (1) the day of Armageddon has been pronounced to be approaching; (2) the members of the organisation have been persecuted or threatened with persecution; and (3) the organisation has discovered a “new market”. The processes for entering and exiting How the entering processes manifest themselves depends on whether the person has been brought up in the organisation or not. A person converting as an adult has to pass six phases before being considered a Jehovah’s Witness by the organisation. These are:  Contact with the Jehovah’s Witnesses, Studying the bible with members of the organisation, Questioning, Accepting, Being active as publisher (spreading the belief), Being baptised.  For a person brought up in the organisation, the process to full membership is much shorter:   Upbringing in the organisation, Taking a stand on the belief, Being baptised. The exit process contains of seven phases:   Different levels of doubts, Testing of doubts, Turning points, Different kinds of decisions, Different steps in executing the decisions, Floating, a period of emotional and cognitive consideration of membership and its experiences, Realtive neutrality.   The process in and the process out are both slow and are accompanied with anguish and doubts. When a person is going through the process in or out of the organisation he or she experiences criticism. This is when people around the adept question the decision to continue in the process. The result of the criticism depends on where in the process the person is. If he or she is at the beginning of the process, the criticism will probably make the person insecure and the process will slow down or stop. If the criticism is pronounced in a later phase, the process will probably speed up. The norms of the organisation affect the behaviour of the members. There are techniques for inclusion that both bind members to the organisation and shield them off from the surrounding society. Examples of techniques for inclusion are the “work situation” and “closed doors”. The work situation signifies that members who do as the organisation recommends – doing simple work – often end up in the same branch of industry as many other Jehovah’s Witnesses. This often means that the person has other witnesses as workmates. If the person is unemployed or moves to another town it is easy to find a new job through connections in the organisation. Doubts and exclusions can lead to problems since they entail a risk of losing one’s job. This can also result in problems getting a new job. Jehovah’s Witnesses are not supposed to talk to excluded members, which of course mean difficulties working together. “Closed doors” means that members who do as the organisation recommends – not pursuing higher education, not engaging in civil society, working with a manual or in other way simple job, putting much time into the organisation – will, after a long life in the organisation, have problems starting a new life outside the Jehovah’s Witnesses. The language used in the organisation shows the community among the members, thus the language is one of the most important symbols. A special way of thinking is created through the language. It binds members to the organisation and sometimes it can work as a way to get back into the normative world of the organisation. Randall Collins’s (1990, 2004) thoughts about “emotional energy” have enabled an understanding of the solidarity and unity in the organisation. This also gives an understanding of the way the members treat doubting and critical members. The members who want to exit have to open up the binding/screening off. A possible way to do that is through language, to become aware of the effect the language might have. Another way is to search for emotional energy in another situation. During the exit process, shame might be of some importance. When members become aware of the shame they feel, because they perceive they are “acting a belief”, the exit process might accelerate.