Optical matching layer structures in evanescent coupling photodiodes at a wavelength of 1.55 mu m: physics, design and simulation

We have studied the optical matching layers (OMLs) and external quantum efficiency in the evanescent coupling photodiodes (ECPDs) integrating a diluted waveguide as a fibre-to-waveguide coupler, by using the semi-vectorial beam propagation method (BPM). The physical basis of OML has been identified, thereby a general designing rule of OML is developed in such a kind of photodiode. In addition, the external quantum efficiency and the polarization sensitivity versus the absorption and coupling length are analysed. With an optical matching layer, the absorption medium with a length of 30 mu m could absorb 90% of the incident light at 1.55 mu m wavelength, thus the total absorption increases more than 7 times over that of the photodiode without any optical matching layer.

Single-mode condition for silicon rib waveguides with large cross sections

The single-mode condition for silicon rib waveguides with large cross sections is obtained using a numerical method based on the finite-difference beam propagation method (FD-BPM). An ultrawide computation window is used to contain the wide mode profile near cutoff. Comparison with previous results shows that the formula predicted by the mode-matching technique is in a better agreement with our results. (C) 2004 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.

Research on improved methods of reduction of bend loss of silicon-on-insulator waveguides

Improved methods of reduction of bend loss of silicon-on-insulator waveguides were simulated and analyzed by means of effective index method (EIM) and two dimensional beam propagation method (2D-BPM). The simulation results indicate that two different methods, one of which are introducing an offset at the junction of two waveguides and the other is etching groove at the outside of bend waveguide, can decrease bend loss. And the later one is more effective. Meanwhile, experiments validate them. By etching groove, the insertion loss of bend waveguide of R = 16mm, transverse displacement 70mum was decreased 5dB. And its bend loss was almost eliminated.

A method for analyzing the coupling of 3-D tapered rib waveguides with fibers

The fields in 3-dimensional tapered waveguides are unstable compared with the fields in the straight waveguides. In the case of waveguide-to-fiber coupling and fiber-to-waveguide coupling, a sequence of short straight waveguides has been modeled to approximate the 3-dimensional tapered waveguide; and the unstable incident and reflected fields, as well as their derivatives, were determined by the beam propagation method(BPM). Then free space radiation mode(FSRM) was employed to calculate the reflected and transmitted powers. Analysis results of the coupling of fiber with silicon-on-insulator(SOI) tapered rib waveguides showed the feasibility of the method.

A highly efficient beam propagation method for modeling step-index waveguides with tilt interface

Based on a new finite-difference scheme and Runge-Kutta method together with transparent boundary conditions (TBCs), a novel beam propagation method to model step-index waveguides with tilt interfaces is presented. The modified scheme provides an precies description of the tilt interface of the nonrectangular waveguide structure, showing a much better efficiency and accuracy comparing with the previously presented formulas.

New finite-difference scheme for simulations of step-index waveguides with tilt interfaces

A new finite-difference scheme is presented for the second derivative of a semivectorial field in a step-index optical waveguide with tilt interfaces. The present scheme provides an accurate description of the tilt interface of the nonrectangular structure. Comparison with previously presented formulas shows the effectiveness of the present scheme.

Superluminescent diode monolithically integrated with novel Y-branch by bundle integrated waveguide for fiber optic gyroscope - art. no. 68380D

We have developed a novel InP-based, ridge-waveguide photonic integrated circuit (PIC), which consists of a 1.1-um wavelength Y-branch optical waveguide with low loss and improved far field pattern and a 1.3-um wavelength strained InGaAsP-InP multiple quantum-well superluminescent diode, with bundle integrated guide (BIG) as the scheme for monolithic integration. The simulations of BIG and Y-branches show low losses and improved far-field patterns, based on the beam propagation method (BPM). The amplified spontaneous emission of the device is up to 10 mW at 120 mA with no threshold and saturation. Spectral characteristics of about 30 nm width and less than I dB modulation are achieved using the built-in anti-lasing ability of Y-branch. The beam divergence angles in horizontal and vertical directions are optimized to as small as 12 degrees x8 degrees, resulting in good fiber coupling. The compactness, simplicity in fabrication, good superluminescent performance, low transmission loss and estimated low coupling loss prove the BIG and Y-branch method to be a feasible way for integration and make the photonic integrated circuit of Y-branch and superluminescent diode an promising candidate for transmitter and transceiver used in fiber optic gyroscope.

Si衬底减薄及氧化对硅基二氧化硅波导应力双折射影响的数值分析

采用有限元法对硅基二氧化硅波导在玻璃化过程中的应力与Si衬底厚度和背面氧化层厚度的关系进行了系统的分析;在此基础上,应用全矢量有限差分束传播法(FD-BPM) 对应力光波导的双折射进行了分析.结果表明随着Si衬底厚度的减薄,波导附近水平方向和垂直方向所受应力趋于一致,双折射系数B可小于10~(-4);Si衬底背面氧化层的存在使双折射系数略有增大,但随氧化层厚度的增加可减缓其增加量.

基于硅基定向耦合器的单纤三向器设计

设计了基于硅基二氧化硅定向耦合器的光纤到户单纤三向器.通过定向耦合器耦合系数对波长的信赖性,在相同的耦合长度下实现单纤三向器三个波长(1310nm,1490nm和1550nm)的全周期耦合或半周期耦合,使三个波长信号从不同的耦合臂输出,完成三向器粗分波功能.有限差分束传播法(FD-BPM)模拟结果表明三向器损耗小于0.5dB,三个响应波长的1dB带宽即可满足ITU.984带宽要求,最优串扰为-14dB.

A High-Efficiency Fiber-to-Waveguide Coupler with Low Polarization Dependence Using a Diluted Waveguide in InP Substrate with a 1.55μm Wavelength

We propose a fiber-to-waveguide coupler for side-illuminated p-i-n photodiodes to obtain high responsivity and low polarization dependence that is grown on InP substrate and is suitable for surface hybrid integration in low cost modules. The fiber-to-waveguide coupler is based on a diluted waveguide,which is composed of ten periods of undoped 120nm InP/80nm InGaAsP （1.05μm bandgap） multiple layers. Using the semi-vectorial three dimensional beam propagation method （BPM） with the central difference scheme,the coupling efficiency of fiber-to-waveguide under different conditions is simulated and studied,and the optimized conditions for fiber-to-waveguide coupling are obtained. For TE-like and TM-like modes,the calculated maximum coupling efficiency is higher than 94% and 92% ,respectively. The calculated polarization dependence is less than 0. ldB,showing good polarization independence.

Comparison of Loss and Crosstalk Characteristics of SOI Based Intersecting Waveguides with Different Bend Structures

By means of two dimension beam propagation method (2D-BPM) with high order Pade approximation, behaviors of SOI waveguide based bend intersections with variant bending radius are simulated and analized. The result shows that crosstalk of intersections decreases with the increase of bending radius and intersecting angle. Furthermore, loss and crosstalk characteristics of bend intersections formed by sine bend, cosine bend and arc bend are compared. Sine bend based structures are proved that it can present lowest loss and smallest crosstalk properties among the three and may find their wide application in the design of bend intersections and other more complicated photonic devices and circuits.

一种模拟倾斜折射率界面光波导的新方法

针对传统离散格式下，束传播方法（BPM）模拟倾斜折射率界面出现的问题，提出了一种简明且易于编程实现的改进方案．在横向上，通过坐标系变换和插值处理，以新颖的7点差分格式代替传统的5点差分方式；在纵向上，以四阶显式Runge-Kutta方法（RKBPM）代替二阶Crank-Nicholson算法（CNBPM），避免了求解不规则矩阵方程，从而使计算效率显著提高．

SOI波导弯曲损耗改善方法的研究

采用有效折射率方法EIM(Effective Index Method)和二维束传播算法(2D-BPM)对SOI(Silicon-on-insulator)波导弯曲损耗的改善方法进行了模拟分析.模拟发现,在波导连接处引入偏移量和在波导外侧刻槽等两种不同方法都能有效减小弯曲损耗,并且后者的效果更明显.同时通过实验获得了验证.对R=16mm、横向位移为70μm的弯曲波导,通过刻槽方法将插入损耗降低了5dB,基本消除了弯曲所带来的附加损耗.

16×0.8nm硅基二氧化硅阵列波导光栅设计

给出了更为合理的阵列波导光栅(AWG)的设计原则.在设计时兼顾了输出谱的非均匀性Lu和输出通道数N的要求,克服了设计中可能引起通道数N丢失和不考虑输出谱非均匀性Lu的缺点.用该方法设计了折射率差为0.75%和16×0.8nm的硅基二氧化硅AWG.采用广角有限差分束传播方法(FD-BPM)对所设计的AWG进行了输出谱的模拟,得到了插损为-1.5dB、串扰为-48dB、通道非均匀性约为1dB的AWG,设计指标达到了商用要求。

16×0.8nm硅基二氧化硅AWG性能优化

对设计的折射率差为0.75%的16×0.8 nm硅基二氧化硅阵列波导光栅(AWG),围绕插损和串扰问题,采用广角有限差分束传播方法(FD-BPM)进行了数值模拟和优化.通过优化在输入波导、阵列波导的喇叭口,得到了插损为1.5 dB、串扰为-48 dB的AWG,优化后的指标已达到商用要求.