Proposta de modelo multicritérios para análise de investimentos em refinarias de petróleo no Brasil.

O processo de tomada de decisão que envolve a priorização e a seleção de projetos de investimentos na indústria do petróleo está longe de ser uma tarefa trivial. Ao mesmo tempo em que a empresa deve buscar relações favoráveis entre risco e retorno econômico-financeiro também deve se alinhar cada vez mais aos princípios do desenvolvimento sustentável em seus negócios. Em se tratando do caso da indústria petrolífera brasileira, formada essencialmente por um monopólio estatal, esta tarefa se torna ainda mais difícil, já que uma série de interesses públicos relacionados ao investimento também devem ser considerados. Sendo assim, o objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi o desenvolvimento e a aplicação de um modelo original de análise usando múltiplos critérios que auxiliasse na priorização e na seleção de projetos de investimentos nas refinarias de petróleo brasileiras. Utilizou-se uma metodologia de pesquisa quantitativa com o uso de diversos artefatos de matemática aplicada capazes de lidar adequadamente com as avaliações muitas vezes incompletas e subjetivas que caracterizam o problema da análise de investimentos em refinarias de petróleo. Ao final do trabalho, conseguiu-se obter um modelo suficientemente simples, ao ponto de ser facilmente implementado em uma planilha eletrônica, robusto, ao ser capaz de lidar de maneira bastante adequada com as principais peculiaridades que envolvem o setor do refino de petróleo no Brasil e flexível, de maneira que os critérios de análise e as alternativas de decisão pudessem ser facilmente adicionados, removidos ou alterados de acordo com as necessidades específicas exigidas para cada caso.

Worldwide violence against women legislation: an equity approach

OBJECTIVES: To describe the recommendations and interventions addressing violence against women (VAW) in vulnerable women (disabled, pregnant, ethnic minority, immigrant and older women) in key documents and laws enacted in different countries. METHODS: Content analysis of key documents for the development of VAW policies and laws: The United Nations Handbook for Legislation on Violence Against Women Advance Version, the Model of Laws and Policies on Intrafamiliar Violence Against Women of the Pan-American Health Organization and Recommendation No. R(2002)5 of the Committee of Ministers of the European Council. The content of the 62 VAW laws was also analyzed. RESULTS: Key documents demonstrate the importance of eliminating any obstacle facing disabled, pregnant, immigrant, ethnic minority or older women when accessing VAW services. Only 12 laws mention one or more of these groups of vulnerable women. Pregnant, disabled and ethnic minority women are the groups most often mentioned. In these laws, references to punitive measures, action plans and specific strategies to guarantee access to VAW resources are the most common interventions. CONCLUSION: Decisive interventions addressing the specific needs of disabled, pregnant, immigrant, ethnic minority and older women are needed in order to achieve a broader equity approach in VAW legislation.

Concepciones sobre las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) y sus implicaciones educativas: un estudio exploratorio con profesorado de la provincia de Ñuble, Chile

El propósito de este estudio fue conocer las concepciones de profesores de educación primaria sobre las tecnologías educativas en dos dimensiones: a) conocimiento de las tecnologías de la información y comunicación; y b) creencias sobre el uso educativo que el profesorado da a estas herramientas. Se opta por un enfoque metodológico cuantitativo y un diseño no-experimental descriptivo del tipo encuesta. El análisis de los datos se realizó mediante paquete estadístico SPSS 14.0 y las técnicas utilizadas fueron descriptivos, frecuencias y porcentajes, técnicas de reducción de datos (análisis factorial) e inferencia estadística (comparación de medias y porcentajes). Los resultados demuestran que la mayoría de los profesores reconocen el interés que las tecnologías despiertan en el alumnado y las oportunidades de aprendizaje que ofrecen principalmente en relación con los diferentes ritmos de aprendizaje y las necesidades educativas especiales. Se identifica la búsqueda de información como una competencia fundamental, así como se evidencia que existe una relación causal entre el nivel de formación, la importancia que el profesor otorga al recurso y el uso educativo. Los resultados hacen aconsejable promover programas de formación continua en esta área y fortalecer la formación inicial docente.

COMENEGO (Corpus Multilingüe de Economía y Negocios): a metadiscursive analysis approach

This paper describes a stage in the COMENEGO project, which is creating comparable corpora of Business texts in order to distribute them among translation practitioners so that they can use this resource when translating economic, business or financial texts. This stage consists of discursive analysis of a pilot specialised corpus initially compiled in French and Spanish. Its textual resources are classified in different categories which need to be confirmed so that they can be useful when including them into the virtual platform which will allow users exploit the corpus and filter their searches according to their specific needs. The aim of this paper is to propose a discursive analysis approach based on the concept of ‘metadiscourse’ (Hyland, 2005).

Growing Neural Gas approach for obtaining homogeneous maps by restricting the insertion of new nodes

The Growing Neural Gas model is used widely in artificial neural networks. However, its application is limited in some contexts by the proliferation of nodes in dense areas of the input space. In this study, we introduce some modifications to address this problem by imposing three restrictions on the insertion of new nodes. Each restriction aims to maintain the homogeneous values of selected criteria. One criterion is related to the square error of classification and an alternative approach is proposed for avoiding additional computational costs. Three parameters are added that allow the regulation of the restriction criteria. The resulting algorithm allows models to be obtained that suit specific needs by specifying meaningful parameters.

Elaboración de glosarios económicos con fines docentes: aproximación metodológica basada en corpus y explotación terminológica en el aula de traducción

Este trabajo presenta la metodología empleada para compilar un corpus económico e identificar su terminología con el fin de crear un glosario de utilidad en la formación de traductores. Por una parte, se repasa brevemente la bibliografía sobre compilación de corpus y explotación con fines terminológicos. Por otra parte, se presenta la metodología en cuestión, así como una serie de actividades enfocadas a la adquisición de conocimiento especializado en economía. Los resultados muestran que las técnicas usadas para detectar términos y extraer automáticamente candidatos a término, si bien no terminan de adecuarse a las necesidades concretas del presente trabajo, son de utilidad e incluso pueden complementarse. Por su parte, las actividades propuestas pueden sumarse igualmente a otro tipo de actividades y modificarse según el contexto docente.

Reacciones comunitarias a la crisis económica y social en España

Introducción. En un contexto de incremento de las desigualdades y de la pobreza en la sociedad española, donde el desmantelamiento del Estado de Bienestar reduce la posibilidad de encontrar recursos e implementar políticas públicas de reducción de estos efectos; la Sociedad Civil y la ciudadanía desarrollan prácticas resilientes orientadas a satisfacer las necesidades de las comunidades más afectadas por el desempleo y el recorte de servicios sociales. Material y métodos. a) Datos secundarios estadísticos procedentes de organismos y fundaciones; y webs de organizaciones resilientes; b) datos primarios producidos a partir de entrevistas y grupos de discusión. Metodología de análisis de contenido y análisis de discurso. Resultados y discusión. las prácticas resilientes como satisfactores de necesidades, son estructuradas a partir de dos dimensiones adaptación/transformación; dependencia/autonomía. Se observa que estas prácticas cuanto más abstracción presentan (de las necesidades concretas relacionadas con la subsistencia, a las necesidades más intangibles relacionadas con cuestiones simbólicas e identitarias), mayor complejidad en su diseño y organización, y mayor potencia como satisfactor.

Inclusion of immersive virtual learning environments and visual control systems to support the learning of students with Asperger syndrome

This paper presents the use of immersive virtual reality systems in the educational intervention with Asperger students. The starting points of this study are features of these students' cognitive style that requires an explicit teaching style supported by visual aids and highly structured environments. The proposed immersive virtual reality system, not only to assess the student's behavior and progress, but also is able to adapt itself to the student's specific needs. Additionally, the immersive reality system is equipped with sensors that can determine certain behaviors of the students. This paper determines the possible inclusion of immersive virtual reality as a support tool and learning strategy in these particular students' intervention. With this objective two task protocols have been defined with which the behavior and interaction situations performed by participant students are recorded. The conclusions from this study talks in favor of the inclusion of these virtual immersive environments as a support tool in the educational intervention of Asperger syndrome students as their social competences and executive functions have improved.

Percepciones de pacientes con fibromialgia sobre el impacto de la enfermedad en el ámbito laboral

Objetivo: Explorar las percepciones de pacientes con fibromialgia (FM) sobre los problemas que experimentan en el ámbito laboral, para analizar cómo se enfrentan a ellos y se adaptan a las limitaciones derivadas de los síntomas de esta enfermedad. Diseño: Estudio cualitativo exploratorio realizado en 2009. Emplazamiento: Asociaciones de pacientes con FM de la Comunidad Valenciana (España). Participantes: Dieciséis personas (13 mujeres y 3 hombres) diagnosticadas de FM por un reumatólogo, de distintas edades y ocupaciones, seleccionadas a partir de informantes clave y por la técnica de bola de nieve. Método: Muestreo pragmático. Entrevistas semiestructuradas hasta alcanzar la saturación de la información cuando no emergían contenidos nuevos. Análisis de contenido cualitativo utilizando el software informático Atlas.ti-5 para generar y asignar códigos, formar categorías e identificar un tema latente. Resultados: Se identificaron 4 categorías: las dificultades para cumplir las exigencias laborales, la necesidad de apoyo social en el entorno laboral, las estrategias adoptadas para continuar trabajando y la resistencia a abandonar el mercado de trabajo. De forma transversal a estas categorías emergió un tema: la disposición de permanecer o reincorporarse al mercado laboral. Conclusiones: Se requiere atender las necesidades específicas de los pacientes con el fin de que logren permanecer en el mercado laboral, de acuerdo a sus capacidades. Para ello, emerge la necesidad de programas de sensibilización sobre las consecuencias de la FM en el entorno laboral para lograr la colaboración de los directivos, empresarios, profesionales de Atención Primaria y médicos del trabajo.

La interculturalidad en el ámbito educativo español: una perspectiva de género

Este artículo tiene como objetivo principal la identificación de las vías más adecuadas para gestionar la diversidad cultural en el ámbito escolar español. Una aproximación intercultural a la educación requiere nuevos principios y nuevos métodos, entre otros, la mediación intercultural. Como ejemplo de diversidad cultural se analizará uno de los supuestos que más dimensión mediática y social ha adquirido en relación con el tratamiento de la diversidad cultural en la escuela pública: el uso del velo islámico. Por último, se presentarán las posibles vías que ofrece la mediación intercultural para resolver conflictos como el descrito. El análisis de los aspectos mencionados se realiza desde una perspectiva de género que con el fin de ofrecer repuestas a las necesidades específicas de las mujeres en un ámbito tan sensible como es el de su formación integral.

Cuidador familiar - Um parceiro na prevenção das úlceras por pressão

Relatório de Estágio apresentado para a obtenção do grau de Mestre na área de Enfermagem de Saúde Familiar

Servitization

Servitization is a transformation process in which a manufacturer changes from selling products to selling integrated packages of products and services that are tailored to the specific needs of customers. This concept is particularly important in the context of the service economy, as services play an increasing role in providing value to customers. That is, manufacturers can be more competitive and sustainable by adding a service component to their products, while customers can have their satisfaction levels increased. This entry reviews the concept of servitization, examines its benefits, discusses its implementation challenges, and ends with a presentation of two classic application examples.

Dynamic multi-resolution spatial object derivation for mobile and WWW applications

Online geographic information systems provide the means to extract a subset of desired spatial information from a larger remote repository. Data retrieved representing real-world geographic phenomena are then manipulated to suit the specific needs of an end-user. Often this extraction requires the derivation of representations of objects specific to a particular resolution or scale from a single original stored version. Currently standard spatial data handling techniques cannot support the multi-resolution representation of such features in a database. In this paper a methodology to store and retrieve versions of spatial objects at, different resolutions with respect to scale using standard database primitives and SQL is presented. The technique involves heavy fragmentation of spatial features that allows dynamic simplification into scale-specific object representations customised to the display resolution of the end-user's device. Experimental results comparing the new approach to traditional R-Tree indexing and external object simplification reveal the former performs notably better for mobile and WWW applications where client-side resources are limited and retrieved data loads are kept relatively small.

Tooth wear: diet analysis and advice

Diet analysis and advice for patients with tooth wear is potentially the most logical intervention to arrest attrition, erosion and abrasion. It is saliva that protects the teeth against corrosion by the acids which soften enamel and make it susceptible to wear. Thus the lifestyles and diet of patients at risk need to be analysed for sources of acid and reasons for lost salivary protection. Medical conditions which put patients at risk of tooth wear are principally: asthma, bulimia nervosa, caffeine addiction, diabetes mellitus, exercise dehydration, functional depression, gastroesophageal reflux in alcoholism, hypertension and syndromes with salivary hypofunction. The sources of acid are various, but loss of salivary protection is the common theme. In healthy young Australians, soft drinks are the main source of acid, and exercise dehydration the main reason for loss of salivary protection. In the medically compromised, diet acids and gastroesophageal reflux are the sources, but medications are the main reasons for lost salivary protection. Diet advice for patients with tooth wear must: promote a healthy lifestyle and diet strategy that conserves the teeth by natural means of salivary stimulation; and address the specific needs of the patients' oral and medical conditions. Individualised, patient-empowering erosion WATCH strategies; on Water, Acid, Taste, Calcium and Health, are urgently required to combat the emerging epidemic of tooth wear currently being experienced in westernised societies.

A reference architecture for instructional educational software

Our extensive research has indicated that high-school teachers are reluctant to make use of existing instructional educational software (Pollard, 2005). Even software developed in a partnership between a teacher and a software engineer is unlikely to be adopted by teachers outside the partnership (Pollard, 2005). In this paper we address these issues directly by adopting a reusable architectural design for instructional educational software which allows easy customisation of software to meet the specific needs of individual teachers. By doing this we will facilitate more teachers regularly using instructional technology within their classrooms. Our domain-specific software architecture, Interface-Activities-Model, was designed specifically to facilitate individual customisation by redefining and restructuring what constitutes an object so that they can be readily reused or extended as required. The key to this architecture is the way in which the software is broken into small generic encapsulated components with minimal domain specific behaviour. The domain specific behaviour is decoupled from the interface and encapsulated in objects which relate to the instructional material through tasks and activities. The domain model is also broken into two distinct models - Application State Model and Domainspecific Data Model. This decoupling and distribution of control gives the software designer enormous flexibility in modifying components without affecting other sections of the design. This paper sets the context of this architecture, describes it in detail, and applies it to an actual application developed to teach high-school mathematical concepts.