Estudio sobre la variación perfecto simple y perfecto compuesto en los discursos presidenciales de Evo Morales : Marcas del contacto lingüístico

El trabajo presenta un análisis cualitativo-cuantitativo del uso variable del perfecto simple y perfecto compuesto en los discursos presidenciales de Evo Morales, de acuerdo con la perspectiva Etnopragmática desarrollada por García 1990, 1995; Martínez 1995, 2000; Mauder 2000. Se considera la singularidad de una variedad en situación de contacto lingüístico: la del español en contacto con el aymara y el quechua, y se indaga sobre las transformaciones que pueden producirse cuando diferentes lenguas -diferentes visiones de mundo- entran en contacto. En relación con esto, veremos que la presencia, tanto en la lengua quechua como en la lengua aymara, de un sistema evidencial gramaticalizado podría influir en la variación del perfecto simple y compuesto en los discursos de Morales, en particular, que la presencia de la forma del perfecto compuesto podría funcionar como una marca de evidencia directa y su uso contribuiría a la estrategia discursiva del orador de mostrar ciertos hechos de la historia de Bolivia como cercanos a su vivencia y experiencia personales, marcando un mayor grado compromiso con respecto a la veracidad de lo que enuncia. De esta manera, el orador consigue aunar su voz con la de los pueblos originarios, formar parte de los grupos discriminados y excluidos de la historia de su país y así, contar con su apoyo y acompañamiento durante su mandato.

Estudio sobre la variación perfecto simple y perfecto compuesto en los discursos presidenciales de Evo Morales : Marcas del contacto lingüístico

El trabajo presenta un análisis cualitativo-cuantitativo del uso variable del perfecto simple y perfecto compuesto en los discursos presidenciales de Evo Morales, de acuerdo con la perspectiva Etnopragmática desarrollada por García 1990, 1995; Martínez 1995, 2000; Mauder 2000. Se considera la singularidad de una variedad en situación de contacto lingüístico: la del español en contacto con el aymara y el quechua, y se indaga sobre las transformaciones que pueden producirse cuando diferentes lenguas -diferentes visiones de mundo- entran en contacto. En relación con esto, veremos que la presencia, tanto en la lengua quechua como en la lengua aymara, de un sistema evidencial gramaticalizado podría influir en la variación del perfecto simple y compuesto en los discursos de Morales, en particular, que la presencia de la forma del perfecto compuesto podría funcionar como una marca de evidencia directa y su uso contribuiría a la estrategia discursiva del orador de mostrar ciertos hechos de la historia de Bolivia como cercanos a su vivencia y experiencia personales, marcando un mayor grado compromiso con respecto a la veracidad de lo que enuncia. De esta manera, el orador consigue aunar su voz con la de los pueblos originarios, formar parte de los grupos discriminados y excluidos de la historia de su país y así, contar con su apoyo y acompañamiento durante su mandato.

Estudio sobre la variación perfecto simple y perfecto compuesto en los discursos presidenciales de Evo Morales : Marcas del contacto lingüístico

El trabajo presenta un análisis cualitativo-cuantitativo del uso variable del perfecto simple y perfecto compuesto en los discursos presidenciales de Evo Morales, de acuerdo con la perspectiva Etnopragmática desarrollada por García 1990, 1995; Martínez 1995, 2000; Mauder 2000. Se considera la singularidad de una variedad en situación de contacto lingüístico: la del español en contacto con el aymara y el quechua, y se indaga sobre las transformaciones que pueden producirse cuando diferentes lenguas -diferentes visiones de mundo- entran en contacto. En relación con esto, veremos que la presencia, tanto en la lengua quechua como en la lengua aymara, de un sistema evidencial gramaticalizado podría influir en la variación del perfecto simple y compuesto en los discursos de Morales, en particular, que la presencia de la forma del perfecto compuesto podría funcionar como una marca de evidencia directa y su uso contribuiría a la estrategia discursiva del orador de mostrar ciertos hechos de la historia de Bolivia como cercanos a su vivencia y experiencia personales, marcando un mayor grado compromiso con respecto a la veracidad de lo que enuncia. De esta manera, el orador consigue aunar su voz con la de los pueblos originarios, formar parte de los grupos discriminados y excluidos de la historia de su país y así, contar con su apoyo y acompañamiento durante su mandato.

Die Gletscher der bolivianischen Anden, Verbreitung von Gletschern und neuzeitlichen Moränen in der Cordillera Apolobamba Cololo Region (Ostkordillere)

The uniform triangulation of the whole glacierized area of the Eastern Cordillera of Bolivia provided the first comparable geometrie basis for an accurate photogrammetric height evaluation of glaciers in the mountain range from the far south up to the Peruvian border. A total of 1775 glaciers, larger than 0.1 ha, were recorded in 16 mountain ranges ofthe East- ern Cordillera. Snow lines in the outer tropics can now be analysed with an accuracy of European standards. In spite of the widemeshed network of meteorological stations this allows a more pre- eise climatic differentiation to be made, particularly at high altitude sites. The methods and results of the analysis are described. Because of these results it becomes necessary to revise and refine previous concepts of the spatial distribution of climatic phenomena. Characteristics of glaciers in the Bolivian Cordillera obviously depend on the NE to SW decline in precipitation. The snow lines which are found at an altitude of 4500 m on the north- eastern slope directed towards the Yungas climb up to 5200 m on the lee slope towards the Alti- plano. The N to S increase in snowline elevation is not as significant as expected. With some res- ervation a 100 m fall in the snowline elevation in the Bolivian Cordillera can be explained by an increase in precipitation of about 50 mm.

mtDNA and Y‐chromosome diversity in Aymaras and Quechuas from Bolivia: Different stories and special genetic traits of the Andean Altiplano populations

Two Bolivian samples belonging to the two main Andean linguistic groups (Aymaras and Quechuas) were studied for mtDNA and Y-chromosome uniparental markers to evaluate sex-specific differences and give new insights into the demographic processes of the Andean region. mtDNA-coding polymorphisms, HVI-HVII control regions, 17 Y-STRs, and three SNPs were typed in two well-defined populations with adequate size samples. The two Bolivian samples showed more genetic differences for the mtDNA than for the Y-chromosome. For the mtDNA, 81% of Aymaras and 61% of Quechuas presented haplogroup B2. Native American Y-chromosomes were found in 97% of Aymaras (89% hg Q1a3a and 11% hg Q1a3*) and 78% of Quechuas (100% hg Q1a3a). Our data revealed high diversity values in the two populations, in agreement with other Andean studies. The comparisons with the available literature for both sets of markers indicated that the central Andean area is relatively homogeneous. For mtDNA, the Aymaras seemed to have been more isolated throughout time, maintaining their genetic characteristics, while the Quechuas have been more permeable to the incorporation of female foreigners and Peruvian influences. On the other hand, male mobility would have been widespread across the Andean region according to the homogeneity found in the area. Particular genetic characteristics presented by both samples support a past common origin of the Altiplano populations in the ancient Aymara territory, with independent, although related histories, with Peruvian (Quechuas) populations.

Análisis Crítico y Complejo de los discursos periodísticos verbovisuales entre Bolivia y Chile en el contexto de la demanda por la soberanía marítima boliviana

Los medios de prensa tienen un rol determinante en la construcción, legitimación y representación de distintas realidades socioculturales, las cuales a su vez generan lineamientos institucionalizados de unas identidades nacionales sobre otras, creando relaciones desiguales en base de prejuicios y estereotipos. Los países vecinos cuentan con historias de unidad y conflictos, pero el tiempo a veces no es suficiente para cerrar viejas heridas, como ocurre con la Guerra del Pacífico (18791883). En este contexto se analizaron las noticias de los medios con mayor injerencia a nivel país: La Razón (Bolivia) y El Mercurio (Chile), donde, por medio de una herramienta metodológica de Análisis Crítico y Complejo del Discurso Verbovisual, se buscó dilucidar los procesos de construcción discursiva de cada Estadonación y confirmar cómo éstos se mantienen a través del tiempo.

Estrategias de visibilización y procesos de identificación boliviana en la prensa gráfica y en la red social Facebook, en dos ciudades del centro de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina

Los usos y las formas de identificación intra y extra grupo a través de los medios de comunicación son aspectos escasamente explorados en los estudios sobre las identidades en ciudades de tipo intermedias del centro de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Por ello, el objetivo de este trabajo consiste en analizar y discutir los modos en que se visibilizan y construyen las representaciones y manifestaciones de los inmigrantes y descendientes bolivianos, específicamente en la red social Facebook y en la prensa gráfica local de las ciudades de Olavarría y Azul. Se pretende contribuir a la comprensión de la manera en que se producen los diversos discursos y saberes de estos grupos, así como identificar a estos medios de comunicación como instrumentos que posibilitan intervenir desde otros espacios de reconocimiento y legitimidad.

Assessing the mitochondrial DNA diversity of the Chagas disease vector Triatoma sordida (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

Triatoma sordida is a species that transmits Trypanosoma cruzi to humans. In Brazil, T. sordida currently deserves special attention because of its wide distribution, tendency to invade domestic environments and vectorial competence. For the planning and execution of control protocols to be effective against Triatominae, they must consider its population structure. In this context, this study aimed to characterise the genetic variability of T. sordida populations collected in areas with persistent infestations from Minas Gerais, Brazil. Levels of genetic variation and population structure were determined in peridomestic T. sordida by sequencing a polymorphic region of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Low nucleotide and haplotype diversity were observed for all 14 sampled areas; π values ranged from 0.002-0.006. Most obtained haplotypes occurred at low frequencies, and some were exclusive to only one of the studied populations. Interpopulation genetic diversity analysis revealed strong genetic structuring. Furthermore, the genetic variability of Brazilian populations is small compared to that of Argentinean and Bolivian specimens. The possible factors related to the reduced genetic variability and strong genetic structuring obtained for studied populations are discussed in this paper.

Entre discursos e práticas : as relações entre estados (pluri) nacionais e povos indígenas no Brasil e na Bolívia a partir do direito de consulta

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Centro de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação sobre as Américas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos Comparados sobre as Américas, 2015.

WATER RESOURCES, HEALTH, AND THE SUSTAINABILITY OF INTERVENTIONS TO ACHIEVE WATER AND SANITATION TARGETS OF THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS IN A CHANGING WORLD

This dissertation addresses sustainability of rapid provision of safe water and sanitation required to meet the Millennium Development Goals. Review of health-related literature and global statistics demonstrates engineers' role in achieving the MDGs. This review is followed by analyses relating to social, environmental, and health aspects of meeting MDG targets. Analysis of national indicators showed that inadequate investment, poor or nonexistent policies and governance are challenges to global sanitation coverage in addition to lack of financial resources and gender disparity. Although water availability was not found to be a challenge globally, geospatial analysis demonstrated that water availability is a potentially significant barrier for up to 46 million people living in urban areas and relying on already degraded water resources for environmental income. A daily water balance model incorporating the National Resources Conservation Services curve number method in Bolivian watersheds showed that local water stress is linked to climate change because of reduced recharge. Agricultural expansion in the region slightly exacerbates recharge reductions. Although runoff changes will range from -17% to 14%, recharge rates will decrease under all climate scenarios evaluated (-14% to -27%). Increasing sewer coverage may place stress on the readily accessible natural springs, but increased demand can be sustained if other sources of water supply are developed. This analysis provides a method for hydrological analysis in data scarce regions. Data required for the model were either obtained from publicly available data products or by conducting field work using low-cost methods feasible for local participants. Lastly, a methodology was developed to evaluate public health impacts of increased household water access resulting from domestic rainwater harvesting, incorporating knowledge of water requirements of sanitation and hygiene technologies. In 37 West African cities, domestic rainwater harvesting has the potential to reduce diarrheal disease burden by 9%, if implemented alone with 400 L storage. If implemented in conjunction with point of use treatment, this reduction could increase to 16%. The methodology will contribute to cost-effectiveness evaluations of interventions as well as evaluations of potential disease burden resulting from reduced water supply, such as reductions observed in the Bolivian communities.

State-narco networks and the ‘War on Drugs’ in post-transition Bolivia, with special reference to 1989-1993

This thesis examines the development of state-narco networks in post-transition Bolivia. Mainstream discourses of drugs tend to undertheorise such relationships, holding illicit economies, weak states and violence as synergistic phenomena. Such assumptions fail to capture the nuanced relations that emerge between the state and the drug trade in different contexts, their underlying logics and diverse effects. As an understudied case, Bolivia offers novel insights into these dynamics. Bolivian military authoritarian governments (1964-1982), for example, integrated drug rents into clientelistic systems of governance, helping to establish factional coalitions and reinforce regime authority. Following democratic transition in 1982 and the escalation of US counterdrug efforts, these stable modes of exchange between the state and the coca-cocaine economy fragmented. Bolivia, though, continued to experience lower levels of drug-related violence than its Andean neighbours, and sustained democratisation despite being a major drug producer. Focusing on the introduction of the Andean Initiative (1989-1993), I explore state-narco interactions during this period of flux: from authoritarianism to (formal) democracy, and from Cold War to Drug War. As such, the thesis transcends the conventional analyses of the drugs literature and orthodox readings of Latin American narco-violence, providing insights into the relationship between illicit economies and democratic transition, the regional role of the US, and the (unintended) consequences of drug policy interventions. I utilise a mixed methods approach to offer discrete perspectives on the object of study. Drawing on documentary and secondary sources, I argue that state-narco networks were interwoven with Bolivia’s post-transition political settlement. Uneven democratisation ensured pockets of informalism, as clientelistic and authoritarian practices continued. This included police and military autonomy, and tolerance of drug corruption within both institutions. Non-enforcement of democratic norms of accountability and transparency was linked to the maintenance of fragile political equilibrium. Interviews with key US and Bolivian elite actors also revealed differing interpretations of state-narco interactions. These exposed competing agendas, and were folded into alternative paradigms and narratives of the ‘war on drugs’. The extension of US Drug War goals and the targeting of ‘corrupt’ local power structures, clashed with local ambivalence towards the drug trade, opposition to destabilising, ‘Colombianised’ policies and the claimed ‘democratising mission’ of the Bolivian government. In contrasting these US and Bolivian accounts, the thesis shows how real and perceived state-narco webs were understood and navigated by different actors in distinct ways. ‘Drug corruption’ held significance beyond simple economic transaction or institutional failure. Contestation around state-narco interactions was enmeshed in US-Bolivian relations of power and control.

Nosotras somos la amenaza

The proposal of this paper is to build some “word pictures” of the contemporary resistance ways of Bolivian women, exemplified in stories of practices that occurred in conflicting events in the city of El Alto. The images are described in order to show the transformation of their actions, accompanied by stories that alsoshow the disruptive of their participation in the daily political work. This ethnographic exercise ends with a reflection of El Alto women who participated in the blockade of the city in October 2003.