952 resultados para master curve


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The Erasmus Mundus Master in Quality in Analytical Laboratories (EMQAL) is a two-year Joint Master Degree. The course is funded by the European Commission through the Erasmus Mundus Programme, providing a number of attractive scholarships for European and non-European students. EMQAL prepares professionals for analytical laboratories, focusing on laboratory management and quality systems, along with complementing their technical knowledge. The EMQAL aims at training students in the most relevant issues concerning quality systems and management in analytical laboratories, and to become an expert in: Quality management, Analytical methods and Data Analysis. EMQAL promotes mobility. The students will attend one academic year of lectures in one of the European universities of the EMQAL consortium, and a 12 months master thesis at other European university, with the possibility to spend three-months in one of the non-EU partners. The language of instruction and examination is English. Further information is available at www.emqal.org.

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The objective of this paper is to analyse the existente or not of a wage curve in Colombia, paying special attention to the differences between formal and informal workers, an issue that has been systematically ignored in the wage curve literature. The obtained results using microdata from the Colombian Continuous Household Survey (CHS) between 2002 and 2006 show the existence of a wage curve with a negative slope for the Colombian economy. Using information on metropolitan areas, the estimates of the elasticity of individual wages to local unemployment rates was -0.07, a value that is very close to those obtained for other countries. However, the disaggregation of statistical information for formal and informal workers has shown significant differences among both groups of workers. In particular, for the less protected groups of the labour market, informal workers (both men and women), a high negatively sloped wage curve was found. This result is consistent with the conclusions from efficiency wage theoretical models and should be taken into account when analysing the functioning of regional labour markets in developing countries.

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The main objective of this thesis was to compare the efficiency of counter-current and co-current filter cake washing techniques. Filter cake washing is a common unit operation which is used in the chemical process industry for improving the recovery of the liquid phase or for purifying the solid phase of the filter cake. Counter-current displacement washing is more difficult to arrange and it requires additional process equipment but the advantage of counter-current method is that the consumption of wash water that is required for achieving certain filter cake purity may be considerably decreased when compared to the co-current washing method. This is true especially for materials that are difficult to wash. The literature part of this thesis consists of a review of filter cake washing in general, including the basic principles of co-current and counter-current techniques, and a description of the structure and operation of a horizontal vacuum belt filter, which is the equipment considered in the experimental part of this thesis. Also the most common cake washing models are introduced. The experiments were performed by washing wheat apatite filter cakes in a laboratory scale vacuum filter by using both co-current and counter-current washing methods. The main results of these tests were the washing curves that relate the purity of the filter cake to the amount of wash liquid used. Comparison between the obtained washing curves showed that both washing methods could be efficiently applied for achieving good washing results. The differences between the wash liquid consumptions in the co-current and counter-current washing methods were found to be surprisingly small but this is most probably explained by the relatively good washing characteristics of the apatite cakes. The washing models introduced in the literature part were compared with the results obtained from the experiments and it was found out that the studied cake washing processes could be described

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The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the compression of filter cakes at high filtration pressures with five different test materials and to compare the energy consumption of high pressure compression with the energy consumption of thermal drying. The secondary target of this study was to investigate the particle deformation of test materials during filtration and compression. Literature part consists of basic theory of filtration and compression and of the basic parameters that influence the filtration process. There is also a brief description about all of the test materials including their properties and their industrial production and processing. Theoretical equations for calculating the energy consumptions of the filtrations at different conditions are also presented. At the beginning of the experiments at experimental part, the basic filtration tests were done with all the five test materials. Filtration tests were made at eight different pressures, from 6 bars up to 100 bars, by using piston press pressure filter. Filtration tests were then repeated by using a cylinder with smaller slurry volume than in the first series of filtration tests. Separate filtration tests were also done for investigating the deformation of solid particles during filtration and for finding the optimal curve for raising the filtration pressure. Energy consumption differences between high pressure filtration and ideal thermal drying process were done partly experimentally and partly by using theoretical calculation equations. By comparing these two water removal methods, the optimal ranges for their use were found considering their energy efficiency. The results of the measurements shows that the filtration rate increased and the moisture content of the filter cakes decreased as the filtration pressure was increased. Also the porosity of the filter cakes mainly decreased when the filtration pressure was increased. Particle deformation during the filtration was observed only with coal particles.

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To predict the capacity of the structure or the point which is followed by instability, calculation of the critical crack size is important. Structures usually contain several cracks but not necessarily all of these cracks lead to failure or reach the critical size. So, defining the harmful cracks or the crack size which is the most leading one to failure provides criteria for structure’s capacity at elevated temperature. The scope of this thesis was to calculate fracture parameters like stress intensity factor, the J integral and plastic and ultimate capacity of the structure to estimate critical crack size for this specific structure. Several three dimensional (3D) simulations using finite element method by Ansys program and boundary element method by Frank 3D program were carried out to calculate fracture parameters and results with the aid of laboratory tests (loaddisplacement curve, the J resistance curve and yield or ultimate stress) leaded to extract critical size of the crack. Two types of the fracture which is usually affected by temperature, Elastic and Elasti-Plastic fractures were simulated by performing several linear elastic and nonlinear elastic analyses. Geometry details of the weldment; flank angle and toe radius were also studied independently to estimate the location of crack initiation and simulate stress field in early stages of crack extension in structure. In this work also overview of the structure’s capacity in room temperature (20 ºC) was studied. Comparison of the results in different temperature (20 ºC and -40 ºC) provides a threshold of the structure’s behavior within the defined range.

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In a networked business environment the visibility requirements towards the supply operations and customer interface has become tighter. In order to meet those requirements the master data of case company is seen as an enabler. However the current state of master data and its quality are not seen good enough to meet those requirements. In this thesis the target of research was to develop a process for managing master data quality as a continuous process and find solutions to cleanse the current customer and supplier data to meet the quality requirements defined in that process. Based on the theory of Master Data Management and data cleansing, small amount of master data was analyzed and cleansed using one commercial data cleansing solution available on the market. This was conducted in cooperation with the vendor as a proof of concept. In the proof of concept the cleansing solution’s applicability to improve the quality of current master data was proved. Based on those findings and the theory of data management the recommendations and proposals for improving the quality of data were given. In the results was also discovered that the biggest reasons for poor data quality is the lack of data governance in the company, and the current master data solutions and its restrictions.

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We present new analytical tools able to predict the averaged behavior of fronts spreading through self-similar spatial systems starting from reaction-diffusion equations. The averaged speed for these fronts is predicted and compared with the predictions from a more general equation (proposed in a previous work of ours) and simulations. We focus here on two fractals, the Sierpinski gasket (SG) and the Koch curve (KC), for two reasons, i.e. i) they are widely known structures and ii) they are deterministic fractals, so the analytical study of them turns out to be more intuitive. These structures, despite their simplicity, let us observe several characteristics of fractal fronts. Finally, we discuss the usefulness and limitations of our approa

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Especially in global enterprises, key data is fragmented in multiple Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems. Thus the data is inconsistent, fragmented and redundant across the various systems. Master Data Management (MDM) is a concept, which creates cross-references between customers, suppliers and business units, and enables corporate hierarchies and structures. The overall goal for MDM is the ability to create an enterprise-wide consistent data model, which enables analyzing and reporting customer and supplier data. The goal of the study was defining the properties and success factors of a master data system. The theoretical background was based on literature and the case consisted of enterprise specific needs and demands. The theoretical part presents the concept, background, and principles of MDM and then the phases of system planning and implementation project. Case consists of background, definition of as is situation, definition of project, evaluation criterions and concludes the key results of the thesis. In the end chapter Conclusions combines common principles with the results of the case. The case part ended up dividing important factors of the system in success factors, technical requirements and business benefits. To clarify the project and find funding for the project, business benefits have to be defined and the realization has to be monitored. The thesis found out six success factors for the MDM system: Well defined business case, data management and monitoring, data models and structures defined and maintained, customer and supplier data governance, delivery and quality, commitment, and continuous communication with business. Technical requirements emerged several times during the thesis and therefore those can’t be ignored in the project. Conclusions chapter goes through these factors on a general level. The success factors and technical requirements are related to the essentials of MDM: Governance, Action and Quality. This chapter could be used as guidance in a master data management project.

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Tässä diplomityössä käydään läpi IEC-60534 -standardin mukainen säätöventtiilin mitoitus kokoonpuristumattomille ja –puristuville virtauksille laskennassa tarvittavine yhtälöineen. Teoreettisessa osassa esitellään RF-letkuventtiilien rakennetta ja ominaisuuksia. Lisäksi käydään läpi putkivirtauksen perusperiaatteita. Koska letkuventtiilissä virtaavana fluidina on usein jokin liete, on työssä esitelty menetelmä lietevirtauksen aiheuttaman paine-eron laskentaan. Työssä on käsitelty myös kavitaation syntyä, laskennalliset mahdollisuudet kavitaation ennustamiseen sekä keinoja kavitaation estämiseksi. Kokeellisessa osassa suoritettiin mittauksia kolmella erikokoisella RF-letkuventtiilillä, joissa kussakin käytettiin kolmea erityyppistä letkua. Mittausten perusteella pystyttiin laskemaan kapasiteettikertoimet sekä määrittämään säätökäyrät mitatuille venttiileille ja letkutyypeille. Näistä tuloksista säätökäyrille sovitettiin yhtälöt, joiden perusteella saatiin laskettua kapasiteettikertoimien arvot myös muille venttiilikoille.

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Tässä tutkimuksessa toteutettiin uusi versio aikaisemmin tuotetusta työkalusta merkintöjen tekemiseksi pääasiassa silmänpohjakuviin. Tarkoituksena oli toteuttaa kuvankäsittelyyn perustuvia aputoimintoja kuvien valaistuksenkorjaamiseksi, sekä korostaa lääkärille mahdollisia diabeettiseen retinopatiaan kuuluvia löydöksiä. Kuvien annotoinnin helpottamiseksi toteutettiin kaksi menetelmää valaistuksenkorjaamiseksi: yksiulotteinen käyrämenetelmä sekä värikanavien ominaisuuksia hyödyntävä menetelmä. Kuvien annotoinin helpottamiseksi toteutettiin kuvan vihreän kanavan jakaumaan perustuva aputoiminto, joka pyrkii korostamaan mahdollisia diabeettiseen retinopatiaan kuuluvia löydöksiä.

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Diplomityössä selvitettiin Fortum Power and Heat Oy:n Loviisan VVER-440 painevesireaktorilaitosten termisen tehon laskentaan liittyviä epävarmuuksia. Laitoksen turvallisuusteknisissä käyttöehdoissa (TTKE) määrätään reaktorin suurimmaksi sallituksi lämpötehoksi 1500 MW. Tähän perustuen haluttiin selvittää nykyiseen RT1 laskentaan liittyvät epävarmuudet tarkastamalla nykyinen laskenta ja siinä käytetyt termohydrauliset laskentasovitteet. Työn alussa selostetaan lyhyesti Loviisan voimalaitoksen toimintaperiaate, jonka jälkeen esitellään laskentaan osallistuvat prosessimittaukset ja niihin liittyvät epävarmuustekijät. Mittauksille määritettiin epävarmuudet käyttäen hyödyksi komponenttivalmistajien tietoja sekä laitoksen kalibrointitodistuksia ja näiden lisäksi laskettiin standardin mukainen virhe virtauslaipoille. Edellä mainittujen virheiden perusteella voitiin laskea tehon epävarmuudet yksittäiselle höyrystimelle, josta edelleen varianssien summamenetelmällä saatiin reaktorin termiselle teholle 0,78 %:n epävarmuus 95 % luottamustasolla. Laskettua tehon epävarmuutta verrattiin Monte Carlo -menetelmällä suoritettuun tarkistuslaskentaan, jolla termisen tehon epävarmuudeksi saatiin 0,53 %, luottamustason ollessa 95 %. Työssä tarkasteltiin keskiarvotuksen vaikutusta mittausdataan. Näissä tarkasteluissa havaittiin pinnansäädöstä aiheutuva reaktoritehon huojunta, joka oli työn merkittävin havainto.

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Euroopan unionin energiapolitiikka on luonut paineen parantaa energiatehokkuutta kaikilla energiankäytön aloilla. Merkittävä osa energiasta kulutetaan liikenteessä, joten sähköautojen käyttöönotolla voidaan parantaa energiatehokkuutta merkittävästi. Tämän vuoksi on tarkasteltava sähköautojen laajamittaisen levinneisyyden aiheuttamia vaikutuksia sähköverkolle. Tässä diplomityössä tarkastellaan sähköautojen pikalatauksen verkkovaikutuksia. Tarkastelu painottuu kotilatauksen tarkasteluun taajamissa ja maaseudulla. Kuormituksen kasvu simuloidaan hyödyntäen sähköauton lataukselle laskettua kuormituskäyrää, jonka laskenta perustuu keskimääräiseen henkilöauton liikkumiseen, joka on saatavilla Suomen henkilöliikennetutkimuksesta. Simuloinnin tulosten perusteella sähköauton pikalatauksen verkkovaikutukset ovat merkittäviä keskijänniteverkossa ja pienjänniteverkossa. Suuremmat vaikutukset kohdistuvat pienjänniteverkkoon.

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Populärkulturen har i dagens läge kommit att utgöra en allt mer viktig och central inspirationskälla för allt fler människors konstruktion av den egna religiösa identiteten även inom traditionella och institutionella kristna sammanhang. Denna avhandling belyser denna utveckling i ljuset av den finländska kristna metallmusik-kulturen - en sällsynt stark sammanblanding av protestantisk kristendom och en utpräglad och kontroversiell populärmusikform och dess kultur. Fokus riktas framför allt på hur den kristna metallmusik-kulturen blir meningsfull för sina medlemmar genom de sätt på vilka den konstrueras diskursivt, dvs. genom de sätt på vilka den representeras och talas om bland sina egna anhängare. Den diskursiva konstruktionen av den kristna metallmusik-kulturen utforskas på ett såväl bredare transnationellt som ett finländskt nationellt plan. Studien redogör även för den kristna metalmusikens och -kulturens huvudsakliga verbala, visuella och estetiska kännetecken. Uppbyggnaden och spridningen av dagens transnationella kristna metallmusik-kultur undersöks även i ljuset av det teoretiska konceptet scene. Avhandlingens centrala argument är att den kristna metallmusikscenen erbjuder sina medlemmar en mängd resurser för skapandet av ett alternativt och komplementärt religiöst uttrycksätt, religiös praxis och en alternativ kristen identitet.

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Organising the PT- programme for full-time working adult students is a challenging task as it is an international programme with both domestic and foreign students with different educational background. The purpose of this project work is to provide both student and lecturer feedback for improving Master Of Science Degree Programme in Packaging Technology to meet better the requirements of part-time studying. The objective of this work is in accordance with the Lappeenranta University of Technology’s strategy to improve continuously degree programmes and courses and to use student feedback in this development work of education. Matters, such as lecture schemes, distance material distribution, distance assignment handling, course assessments, and guidance of thesis work will be under scrutiny.

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Rautaruukki Oyj:n uusi Ruukki double grade S420MH/S355J2H -rakenneputki yhdistää putkilajien S420MH ja S355J2H ominaisuudet. Eurocode 3:n suunnitteluohjeiden mukaan Ruukki double graden käyttöön on sovellettava lujuusluokan S420 mukaista hitsien mitoitusta ja rakenneputkiliitosten staattista mitoituskestävyyttä alentavaa varmuuskerrointa, kun halutaan hyödyntää lujuusluokan S420 ominaisuudet Ruukki double gradea käytettäessä. Tässä työssä tutkittiin S420-lujuusluokkaa vastaavien suunnittelumääräysten soveltamistarvetta Ruukki double grade -rakenneputken käyttöön. Työn tavoitteena oli arvioida Ruukki double grade -rakenneputkesta hitsaamalla valmistetun X-liitoksen kestävyyden ja muodonmuutoskyvyn riittävyys, kun hitsit mitoitettiin S355-lujuusluokkaa vastaavien Eurocode 3:n suunnitteluohjeiden mukaisesti. X-liitosten kestävyyttä ja muodonmuutoskykyä tutkittiin kokeellisesti -40 C lämpötilassa suoritettujen laboratoriokokeiden avulla sekä analyyttisen laskennan ja elementtimenetelmän keinoin. Kestävyyden riittävyyttä arvioitiin vertaamalla laboratoriokokeista saatuja liitosten kestävyyksiä Eurocode 3:n ja myötöviivateorian mukaisiin kestävyyksiin. Elementtimenetelmän ja laboratoriokokeen pohjalta piirrettyjä liitoksen voima-siirtymäkuvaajia vertailtiin keskenään, kun elementtimalli analysoitiin eri materiaalimalleilla. Lisäksi verrattiin elementtimallin voima-venymäkuvaajia liitoksen venymäliuskan arvoihin. Kaikki koesarjan S355-lujuusluokan mukaisilla hitsin a-mitoilla valmistetut liitokset täyttivät kestävyydelle ja muodonmuutoskyvylle asetetut vaatimukset. Täten tämän koesarjan perusteella ei ollut tarpeellista soveltaa S420-lujuusluokan mukaista hitsien mitoitusta ja staattista mitoituskestävyyttä alentavaa varmuuslukua Ruukki double grade -rakenneputkeen. Elementtimenetelmästä ja laboratoriokokeesta saadut liitoksen voima-siirtymäkuvaajat vastasivat hyvin toisiaan. Sen sijaan elementtimallin voima-venymä-kuvaajat eivät vastanneet venymäliuskojen mittausdataa kovin hyvin.