Work Stress in the Nursing Profession : An Evaluation of Organizational Causal Attribution

The goal of this study was to examine the role of organizational causal attribution in understanding the relation of work stressors (work-role overload, excessive role responsibility, and unpleasant physical environment) and personal resources (social support and cognitive coping) to such organizational-attitudinal outcomes as work engagement, turnover intention, and organizational identification. In some analyses, cognitive coping was also treated as an organizational outcome. Causal attribution was conceptualized in terms of four dimensions: internality-externality, attributing the cause of one’s successes and failures to oneself, as opposed to external factors, stability (thinking that the cause of one’s successes and failures is stable over time), globality (perceiving the cause to be operative on many areas of one’s life), and controllability (believing that one can control the causes of one’s successes and failures). Several hypotheses were derived from Karasek’s (1989) Job Demands–Control (JD-C) model and from the Job Demands–Resources (JD-R) model (Demerouti, Bakker, Nachreiner & Schaufeli, 2001). Based on the JD-C model, a number of moderation effects were predicted, stating that the strength of the association of work stressors with the outcome variables (e.g. turnover intentions) varies as a function of the causal attribution; for example, unpleasant work environment is more strongly associated with turnover intention among those with an external locus of causality than among those with an internal locuse of causality. From the JD-R model, a number of hypotheses on the mediation model were derived. They were based on two processes posited by the model: an energy-draining process in which work stressors along with a mediating effect of causal attribution for failures deplete the nurses’ energy, leading to turnover intention, and a motivational process in which personal resources along with a mediating effect of causal attribution for successes foster the nurses’ engagement in their work, leading to higher organizational identification and to decreased intention to leave the nursing job. For instance, it was expected that the relationship between work stressors and turnover intention could be explained (mediated) by a tendency to attribute one’s work failures to stable causes. The data were collected from among Finnish hospital nurses using e-questionnaires. Overall 934 nurses responded the questionnaires. Work stressors and personal resources were measured by five scales derived from the Occupational Stress Inventory-Revised (Osipow, 1998). Causal attribution was measured using the Occupational Attributional Style Questionnaire (Furnham, 2004). Work engagement was assessed through the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (Schaufeli & al., 2002), turnover intention by the Van Veldhoven & Meijman (1994) scale, and organizational identification by the Mael & Ashforth (1992) measure. The results provided support for the function of causal attribution in the overall work stress process. Findings related to the moderation model can be divided into three main findings. First, external locus of causality along with job level moderated the relationship between work overload and cognitive coping. Hence, this interaction was evidenced only among nurses in non-supervisory positions. Second, external locus of causality and job level together moderated the relationship between physical environment and turnover intention. An opposite pattern of interaction was found for this interaction: among nurses, externality exacerbated the effect of perceived unpleasantness of the physical environment on turnover intention, whereas among supervisors internality produced the same effect. Third, job level also disclosed a moderation effect for controllability attribution over the relationship between physical environment and cognitive coping. Findings related to the mediation model for the energetic process indicated that the partial model in which work stressors have also a direct effect on turnover intention fitted the data better. In the mediation model for the motivational process, an intermediate mediation effect in which the effects of personal resources on turnover intention went through two mediators (e.g., causal dimensions and organizational identification) fitted the data better. All dimensions of causal attribution appeared to follow a somewhat unique pattern of mediation effect not only for energetic but also for motivational processes. Overall findings on mediation models partly supported the two simultaneous underlying processes proposed by the JD-R model. While in the energetic process the dimension of externality mediated the relationship between stressors and turnover partially, all the dimensions of causal attribution appeared to entail significant mediator effects in the motivational process. The general findings supported the moderation effect and the mediation effect of causal attribution in the work stress process. The study contributes to several research traditions, including the interaction approach, the JD-C, and the JD-R models. However, many potential functions of organizational causal attribution are yet to be evaluated by relevant academic and organizational research. Keywords: organizational causal attribution, optimistic / pessimistic attributional style, work stressors, organisational stress process, stressors in nursing profession, hospital nursing, JD-R model, personal resources, turnover intention, work engagement, organizational identification.

Sairaanhoitajat työn imussa? Palkkatyön sisällön ja kulttuuristen lähtökohtien tasapainossa

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvittää, mikä saa pitkän työuran tehneet sairaanhoitajat innostumaan työstään. Taustalla on yhteiskunnallinen tilanne, jossa työelämän vetovoimaisuuden lisääminen ja ikääntyvien työntekijöiden työssä jaksaminen ovat keskeisiä poliittisia tavoitteita. Aihetta lähestytään positiivisesta psykologiasta lähtöisin olevan työn imun käsitteen avulla. Se on määritelty pysyväksi, ”myönteiseksi, tunne- ja motivaatiotäyttymyksen tilaksi, jota luonnehtivat tarmokkuus, omistautuminen ja uppoutuminen työhön” (Hakanen 2009a, 9). Tutkimuksessa kysytään, voidaanko työn imua ymmärtää myös sosiologisesta näkökulmasta. Oletuksena on, että käsitteen taustalla on muutakin kuin psykologisesta perinteestä käsin jäsentyvää vaihtelua. Empiirisen aineiston muodostavan 11 sairaanhoitajan koko työuraa ja nykyistä työtä koskevat tiettyihin teemoihin ankkuroidut syvähaastattelut. Otosta poimittaessa on etsitty sellaisia haastateltavia, jotka kokevat kantavansa työn imua. Aineiston analyysitapana on käytetty matriisin avulla sovellettua kvalitatiivista sisällönanalyysiä. Työn imua hahmotetaan analyysissä henkilöhistoriallisten haastatteluiden – menneen, nykyisen ja tulevan – kautta. Pyrkimyksenä on etsiä tarinoita mahdollisesti yhdistävää kulttuurista muotoa ja ymmärtää, mihin se perustuu. Analyysin nojalla vastuurationaalisuuden käsite (esim. Korvajärvi 1986) näyttäisi jäsentävän osan haastateltavien suhteesta työhönsä. Avain työn imun löytymiseen näissä tarinoissa on kuitenkin se, kuinka haastateltavilla on ollut henkilökohtainen halu mennä eteenpäin ja kykyä ratkaista ongelmia työuransa aikana ja nykyisessä työssään. Tämä havainto tulkitaan Max Weberin (1922, 1980) käsitteiden – arvorationaalisen ja päämäärärationaalisen toiminnan väliseen suhteen – avulla. Tulokseksi syntyy oletus siitä, että analyysin kohteena olevissa tarinoissa on kyse yhteisestä kulttuurisesta tarinasta siitä, millainen on hyvä ihminen, miten hyvä ihminen toteuttaa itseään työssä ja miten hän tekee työtään: tarmokkaasti, omistautuen ja uppoutuen. Henkilökohtainen halu mennä eteenpäin ja kyky ratkaista ongelmia nojaa sairaanhoitajien erityiseen eetokseen, kutsumustyöhön ja hoivan moraaliin tavalla, joka on rakenteellisesti yhtäläinen protestanttisuutta leimaavan yksilöllisen jumalasuhteen kanssa. Lisäksi analyysin perusteella esitetään, että työn imun edellytys on arvorationaalisen eetoksen lisäksi oikeanlainen, riittävät työn voimavarat sisältävä ympäristö, jossa hoitotyön keskeiset palkinnot on mahdollista saavuttaa. Tällöin palkkatyön sisältö kohtaa kulttuuriset lähtökohdat, ja tulos näkyy työn imuna. Keskeisimmät taustoittavat lähteet ovat Henriksson, Lea & Wrede, Sirpa (toim.) (2004a). Hyvinvointityön ammatit ja Hakanen, Jari (2009a). Työn imun arviointimenetelmä (Utrecht Work Engagement Scale). Sosiologisen tulkinnan kannalta tärkein teoreettinen lähde on Weber, Max (1980): Protestanttinen etiikka ja kapitalismin henki.

Sairaanhoitajat työn imussa? Palkkatyön sisällön ja kulttuuristen lähtökohtien tasapainossa

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvittää, mikä saa pitkän työuran tehneet sairaanhoitajat innostumaan työstään. Taustalla on yhteiskunnallinen tilanne, jossa työelämän vetovoimaisuuden lisääminen ja ikääntyvien työntekijöiden työssä jaksaminen ovat keskeisiä poliittisia tavoitteita. Aihetta lähestytään positiivisesta psykologiasta lähtöisin olevan työn imun käsitteen avulla. Se on määritelty pysyväksi, ”myönteiseksi, tunne- ja motivaatiotäyttymyksen tilaksi, jota luonnehtivat tarmokkuus, omistautuminen ja uppoutuminen työhön” (Hakanen 2009a, 9). Tutkimuksessa kysytään, voidaanko työn imua ymmärtää myös sosiologisesta näkökulmasta. Oletuksena on, että käsitteen taustalla on muutakin kuin psykologisesta perinteestä käsin jäsentyvää vaihtelua. Empiirisen aineiston muodostavan 11 sairaanhoitajan koko työuraa ja nykyistä työtä koskevat tiettyihin teemoihin ankkuroidut syvähaastattelut. Otosta poimittaessa on etsitty sellaisia haastateltavia, jotka kokevat kantavansa työn imua. Aineiston analyysitapana on käytetty matriisin avulla sovellettua kvalitatiivista sisällönanalyysiä. Työn imua hahmotetaan analyysissä henkilöhistoriallisten haastatteluiden – menneen, nykyisen ja tulevan – kautta. Pyrkimyksenä on etsiä tarinoita mahdollisesti yhdistävää kulttuurista muotoa ja ymmärtää, mihin se perustuu. Analyysin nojalla vastuurationaalisuuden käsite (esim. Korvajärvi 1986) näyttäisi jäsentävän osan haastateltavien suhteesta työhönsä. Avain työn imun löytymiseen näissä tarinoissa on kuitenkin se, kuinka haastateltavilla on ollut henkilökohtainen halu mennä eteenpäin ja kykyä ratkaista ongelmia työuransa aikana ja nykyisessä työssään. Tämä havainto tulkitaan Max Weberin (1922; 1980) käsitteiden – arvorationaalisen ja päämäärärationaalisen toiminnan väliseen suhteen – avulla. Tulokseksi syntyy oletus siitä, että analyysin kohteena olevissa tarinoissa on kyse yhteisestä kulttuurisesta tarinasta siitä, millainen on hyvä ihminen, miten hyvä ihminen toteuttaa itseään työssä ja miten hän tekee työtään: tarmokkaasti, omistautuen ja uppoutuen. Henkilökohtainen halu mennä eteenpäin ja kyky ratkaista ongelmia nojaa sairaanhoitajien erityiseen eetokseen, kutsumustyöhön ja hoivan moraaliin tavalla, joka on rakenteellisesti yhtäläinen protestanttisuutta leimaavan yksilöllisen jumalasuhteen kanssa. Lisäksi analyysin perusteella esitetään, että työn imun edellytys on arvorationaalisen eetoksen lisäksi oikeanlainen, riittävät työn voimavarat sisältävä ympäristö, jossa hoitotyön keskeiset palkinnot on mahdollista saavuttaa. Tällöin palkkatyön sisältö kohtaa kulttuuriset lähtökohdat, ja tulos näkyy työn imuna. Keskeisimmät taustoittavat lähteet ovat Henriksson, Lea & Wrede, Sirpa (toim.) (2004a). Hyvinvointityön ammatit ja Hakanen, Jari (2009a). Työn imun arviointimenetelmä (Utrecht Work Engagement Scale). Sosiologisen tulkinnan kannalta tärkein teoreettinen lähde on Weber, Max (1980): Protestanttinen etiikka ja kapitalismin henki.

Report on Knowledge Exchange workshop Sustainable Business Models for Open Access Services

The work on the sustainability of organisations which exist to provide services to the Open Access community, commissioned by Knowledge Exchange, identified that such organisations need to have a business-like approach and that the absence of rigorous attention to all aspects of the business may lead to sub-optimal performance and, potentially, failure. With this in mind, a Sustainability Index was drafted for consideration by attendees at the Knowledge Exchange workshop on sustainability in Utrecht (February 2014). Over fifty participants, representing Open Access service providers, IT-infrastructure and research funders, and users,worked to making past recommendations from KE work on Open Access actionable.

Knowledge Exchange meeting on Research tools

Knowledge Exchange investigated the diversity and complexity of research tools, techniques and researchers' behaviours to identify how and where the initiative can eliminate barriers to cooperation between different parts of the whole system. Experts from the partner organisations and beyond exchanged knowledge and experiences, during our meeting on Research Tools which took place on 27 June 2012, in Utrecht, the Netherlands. Experts considered ‘the use of digital technologies in research' or ‘digital research tools' with a view to informing future Knowledge Exchange activities.

Legal Status of Research Data in the four partner countries

This report compares the legal status of research data in the four KE partner countries. The report also addresses where European copyright and database law poses flaws and obstacles to the access to research data and singles out pre-conditions for openly available data. Background of the study Intellectual property right regulations regarding primary research data are a recurrent topic in the discussion on the improvement of access to research data. In fact in the final report of the High Level Expert Group on Scientific Data ‘Riding the Wave’ creating clarity on this was considered very important in improving awareness for all parties involved. According to the recommendations of the report legal issues should be “worked out so that they encourage, and not impede, global data sharing” http://cordis.europa.eu/fp7/ict/e-infrastructure/docs/hlg-sdi-report.pdf. While open access to research data is a widely recognised goal, achieving it remains a challenge. As European national laws still diverge and sometimes remain unclear it can be difficult for interested parties to fully comprehend in which ways open access to research data can be legally obtained. Based on these discussions the Knowledge Exchange working group on primary research data has commissioned a comparative report on the legal status of research data in the four KE partner countries. The study has been conducted by the Centre for Intellectual Property Law (CIER) at Utrecht University. The report aims at informing Knowledge Exchange and associated stakeholders on the state of the law concerning access to research data in the KE partner countries (Germany, Denmark, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom) and to give an insight in how these laws work in practice. This is explained in several characteristic situations pertaining to open access to research data. The purpose of the report is to identify flaws and obstacles to the access to research data and to single out pre-conditions for openly available data. This is in view of the current discussions concerning open access to research data, especially those originating from publicly funded research. The report intends to be both a description of the status quo of the legislation and a practical instrument to prepare further activities in raising awareness on the potential benefit of improved access to research data, and developing means to support the improved access for research purposes

Second mémoire présenté par les Etats Unis du Brésil au gouvernement de la Confédération Suisse, arbitre choisi selon les stipulations du Traité conclu a Rio de Janeiro, le 10 Avril 1897, entre le Brésil et la France : frontières entre le Brésil et la Guyane Française

Nota de conteúdo : V.1. Memoire en reponse aux allegations de la France, accompagne de quelques cartes -- V. 2-3. Documents accompagnes de notes explicatives ou rectificatives, 1. ptie, 1536-1713 ; 2. ptie, 1713-1896 -- V. 4. Texte original de documents traduits dans les tomes 2 et 3 -- V. 5. Album : fac-simile de quelques documents reproduits aux tomes 2, 3 et 4 -- V. 6. Atlas : contenant 86 cartes.

Em nome do pai, do filho e do poder joanino: Portugal e a Santa Sé na primeira metade do século XVIII

Esta tese tem como propósito analisar as relações político-diplomáticas entre Portugal e a Santa Sé na primeira metade do século XVIII, tendo como principal problemática o corte das relações diplomáticas entre as duas cortes -, ocorrido entre 1728-1731. O episódio resultou, no nível mais imediato, da recusa de Roma em conceder paridade a Portugal diante das outras cortes europeias, negando a ascensão do núncio apostólico Vicente Bichi, ao título de cardeal. Tal política inseria-se em uma linguagem diplomática tradicional, para a qual Roma permanecia o centro da cristandade e distribuidora de privilégios. A opção de D. João V em manter-se fiel a uma linguagem tradicional não o impediu de se apropriar e de utilizar uma linguagem moderna, expressão compartilhada pelos loci de poder setecentistas, representados pelas monarquias que se consolidavam na França, na Inglaterra, na Áustria, na Prússia e até na Rússia, operando a partir de uma razão de Estado, a linguagem diplomática moderna, que configurou o tabuleiro político europeu entre os congressos de Utrecht e de Viena. Linguagem esta que fora traduzida pelos embaixadores ou chefes de missão portugueses, o que permitiu a participação de Portugal nas grandes decisões do período e consolidou a política de privilégio de D. João V, consagrando o monarca Fidelíssimo e, consequentemente, o reino português numa Europa em transformação.

Aspects of Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue. SemDial 2010, 14th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue

The papers collected in this book cover a range of topics in semantics and pragmatics of dialogue. All these papers were presented at SemDial 2010, the 14th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue. This 14th edition in the SemDial series, also known as PozDial, took place in Poznań (Poland) in June 2010, and was organized by the Chair of Logic and Cognitive Science (Institute of Psychology, Adam Mickiewicz University). From over 30 submissions overall, 14 were accepted as full papers for plenary presentation at the workshop, and all are included in this book. In addition, 10 were accepted as posters, and are included here as 2-4 page short papers. Finally, we also include abstracts from our keynote speakers. We hope that the ideas gathered in this book will be a valuable source of up-to-date achievements in the field, and will become a valuable inspiration for new ones. We would like to express our thanks to all those who submitted to and participated in SemDial 2010, especially the invited speakers: Dale Barr (University of Glasgow), Jonathan Ginzburg (King's College London), Jeroen Groenendijk (University of Amsterdam) and Henry Prakken (Utrecht University, The University of Groningen). Last but not least, we would like to thank everybody engaged in the workshop organization -- the chairs, the local organizing committee for their hard work in Poznań, and the programme committee members for their thorough and helpful reviews.

Modulation of the infant immune responses by the firts pertussis vaccine administrations

info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The role of technology in the study of semiotic representations in mathematics

En este trabajo resumimos algunas reflexiones sobre el papel que pueden desarrollar la tecnología en el estudio de sistemas semióticos de representación, y que constituyen el núcleo para la comprensión de los procesos de construcción del conocimiento matemático de los estudiantes. La cita corresponde con el resumen de una página publicado.

CaIIKinterstellar observations towards early-type disc and halo stars, abundances and distances of intermediate- and high-velocity clouds

We present Ca II K (lambda(air) = 3933.661 angstrom) interstellar observations towards 20 early-type stars, to place lower distance limits to intermediate- and high-velocity clouds (IHVCs) in their lines of sight. The spectra are also employed to estimate the Ca abundance in the low-velocity gas towards these objects, when combined with Leiden-Dwingeloo 21-cm HI survey data of spatial resolution 0 degrees.5. Nine of the stars, which lie towards IHVC complexes H, K and gp, were observed with the intermediate dispersion spectrograph on the Isaac Newton Telescope at a resolution R = lambda/Delta lambda of 9000 (similar to 33 km s(-1)) and signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) per pixel of 75-140. A further nine objects were observed with the Utrecht Echelle Spectrograph on the William Herschel Telescope at R = 40 000 (similar to 7.5 km s(-1)) and S/N per pixel of 10-25. Finally, two objects were observed in both Ca II K and Na I D lines using the 2D COUDE on the McDonald 2.7-m telescope at R = 35 000 (similar to 8.5 km s(-1)). The abundance of Ca II K {log(10)(A) = log(10)[N(Ca II K)]-log(10)[N(HI)]} plotted against HI column density for the objects in the current sample with heights above the Galactic plane (z) exceeding 1000 pc is found to obey the Wakker & Mathis (2000) relation. Also, the reduced column density of Ca II K as function of z is consistent with the larger sample taken from Smoker et al. (2003). Higher S/N observations than those previously taken towards HVC complex H stars HD 13256 and HILT 190 reinforce the assertion that this lies at a distance exceeding 4000 pc. No obvious absorption is detected in observations of ALS 10407 and HD 357657 towards IVC complex gp. The latter star has a spectroscopically estimated distance of similar to 2040 pc, although this was derived assuming the star lies on the main sequence and without any reddening correction being applied. Finally, no Ca II K absorption is detected towards two stars along the line of sight to complex K, namely PG 1610+529 and PG 1710+490. The latter is at a distance of similar to 700 pc, hence placing a lower distance limit to this complex, where previously only an upper distance limit of 6800 pc was available.