Difficulties generating self-compassion: An interpretative phenomenological analysis

The aim of the present study was to make an idiographic investigation about the difficulties that are encountered by people who self-identify as having difficulties with self-compassion. Although a growing number of studies have been carried out concerning the concept of self-compassion, most research designs were quantitative. Based on this gap, the current study expanded the scope to include a qualitative dimension of the recent literature on self-compassion and Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was adopted as methodological preference, which particularly monitors the lived experience of participants. In consequence of four in-depth semi-structured interviews, four super-ordinate themes emerged; the double-edged-sword: perfectionism, the flaws of compassion, the effects of a third person, and the advantages of self-criticism. In line with pre-existing research, these findings explored the reasons behind self-undermining behaviours and misconstructions about self-compassion, which are a barrier to gentle self-talk. Furthermore, unfavourable effects of the social environment prime participants to maladaptive perfectionism and excessive self-criticism, which are considered a success formula by the participants. This study's purpose is to present a detailed roadmap about the self-destructive journey of the people with low self-compassion. It will help researchers and clinicians to develop future interventions in order to cultivate kind and encouraging attitudes in self-critical people.

A biosignal embedded system for physiological computing

Thesis submitted in the fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master in Electronic and Telecomunications Engineering

Normalização de equipamento médico, requisitos técnicos e metrológicos

Os hospitais necessitam de desenvolver programas de gestão de equipamentos médicos, onde contenha informação pertinente e uma metodologia de planeamento eficaz, para a aquisição do equipamento médico novo, assim como otimizar o controlo metrológico destes equipamentos. Para tal foi fornecida informação sobre os aspetos mais relevantes a ter em conta na compra do equipamento médico, como as especificações e funcionalidades necessárias, normas a que o equipamento deve obedecer, garantias, manutenção e calibração/verificação quando aplicável. A escolha dos equipamentos médicos incidiu sobre os esfigmomanómetros e os monitores de sinais vitais. Estudou-se o funcionamento destes equipamentos e prosseguiu-se depois para a realização de entrevistas aos seus utilizadores, com o intuito de perceber a satisfação, os critérios e as necessidades relativas aos equipamentos existentes na ULSM. Em seguida foram realizadas as fichas de normalização onde se definiram as características físicas, fisiológicas e tecnológicas associadas a ambos os tipos de dispositivos médicos. Posteriormente estudaram-se as normas com as quais os equipamentos devem estar em conformidade para garantir o bom funcionamento. Por fim pesquisou-se quais os requisitos metrológicos, técnicos e os procedimentos de verificação a que os equipamentos devem obedecer. Este documento irá servir como suporte para a aquisição e controlo dos equipamentos médicos aqui estudados, melhorando a sua gestão, manutenção e controlo metrológico.

A formação de professores na mostra de teatro das escolas de Sintra

Dissertação apresentada à Escola Superior de Educação de Lisboa para obtenção de grau de mestre em Educação Artística, na especialização de Teatro na Educação

Metodologias e Ferramentas da Gestão da Manutenção e da Metrologia numa Unidade Hospitalar

A metrologia na saúde tem um elevado grau de importância no quotidiano hospitalar dado que muitas decisões são tomadas com base em medições. Além disso, a constante evolução tecnológica na área da saúde e o número crescente de parâmetros fisiológicos dos equipamentos médicos exige a constante preocupação com o controlo metrológico. Assim, o funcionamento eficiente destes poderá contribuir para a segurança, uma melhor e mais rápida recuperação do doente e, consequentemente, um aumento do tempo de vida do equipamento, o que por sua vez se reflete numa maior economia de custos. A otimização de protocolos de metrologia em saúde, a elaboração de planos de controlo para validação de equipamentos médicos-hospitalares, a sensibilização de profissionais de saúde para o controlo metrológico, assim como o conhecimento das aplicações informáticas da organização são essenciais para uma eficaz gestão da manutenção hospitalar. O Serviço de Instalações e Equipamentos do Centro Hospitalar do Tâmega e Sousa, trabalha no sentido de assegurar uma resposta rápida, otimizada e eficiente para satisfazer as necessidades hospitalares através da aplicação de metodologias e ferramentas da qualidade destinadas à metrologia em saúde. Assim, o objetivo principal deste trabalho é apresentar metodologias e ferramentas aplicadas no controlo de parâmetros de equipamentos médico-hospitalares tais como, dispositivos de infusão, monitores de sinais vitais, eletrocardiógrafos, cardiotocógrafos, desfibrilhadores, incubadoras, aparelhos de fototerapia, bem como, o processo de gestão da manutenção aplicado pelo Serviço de Instalações e Equipamentos. Neste sentido foi possível demonstrar que o controlo metrológico é de extrema importância para uma instituição hospitalar.

Simuladores Fisiológicos na avaliação metrológica de esfigmomanómetros

Este documento apresenta uma avaliação sobre o uso dos simuladores fisiológicos como padrão para avaliação metrológica dos esfigmomanómetros automáticos na estimação da pressão sanguínea pelo método não invasivo (PNI). O presente estudo procurou avaliar o enquadramento destes equipamentos com os procedimentos das normas e recomendações usadas para apreciação metrológica dos esfigmomanómetros digitais. No contexto da prática metrológica existente determinou-se a existência de uma oportunidade de melhoria nos processos relacionados. O trabalho procurou obter resposta a diversas questões, relacionando a medição da pressão pelo método não invasivo, com o uso dos simuladores fisiológicos, o contexto em que estes podem ser usados, as formas de simulação, as medições e os resultados, procurando a perspetiva metrológica como enquadramento. As recomendações existentes [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8], são muito claras nos procedimentos, validação e nos desvios permitidos para os monitores da tensão arterial (MTA), equipamento que permite a avaliação dos parâmetros fisiológicos do paciente, no entanto, quando se pretende avançar para outro domínio, como o do uso dos simuladores, em particular para a simulação da PNI, não existem recomendações ou normas tão claras, e não existe sobretudo um padrão de referência que imite a natureza dinâmica que caracteriza a pressão sanguínea. O trabalho procurou ainda estabelecer a ligação entre o método clássico de auscultação (o principio de determinação da PS), a técnica digital de medição e os simuladores, para uma melhor compreensão do que é a pressão sanguínea, e como relacionar a problemática da simulação e a de um padrão de referência. Neste trabalho estão ainda presentes abordagens a diversos tópicos, como as validações clínicas, acessórios, ou a metrologia e que influenciam no final os equipamentos e o contexto que se pretende avaliar. Os diversos equipamentos testados procuraram conter amostras diversificadas, quer para os MTA de uso profissional ou doméstico, assim como para os simuladores. A avaliação dos simuladores foi realizada contra um grupo de MTAs. Foi testada a influência na medição, causada pela mudança de acessórios, ou seja, nos resultados, merecendo consideração pela perspetiva metrológica. No resumo dos testes e do estudo sobre este tema, verificou-se que esta tipologia de equipamentos pode contribuir como complemento do processo de calibração típico (estático). Não constitui por si só um método alternativo, mas permitiu estimar possíveis limites de erro e desvio padrão a partir da observação dos resultados práticos, limites esses inferiores aos processos de validação clínica. Atendendo às particularidades, estimou-se como desvio aceitável um erro mais desvio padrão de 5 + 3 mmHg para o processo de simulação. Contudo considera-se ainda importante os testes adicionais em que o simulador permite, ao verificar as medidas de segurança implementadas no equipamento e a condição dos acessórios, que como verificado afetam os resultados. No entanto nem todos os simuladores se mostram adequados a este processo pelo que a qualidade da seleção do equipamento para este fim pode eventualmente reduzir ainda mais os possíveis limites.

Business plan analysis of a Brazilian software company

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics

A liberalização do mercado energético e o papel das entidades reguladoras

The liberalisation of the energy market goes back to the 1990s, when it was impelled by the European legislator. Since then, three legislative packages, temporarily successive, were approved. Those packages contained the measures to be implemented in order to deepen the internal energy market. Besides the opening up of several national markets to competition, the European legislator aimed the creation of a real internal energy market within the European Union. The unbundling regime was one of the most important steps with respect to the liberalisation process. The introduction of these rules ensured independence to the various market operators. A real and effective right of choice was granted to the consumers so they may choose their electricity and natural gas supplier. Therefore, the activity of comercialisation is subject to competition. However, some activities of the electricity’s and natural gas’ chain of value, namely the activities of transportation and distribution, were kept under regulation rules. Even though it may seem odd, the assignment of important competences and strong powers to a regulatory authority was essential in order to achieve the liberalisation process’ goals. Electricity and natural gas are essential public goods; therefore the market operators are legally bound to public service obligations, such as the security, the universality and the continuity of the supply. The performance of these obligations may become, in some cases, unprofitable for those operators. For such reason, the protection of the consumers’ rights shall only be properly defended if there is a regulatory authority that monitors the behaviour of the operators and sanctions the failure to comply with the public service obligations. Portugal, as a Member State of the European Union, transposed into the national legal order the European directives concerning the liberalisation process. This transposition has caused radical changes to the electricity and natural gas’ national markets. The Entidade Reguladora dos Serviços Energéticos also suffered various mutations in order to keep up with the regulatory demands regarding the liberalisation process.

Electronic compliance monitoring in resistant hypertension: the basis for rational therapeutic decisions.

OBJECTIVE: Incomplete compliance is one of several possible causes of uncontrolled hypertension. Yet, non-compliance remains largely unrecognized and is falsely interpreted as treatment resistance, because it is difficult to confirm or exclude objectively. The goal of this study was to evaluate the potential benefits of electronic monitoring of drug compliance in the management of patients with resistant hypertension. METHODS: Forty-one hypertensive patients resistant to a three-drug regimen (average blood pressure 156/ 106 +/- 23/11 mmHg, mean +/- SD) were studied prospectively. They were informed that for the next 2 months, their presently prescribed drugs would be provided in electronic monitors, without any change in treatment, so as to provide the treating physician with a measure of their compliance. Thereafter, patients were offered the possibility of prolonging the monitoring of compliance for another 2 month period, during which treatment was adapted if necessary. RESULTS: Monitoring of compliance alone was associated with a significant improvement of blood pressure at 2 months (145/97 +/- 20/15 mmHg, P < 0.01). During monitoring, blood pressure was normalized (systolic < 140 mmHg or diastolic < 90 mmHg) in one-third of the patients and insufficient compliance was unmasked in another 20%. When analysed according to tertiles of compliance, patients with the lowest compliance exhibited significantly higher achieved diastolic blood pressures (P = 0.04). In 30 patients, compliance was monitored up to 4 months and drug therapy was adapted whenever necessary. In these patients, a further significant decrease in blood pressure was obtained (from 150/100 +/- 18/15 to 143/94 +/- 22/11 mmHg, P = 0.04/0.02). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that objective monitoring of compliance using electronic devices may be a useful step in the management of patients with refractory hypertension, as it enables physicians to take rational decisions based on reliable and objective data of drug compliance and hence to improve blood pressure control.

Psychopathy and self-monitoring : additive and interactive effects on self-presentation tactics /

The purpose of this study was to determine the relative contributions of psychopathy and self-monitoring to the prediction of self-presentation tactics (behaviours that individuals use to manipulate their self-image). Psychopathy is composed of two main factors: Factor 1, which includes manipulativeness and shallow affect, and Factor 2, which includes irresponsibility and anti-social behaviours. Self-monitoring is a personality trait that distinguishes between those who adapt their behaviour to fit different social situations (high self-monitors) and those who behave as they feel regardless of social expectations (low selfmonitors). It was hypothesized that self-monitoring would moderate the relationship between psychopathy and self-presentation tactics. One hundred and forty-nine university students completed the Self-Monitoring Scale (Snyder, 1974), the Self-Report Psychopathy Scale - Version III (Paulhus et aI., in press), the Self-Presentation Tactics scale (Lee, S., et aI., 1999), the HEXACO-PI (a measure ofthe six major factors of personality; Lee, K., & Ashton, 2004), and six scenarios that were created as a supplementary measure of the selfpresentation tactics. Results of the hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that self-monitoring did moderate the relationship between psychopathy and three of the selfpresentation tactics: apologies, disclaimers, and exemplification. Further, significant interactions were observed between Factor 1 and self-monitoring on apologies and the defensive tactics subscale, between Factor 2 and self-monitoring on self-handicapping, and between Factor 1 and Factor 2 on exemplification. Contrary to expectations, the main effect of self-monitoring was significant for the prediction of nine tactics, while psychopathy was significant for the prediction of seven tactics. This indicates that the role of these two personality traits in the explanation of self-presentation tactics tends to be additive in nature rather than interactive. In addition. Factor 2 alone did not account for a significant amount of variance in any of the tactics, while Factor 1 significantly predicted nine tactics. Results are discussed with regard to implications and possible directions for future research.

The effectiveness of a health versus appearance message on pregnant women's intentions to exercise postpartum : the moderating role of self-monitoring

Despite the confimied health benefits of exercise during the postpartum period, many new mothers are not sufficiently active. The present research aimed to examine the effectiveness of 2 types of messages on intention to exercise after giving birth on 2 groups of pregnant women (low and high self-monitors) using the Theory of Planned Behavior as a theoretical basis. Participants were 2 1 8 pregnant women 1 8 years of age and older (Mean age = 27.9 years, SD = 5.47), and in their second or third trimester. Women completed a demographics questionnaire, a self-monitoring (SM) scale and the Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire for current and pre-pregnancy exercise levels. They then read one of two brochures, describing either the health or appearance benefits of exercise for postpartum women. Women's attitudes, social norms, perceived behavioral control, and intentions to exercise postpartum were then assessed to determine whether one type of message (health or appearance) was more effective for each group. A MANOVA found no significant effect (p>0.05) for message type, SM, or their interaction. Possible reasons include the fact that the two messages may have been too similar, reading any message about exercise may result in intentions to exercise, or lack of attention given to the brochure. Given the lack of research in this area, more studies are necessary to confirm the present results. Two additional exploratory analyses were conducted. Pearson correlations found higher levels of pre-pregnancy exercise and current exercise to be associated with more positive attitudes, more positive subjective norms, higher perceived behavioral control, and higher intention to exercise postpartum. A hierarchical regression was conducted to determine the predictive utility of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control on intention for each self-monitoring group. Results of the analysis demonstrated the three independent variables significantly predicted intention (p < .001) in both groups, accounting for 58-62% of the variance in intention. For low self-monitors, attitude was the strongest predictor of intention, followed by perceived behavioral control and subjective norm. For high self-monitors, perceived behavioral control was the strongest predictors, followed by attitudes and subjective norm. The present study has practical and real world implications by contributing to our understanding of what types of messages, in a brochure format, are most effective in changing pregnant women's attitudes, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control and intention to exercise postpartum and provides ftirther support for the use of the Theory of Planned Behavior with this population.

A biochemical predictor of performance during mesophilic anaerobic fermentation of starch wastewater

The aim of this study was to determine the potential of biochemical parameters, such as enzyme activity and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, as monitors of process performance in the Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor utilizing a starch wastewater. The acid and alkaline phosphatase activity and the ATP content of the UASB sludge were measured in response to changes in flow rate and nutrient loading. Conventional parameters of process performance, such as gas production, acetic acid production, COD, phosphorus, nitrogen and suspended solids loadings and % COD removal were also monitored. The response of both biochemical and conventional parameters to changing process conditions was then compared. Alkaline phosphatase activity exhibited the highest activity over the entire study perioda A high suspended solids loading was observed to upset the system in terms of gas production, acetic acid production and % COD removala The initial rate of increase in alkaline phosphatase activity following an increase in loading was four times as great during process upset than under conditions of good performance. The change in enzyme actiVity was also more sensitive to process upset than changes in acetic acid production. The change in ATP content of the sludge with time suggested that enzyme actiVity was changing independently of the actual viable biomass present. The bacterial composition of the anaerobic sludge granules was similar to that of other sludge bed systems, at the light and scanning electron microscope level. Isolated serum bottle cultures produced several acids involved in anaerobic carbohydrate metabolism. The overall performance of the UASB system indicated that higher loadings of soluble nutrients could have been tolerated by the system.

Étude moléculaire de la formation de complexes protéiques impliqués dans la signalisation des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G

La communication cellulaire est un phénomène important pour le maintien de l’homéostasie des cellules. Au court des dernières années, cette sphère de recherche sur la signalisation cellulaire a connue des avancées importantes au niveau de l’identification des acteurs principaux impliqués dans la reconnaissance extracellulaire des signaux, ainsi que la compréhension des voies de signalisation engagées par les cellules pour répondre aux facteurs extracellulaires. Malgré ces nouvelles informations, les diverses interrelations moléculaires entre les acteurs ainsi que les voies de signalisation cellulaire, demeurent mal comprises. Le transfert d’énergie de résonance de bioluminescence (BRET) permet la mesure d’interactions protéiques et peut être utilisé dans deux configurations, le BRET480-YFP (connu aussi comme le BRET1) et le BRET400-GFP (connu aussi en tant que BRET2). Suite à l’oxydation de son substrat, la luciférase de renilla peut transférer son énergie à une protéine fluorescente, uniquement si elles sont à proximité l’une de l’autre (≤100Å). La combinaison dans un seul essai des BRET480-YFP et BRET400-GFP, a permis de suivre trois paires d’interactions, sur une même population cellulaire. Par contre, l’utilisation de deux substrats pour la réaction de bioluminescence rend impossible la mesure simultanée des différents signaux de BRET, pour ce trois nouvelles configurations de BRET ont été mises au point en utilisant des nouvelles protéines fluorescentes. Ainsi deux des nouvelles couleurs de BRET ayant des émissions résolues, le BRET400-BFP et le BRET400mAmetrine ont pu être combinées pour mesurer l’engagement par un RCPG d’une protéine G, ainsi que l’accumulation du second messager. La combinaison de ces BRET a également permis de révéler la formation d’un complexe entre le récepteur α2A adrénergique (α2AAR), Gαi1, le dimère Gβγ ainsi que la kinase des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G (GRK2), suite à l’activation du récepteur. De plus, seule l’entrée de GRK2 semble être en mesure de causer la désensibilisation du α2AAR, en s’intercalant entre Gαi1 et Gβγ. Par contre, la stabilisation de l’interaction entre α2AAR et la β-arrestine2 semble nécessiter l’activité kinase de GRK2. Une autre étude a révélé l’importance de différentes Gα pour la mobilisation du calcium, suite à l’activation du récepteur aux opioïdes de type delta (DOR). Suite à la surexpression de Gα de la famille Gαq, il a été possible de mesurer une influence de ces Gα sur la mobilisation du calcium. Toutefois, cette réponse calcique mesurée en présence des Gαq demeure sensible aux prétraitements à la toxine de Bordetella pertussis, qui inhibe sélectivement l’activité des Gαi. De plus, la co-expression de Gαi et Gαq permet de potentialiser la mobilisation de calcium, démontrant une interrelation entre ces deux familles de protéine Gα, pour la signalisation du DOR. Afin de démontrer l’interrelation directe, des expériences de BRET ont été réalisées entre différentes Gα. En plus de montrer la formation de complexes sélectifs entre les Gα, les expériences de BRET réalisées en parallèle d’analyses de séquences de Gα, ont également mis à jour un site de sélectivité d’interaction entre les Gα, l’hélice α4. Suite à la transposition de cette hélice α4 de Gα12 sur Gαi1, qui normalement n’interagissent pas, il a été possible de forcer l’interaction entre Gα12 et Gαi1, confirmant ainsi que cette hélice α contient l’information permettant une sélectivité d’interaction. Au cours de cette thèse, il a été possible de générer de nouvelles méthodes de mesure d’interactions protéiques qui permettent de multiplexer différents signaux, ce qui a permis de mettre à jour de nouvelles interactions entre divers effecteurs de la signalisation de RCGP

Mesure des champs de radiation dans le détecteur ATLAS et sa caverne avec les détecteurs au silicium à pixels ATLAS-MPX

Les collisions proton-proton produites par le LHC imposent un environnement radiatif hostile au détecteur ATLAS. Afin de quantifier les effets de cet environnement sur la performance du détecteur et la sécurité du personnel, plusieurs simulations Monte Carlo ont été réalisées. Toutefois, la mesure directe est indispensable pour suivre les taux de radiation dans ATLAS et aussi pour vérifier les prédictions des simulations. À cette fin, seize détecteurs ATLAS-MPX ont été installés à différents endroits dans les zones expérimentale et technique d'ATLAS. Ils sont composés d'un détecteur au silicium à pixels appelé MPX dont la surface active est partiellement recouverte de convertisseurs de neutrons thermiques, lents et rapides. Les détecteurs ATLAS-MPX mesurent en temps réel les champs de radiation en enregistrant les traces des particules détectées sous forme d'images matricielles. L'analyse des images acquises permet d'identifier les types des particules détectées à partir des formes de leurs traces. Dans ce but, un logiciel de reconnaissance de formes appelé MAFalda a été conçu. Étant donné que les traces des particules fortement ionisantes sont influencées par le partage de charge entre pixels adjacents, un modèle semi-empirique décrivant cet effet a été développé. Grâce à ce modèle, l'énergie des particules fortement ionisantes peut être estimée à partir de la taille de leurs traces. Les convertisseurs de neutrons qui couvrent chaque détecteur ATLAS-MPX forment six régions différentes. L'efficacité de chaque région à détecter les neutrons thermiques, lents et rapides a été déterminée par des mesures d'étalonnage avec des sources connues. L'étude de la réponse des détecteurs ATLAS-MPX à la radiation produite par les collisions frontales de protons à 7TeV dans le centre de masse a montré que le nombre de traces enregistrées est proportionnel à la luminosité du LHC. Ce résultat permet d'utiliser les détecteurs ATLAS-MPX comme moniteurs de luminosité. La méthode proposée pour mesurer et étalonner la luminosité absolue avec ces détecteurs est celle de van der Meer qui est basée sur les paramètres des faisceaux du LHC. Vu la corrélation entre la réponse des détecteurs ATLAS-MPX et la luminosité, les taux de radiation mesurés sont exprimés en termes de fluences de différents types de particules par unité de luminosité intégrée. Un écart significatif a été obtenu en comparant ces fluences avec celles prédites par GCALOR qui est l'une des simulations Monte Carlo du détecteur ATLAS. Par ailleurs, les mesures effectuées après l'arrêt des collisions proton-proton ont montré que les détecteurs ATLAS-MPX permettent d'observer la désintégration des isotopes radioactifs générés au cours des collisions. L'activation résiduelle des matériaux d'ATLAS peut être mesurée avec ces détecteurs grâce à un étalonnage en équivalent de dose ambiant.

Éducation alimentaire, nutritionnelle et sensorielle combinée au jardinage chez les jeunes : rôle des animateurs non professionnels de la nutrition

Les programmes éducatifs de jardinage alimentaire avec les jeunes offrent l’opportunité d’agir sur leurs connaissances nutritionnelles, préférences pour des légumes, sentiment d'efficacité personnelle à consommer des fruits et légumes, envie d'y goûter et leur consommation. Dans ces activités, certains obstacles peuvent freiner l'éducation alimentaire et nutritionnelle faite par des animateurs qui ne sont pas professionnels de la nutrition ou de la santé. Le présent projet consistait à développer un volet alimentaire et nutritionnel éducatif pour les "Jardins-jeunes" (JJ), un camp d'été en jardinage du Jardin botanique de Montréal, à offrir une courte formation en nutrition à ses animatrices, puis à évaluer leurs niveaux d'intérêt et de confiance personnelle à intégrer ce volet à l'édition 2013. Les méthodes d'évaluation auprès des animatrices comprenaient des entrevues de groupe, des questionnaires et une observation-terrain. La taille d'échantillon permettait uniquement une analyse qualitative des résultats. La formation semble avoir maintenu ou élevé les niveaux de confiance et de connaissances des animatrices sur plusieurs sujets alimentaires et nutritionnels. Les animatrices évoquent que les trois activités de trente minutes en alimentation et nutrition, intégrées aux JJ 2013, auraient favorisé l'éducation nutritionnelle, qui par ailleurs, fut limitée par manque de temps. Elles rapportent avoir perçu des effets positifs du programme sur les connaissances, attitudes et comportements alimentaires des jeunes. Nos résultats suggèrent qu'un volet d’éducation alimentaire et nutritionnelle peut être intégré à un programme de jardinage par des animateurs non spécialisés dans ces domaines, outillés et encadrés pour se sentir motivés et confiants dans leur rôle.