Política fiscal y crisis: análisis comparativo Ecuador – Perú

El Estado busca la forma de extraer recursos de la sociedades y, a su vez, encontrar la manera de financia los bienes públicos necesarios para las personas que habitan dentro del territorio nacional, como es el caso de los servicios de salud, seguridad, infraestructura, entre otros. Para el cumplimiento de estas obligaciones, en ocasiones puede financiarse con deuda, la misma que puede ser nacional o internacional. De esta manera, los Estados crean diversos instrumentos y medidas con el fin de extraer los ingresos necesarios para poder cumplir con las funciones a éste asignadas. Por este motivo, los objetivos que persigue la política fiscal, se pueden clasificar de la siguiente manera: • Redistribuir la renta y los recursos. • Contrarrestar los efectos de los auges y las depresiones. • Aumentar el nivel de la renta real y la demanda. Estas medidas pueden estar determinadas por la volatilidad del ambiente económico subyacente, es decir, auge o cris. Con este entorno cambiante, es importante conocer las diversas respuestas que ofrece la política fiscal de cada uno de los países. Estas respuestas pueden estar dadas por políticas fiscales que pueden ser expansivas o restrictivas y, que a su vez, pueden responder a favor de los ciclos económicos o en contra de ellos. Las medidas que se tomen, deberán generar crecimiento dentro de sus economías y, a su vez, permitir enfrentar cualquier etapa del ciclo económico que se pueda presentar. De esta manera, el presente estudio analiza y compara cuales son las principales políticas fiscales, la relación ingreso, gasto y su estructura, las políticas tributarias utilizadas, el efecto de la carga fiscal, la composición del gasto público, así como las medidas que permitan enfrentar eficientemente una crisis, en base a las que adoptaron Ecuador y Perú a partir del año 2000, enfocado especialmente en la crisis económica mundial del 2008.

Concepto y garantías del derecho al ambiente sano en la Constitución Política de Colombia

El objetivo de la presente investigación es analizar desde una visión crítica que involucra diversos componentes, lo que significó en su momento y lo que en la actualidad representa la recepción del derecho al ambiente sano en el ordenamiento constitucional colombiano; ello implica examinar el desarrollo de este derecho y deber constitucional recurriendo, como referente comparativo, a textos constitucionales de otros Estados. La orientación metodológica propuesta se fundamenta en abordar la dimensión ambiental como problema juridico-constitucional, desde una perspectiva holística, sistémica e interdisciplinaria. Se propuso el tipo de investigación aplicado y los métodos de estudio fueron el jurídico-comparativo, el jurídico-descriptivo y el deductivo. El presente trabajo consta de tres capítulos. El capítulo primero tiene por objetivo determinar desde un aspecto interpretativo la significación del derecho al ambiente en el sistema normativo constitucional. Se estudió mediante el método jurídico-comparativo la conceptualización y los fundamentos de la recepción del derecho al ambiente sano en ciertas constituciones conforme los sustentos teóricos que los soportan. El segundo capítulo tiene por objetivo entender lo que es el ambiente sano para el ordenamiento constitucional de Colombia, se ahonda en el contenido material y formal del derecho al ambiente sano y la estructura de las normas constitucionales que lo reconocen y garantizan. En el tercer capítulo se analiza los mecanismos de protección constitucional al ambiente sano, el objetivo fue indagar si éstos han asegurado la protección de este derecho; para ello se propone conocer cuál ha sido el grado de eficacia alcanzado por estos mecanismos en un período que va desde su reconocimiento en la constitución política de Colombia en 1991 hasta el año 2008 fecha de cierre de esta investigación.

Instrumentos de políticas ambientais, casos de aplicação e seus impactos

O estudo realiza uma discussão teórica sobre os instrumentos tradicionais de política ambiental, como as regulações e os incentivos econômicos. Depois, ele relata os novos avanços para tratar a complexidade das mais urgentes pressões sobre o meio ambiente: o uso apropriado de pacotes de políticas e os acordos negociados. O trabalho analisa alguns casos de aplicação dos instrumentos de políticas ambientais, levando em consideração seus impactos.

Meio ambiente e planejamento: a relação cidade-natureza nos Planos Urbanísticos da cidade de Natal no século XX

This research studies the relation between city and nature in the urbanity s plans from Natal RN, Brazil, during the 20th century. Investigates and analyses the main documents that bring environmental s ideas inside from the urbanity s plans of Natal; gives the historical and economical situation from the city in each period studied; features the urbanity s plans, using categories of analyses to comprehension of this instruments. Try to contribute in the bigger process of historical rescue of Natal, and stimulates new studies. It was used documental s research, and bibliographic material. It was identified four (04) kinds of plans: the ones that focus in health and aesthetic (1901, 1929, 1935) technology and science (1968), zoning and control (1974, 1984) and environment. The hints founded shows that environmental ideas were put inside of the plans by government demands, especially in 1994 s plan, almost always without popular contribution and without this population get understands its meanings and implications

Ordem econômica e política nacional de recursos hídricos: hermenêutica constitucional para o desenvolvimento sustentável

This research proposes a study about the interpretative techniques application that are compatible with the national legal system under the principles for Sustainable Development characterized in Brazilian Constitution. It verifies the actual possibility of reconciliation between national development and environment protection, with reflections under the water legal protection. It was proposed, therefore, to point subsidies for jurisdictional decisions involving development and the environmental goods, protected as constitutionally guaranteed principles. It was assumed that, both development and environment protection represents basic rights that are eventually placed in conflict situations, considering the many legitimate economic activities within the Brazilian State. A representative case analysis was elected within the current national scene, detailing the judicial and political conflict involving the Transboundery water Project from the São Francisco River Basin to another Northeastern river basin in Brazil. The implementation of several constitutional principles with elements from legal hermeneutics provides subsidies for the legal analysis about the conflict between development and environmental protection. It was assumed that the main discussion item about rights due to development today is the institutions influence and their results, among them the rules, laws and interpretative elements for the constitutional text objectivity, as the institutions credibility and the Supreme Courts interpretations. The use of interpretative resources for specific conflict situations about constitutional principles by Superior Courts, on the search, would bring a contributory factor for decision safety, related to sustainable development principles, elimination of inequalities and regional protecting for the environment. Specific aspects of Law No. 9.433/97 that introduced the National Water Resources Policy were examined, with its instruments, in order to specifically contextualize aspects of the Brazilian water resources management politics

Licenciamento ambiental em postos de revenda de combustíveis à luz dos princípios constitucionais de defesas do meio ambiente: o caso do município de Natal/RN

This study approaches the question of the administrative procedure of the environmental licensing of ranks of fuel resale, taking as basis a study case of the reality of the City of Natal/RN (Brazil). For in such a way, it was done a retrospect on the evolution of the system of road transport in Brazil, having started to briefly analyze the urbanization process that if after accented in the capitals of the Brazilian States the decade of 1950, relating these subjects with the growth of the sector of fuel resale. After that, it was transferred boarding of the defense of the national environment to the light of ambient principles constitutional. In the sequence, a boarding on the ambient guardianship in the Federal Constitution of 1988 was made, treating basically specifies and on the national urban politics and the national politics of the environment, with its instruments. In the sequence, it was transferred the analysis of the abilities and attributions of the National Advice of the Environment (CONAMA) and its Resolutions, for then only enter in the most important part of this work: an analysis of the environmental licensing of ranks of fuel resale, in the reality of the City of Natal/RN. Before this specific boarding, it was proceeded specifically a survey and communication from the applicable norms to such establishments (Resolutions of the CONAMA and norms of the ABNT), for after that carrying through an geo-ambient characterization of the City of Natal/RN. Finally, a reflection was made on the possibility of magnifying of the state activity, in terms of guarantees for the responsible members for the environmental policy and of administrative efficiency, through the idea of the ambient regulation. For the accomplishment of this study, it was proceeded research in diverse sources such as books, magazines, sites of the Internet, periodicals, thesis and dissertations, among others material, beyond visits the agencies that direct or indirectly act with the ambient defense and as fuel resale, such as Secretariat of Environment and Urbanism of the City of Natal (SEMURB), Institute of Economic Development and Environment of RN (IDEMA), Brazilian Institute of the Environment and the Natural resources You renewed, Executive Management of RN (IBAMA/RN), Public prosecutor's office of the Environment of Natal (Public prosecution service of the RN), National Agency of Oil (ANP) and Union of the Retailing of Derivatives of Oil of the RN, among others. To the end, satiated regulation is observed that although on the substance of the ambient licensing in ranks of fuel resale, also with federal, state and municipal norms, the municipal Public Power is very far from the fulfilment of its institutional functions, in the question environmental policy of these establishments, a time that few are the permitted ranks of resale in the city of Natal/RN

Avaliação do programa escola ativa como política pública para escolas do campo com turmas multisseriadas: a experiência em jardim do seridó/rn (1998-2009)

This work aims at developing an evaluation of the implementation of the Program Escola Ativa as a public policy for rural schools with combined grade classrooms in Jardim do Seridó RN (1998 2009) focusing on the following dimensions: school s physical environment, training, follow up, and didactic usage of the methodology. In order to develop this research we refer to the literature that analyzes the cycle of policies (FREY, 2000). In this approach, evaluation represents an important step in the process of analyzing the implementation of public policies, as a way of measuring up their performance, as well as a guide for realignments and redefinitions (PRESSMAN; WILDAVSKY, 1998). In order to accomplish this function, the evaluator of policies must be acquainted with scientific concepts and methods that consist of describing, interpreting and analyzing the policies in the governmental sphere (MENY; THOENIG, 1992; LIMA JÚNIOR, 1978). In this perspective, we intend to investigate whether in its proposition of minimizing the blanks in the Brazilian educational system, the implementation of the Program would be contributing to the improvement of the political-pedagogical practices in the rural schools with combined grade classrooms in Jardim do Seridó RN. In order to do this research, we have developed a theoretical-methodological matrix made of analysis dimensions, variables, indicators and instruments, such as literary revision, documental analysis, semi-structured interviews with four teachers and three supervisors that work and/or have worked in Escola Ativa in that town in the period comprised among 1998 2009, besides notes taken from field observation and photographs from four rural schools with combined grade classrooms. With this research we have identified that the Program, at a national level, has gone through different phases in its implementation process, for the town was not ready to fully take the responsibilities of the autonomous expansion, in 2002. From that period on, the execution of Escola Ativa has suffered several discontinuities, such as the lack of professional training and supervising. It is also noted that the methodology contributes to the dynamization of the didactic-pedagogical activities and promotes the cooperation and autonomy of the students in the organization and the applicability of the components of the curriculum, especially of Governo Estudantil and Cantinhos de Aprendizagem. Although the directions of the Program (BRASIL, 2005) point out that Escola Ativa has among its principles social transformation, we identified that, isolated, the initiative is not capable of promoting the changes that the rural schools need, namely investments in the physical, material, pedagogical and technological infra-structure, besides the estimation and a career plan for the teachers. In a general draft of the results of this research, we realized that some aspects presented about the peculiarities of Escola Ativa in Jardim do Seridó as a governmental Program, reinforce the need for the public policies to be evaluated, in order to confront critic and operationally the planning with the practice, revising action, whenever necessary

Origens dos instrumentos de formação da política comercial norte-americana

L'objectif de cet article est de montrer l'existence de traces historiques permettant de lier les concepts de libre-échange et protectionnisme, tous les deux employés dans la politique de commerce extérieur des Etats-Unis. Parallèlement, on cherche à souligner l'importance de la législation et des principes formulés dans ce pays et leur rôle explicatif concernant les motivations de la structure du commerce international après 1945. Ce rôle a en effet contribué à qu'on puisse mieux comprendre les tournées de négociations du GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) jusqu'à la création de l'OMC (Organisation Mondiale du Commerce), en 1995. on traite également des raisons pour lesquelles le commerce international aux Etats-Unis est non seulement une question d'Etat mais encore une question de la société.

El desarrollo sustentable: transformación productiva, equidad y medio ambiente

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Premisas e instrumentos de la política de innovación: una reflexión desde el caso mexicano

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Política pública e instrumentos de financiamiento a las PYMES en Colombia

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Desafíos y propuestas para la implementación más efectiva de instrumentos económicos en la gestión ambiental de América Latina y el Caribe. Estudios de caso: Brasil, Subregión Caribe, Chile, Colombia, Guatemala, México, Venezuela

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Política y gestión ambiental en Argentina: gasto y financiamiento

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Políticas e instrumentos para mejorar la gestión ambiental de las PYMES en Colombia y promover su oferta en materia de bienes y servicios ambientales

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Política fiscal para la gestión ambiental en Colombia

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