RESILIÊNCIA EM IDOSOS QUE MEDITAM

Resiliência é definida como a capacidade das pessoas em enfrentar, vencer e serem fortalecidos ou transformados por experiências adversas. Estudos têm mostrado que pessoas resilientes adoecem menos e possuem melhor desempenho no trabalho, nas relações familiares e na vida, além da resiliência poder ser desenvolvida desde a infância até a velhice. Por sua vez, a meditação tem mostrado ser um recurso útil para a melhoria da saúde em geral, incluindo a qualidade de vida daqueles que a praticam por proporcionar maiores níveis de bem estar, melhoria nos relacionamentos interpessoais e redução de estresse. Parece que a meditação, assim como a resiliência, pode contribuir para melhores níveis de saúde da população. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os níveis de resiliência em idosos que meditam. Participaram 60 pessoas, sendo 78% mulheres, com idade média de 69 anos, 82% aposentados, 65% praticantes de meditação, 42% com baixa escolaridade e 60% católicos. O instrumento utilizado foi um questionário auto-aplicável, composto pela Escala de Avaliação de Resiliência (EAR) em sua forma reduzida e um questionário para coletar dados sociodemográficos dos participantes. Análise de variância revelou não haver diferença nos níveis de resiliência entre o grupo que medita uma vez ao dia e aquele que o faz mais do que uma vez ao dia. Médias fatoriais e desvios-padrão revelaram que os participantes possuem capacidade levemente acima da média de adaptarem-se positivamente diante das dificuldades da vida, persistindo para superar crises e adversidades, poucas vezes se resignando, embora algumas vezes não se julguem competentes para enfrentá-las. Para defrontarem as dificuldades da vida, contam com as crenças de que podem confiar no apoio de um ente ou algo superior e acreditam que podem aprender e melhorar com as adversidades.

RESILIÊNCIA, VALORES HUMANOS E PERCEPÇÃO DE SUPORTE SOCIAL EM PROFISSIONAIS DA SAÚDE

A perspectiva atual da ciência psicológica, somada aos aspectos da psicologia positiva e da saúde, permite estudar o fenômeno da resiliência, transformando velhas questões em novas possibilidades de compreensão, permitindo um olhar positivo dos seres humanos, focando ao invés de aspectos negativos, os aspectos virtuosos, tais como: resiliência, felicidade, otimismo, altruísmo, esperança, como sendo recursos favoráveis para manutenção e promoção da saúde. A percepção do suporte social protege os indivíduos contra a desestabilização, e os valores humanos contribuem na tomada de decisão e nas escolhas para a resolução de conflitos. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se valores humanos e percepção de suporte social predizem resiliência em profissionais da saúde. Participaram 127 brasileiros, profissionais da saúde, sendo 76% do sexo feminino, com idade média de 38 anos, em sua maioria, casados. Os instrumentos utilizados para a coleta de dados foram um questionário de dados sociodemográficos, a Escala de Avaliação de Resiliência, o Questionário de Perfis de Valores QPV e Escala de Percepção de Suporte Social EPSS. Foram calculadas estatísticas descritivas, testes t e análises de regressão lineares múltiplas padrão. Os resultados revelaram que os participantes possuem bons níveis de resiliência, percebem que recebem mais suporte afetivo e movem e guiam suas ações e comportamentos pelo bem-estar dos outros. Resultados das análises de regressão revelaram que apenas valores humanos são preditores de resiliência. Estes achados contribuem para a compreensão do constructo de resiliência como um estado ou processo, portanto, como um fenômeno dinâmico que leva em consideração o contexto onde o ser humano está inserido, mas revela também a importância das características individuais na explicação deste fenômeno. Tendo em vista as limitações deste estudo e considerando que não foi encontrado nenhum estudo empírico acerca da influencia dos valores humanos sobre a resiliência, os resultados indicam a necessidade de desenvolvimentos de mais estudos para melhor compreensão dos preditores de resiliência e uma agenda de pesquisa é sugerida ao final das conclusões.

PERCEPÇÃO DE COMPROMETIMENTO COM CARREIRA, RESILIÊNCIA E INTENÇÃO DE MUDANÇA DE PROFISSÃO EM PROFISSIONAIS DE TECNOLOGIA DA INFORMAÇÃO

O advento da Tecnologia da Informação (TI) provocou, em poucos anos de sua evolução, mudanças significativas para a sociedade como um todo. Esta revolução tecnológica acabou por desumanizar e segregar relações familiares, sociais e de trabalho e isto se aplica particularmente ao trabalho dos profissionais da área. Suas conseqüências, entretanto, ainda são pouco conhecidas. As carreiras desses profissionais são circundadas por pressões provocadas por busca constante por novos projetos, adaptação a novos ambientes e culturas organizacionais diversas e remuneração condicionada a prazos, o que exige um gerenciamento constante de suas ações. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo identificar relações entre comprometimento com a carreira, resiliência e intenção de mudança de profissão em profissionais de tecnologia da informação (TI). Intenção de mudança de profissão é a expectativa do profissional de abandonar a profissão atual; comprometimento com a carreira é o vínculo mantido pelo trabalhador com sua carreira ou profissão e resiliência pode ser definida como a capacidade de adaptação positiva diante de situações adversas. Participaram deste estudo 60 profissionais da área de tecnologia da informação. A amostra é predominantemente masculina (75%), com idade entre 25 e 60 anos. Quanto à formação a grande maioria (61,7%) apresenta nível superior completo. O tempo de atuação 66,7% dos respondentes na área de TI encontra-se no intervalo entre um a dez anos de profissão; esses profissionais atuam como autônomos empregados ou cooperados em diversos segmentos de mercado. Os instrumentos de coleta foram a Escala de Avaliação de Resiliência (EAR) e a Escala de Comprometimento com a Carreira. Os dados foram submetidos a análises estatísticas descritivas e de associação. Médias fatoriais e desvios-padrão revelaram que os participantes aceitam positivamente as mudanças, adaptando-se diante de dificuldades da vida e diante de novos projetos e desafios profissionais. Demonstraram ainda que quanto mais resignados são os profissionais de TI, menos eles querem mudar de atividade nesta área de atuação. Os resultados, discutidos à luz da literatura da área, sustentaram em parte as hipóteses testadas neste estudo, ou seja, quanto mais elevados foram os níveis de comprometimento com a carreira, maiores foram os níveis de resiliência relatados e menor foi a intenção de mudar de profissão.

The relationship of managers' self -reported leadership practices and their spirituality

The role of spirituality in leadership in business and other organizations has gained growing recognition. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between spirituality and nine selected transformational leadership practices. Community leaders (N = 138) in business, education, and other professions who were graduates of a 10-week leadership program, Leadership Fort Lauderdale, from 1994 to 2004 completed the Spirituality Assessment Scale (SAS), the Leadership Practices Inventory (LPI), and four transformational leadership items of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ). ^ The predictor variables were participants' scores on the LPI and MLQ. The criterion variable was their score on the SAS. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to test the hypothesis: Is there a combination of nine selected transformational leadership practices that would account for a significant portion of the variance of each of two spirituality measures? The Definitive and Correlated dimensions and Total spirituality score of the SAS were used in the analysis. ^ Results showed that two of the LPI leadership practices were significantly related to spirituality. The variable Inspiring a Shared Vision accounted for 10% of the variance of the SAS Definitive dimension. The variable Encouraging the Heart accounted for 30% of the variance of the Correlated dimension. For the Total spirituality score, two models were revealed. In the first model, Encouraging the Heart accounted for 28% of the variance of the total spirituality score. In the second model, Encouraging the Heart and Inspiring a Shared Vision together accounted for 31% of the total spirituality score. None of the transformational leadership practices from the MLQ were significantly related to spirituality. ^ The data partially support the hypothesis: two of the nine leadership variables did in combination correlate with leaders' spirituality. The results also support at least a partial relationship between spirituality and certain transformational leadership practices among leaders in various spheres, such as education, business, and other professions. ^

Psicologia do desporto e a sua inserção no mundo do futebol de formação

Relatório de Estágio apresentado para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Psicologia do Desporto e do Exercício

A randomised controlled trial of calcium channel blockade (CCB) with Amlodipine For the treatment oF subcortical ischaEmic vasCular demenTia (AFFECT): study protocol

BACKGROUND: Vascular dementia is the second most common cause of dementia affecting over seven million people worldwide, yet there are no licensed treatments. There is an urgent need for a clinical trial in this patient group. Subcortical ischaemic vascular dementia is the most common variant of vascular dementia. This randomised trial will investigate whether use of calcium channel blockade with amlodipine, a commonly used agent, can provide the first evidence-based pharmacological treatment for subcortical ischaemic vascular dementia.

METHODS/DESIGN: This is a randomised controlled trial of calcium channel blockade with Amlodipine For the treatment oF subcortical ischaEmic vasCular demenTia (AFFECT) to test the hypothesis that treatment with amlodipine can improve outcomes for these patients in a phase IIb, multi-centre, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised trial. The primary outcome is the change from baseline to 12 months in the Vascular Dementia Assessment Scale cognitive subscale (VADAS-cog). Secondary outcomes include cognitive function, executive function, clinical global impression of change, change in blood pressure, quantitative evaluation of lesion accrual based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), health-related quality of life, activities of daily living, non-cognitive dementia symptoms, care-giver burden and care-giver health-related quality of life, cost-effectiveness and institutionalisation. A total of 588 patients will be randomised in a 1:1 ratio to either amlodipine or placebo, recruited from sites across the UK and enrolled in the trial for 104 weeks.

DISCUSSION: There are no treatments licensed for vascular dementia. The most common subtype is subcortical ischaemic vascular dementia (SIVD). This study is designed to investigate whether amlodipine can produce benefits compared to placebo in established SIVD. It is estimated that the numbers of people with VaD and SIVD will increase globally in the future and the results of this study should inform important treatment decisions.

Symptoms of Poststroke Depression among Stroke Survivors: An Appraisal of Psychiatry Needs and Care during Physiotherapy Rehabilitation

Purpose. To identify stroke survivors with symptoms of poststroke depression and the extent of psychiatry needs and care they have received while on physiotherapy rehabilitation. Participants. Fifty stroke survivors (22 females and 28 males) at the outpatient unit of Physiotherapy Department, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, who gave their informed consent, were randomly selected. Their age range and mean age were 26–66 years and 54.76 ± 8.79 years, respectively. Method. A multiple case study of 50 stroke survivors for symptoms of poststroke depression was done with Beck’s Depression Inventory, mini mental status examination tool, and Modified Motor Assessment Scale. The tests were performed independently by the participants except otherwise stated and scored on a scale of 0–6. Data were analyzed using -test for proportional significance and chi-square test for determining relationship between variables, at p < 0.05. Results. Twenty-one (42.0%) stroke survivors had symptoms of PSD, which was significantly dependent on duration of stroke ( = 21.680, df = 6, and p = 0.001), yet none of the participants had a psychiatry review. Conclusions. Symptoms of PSD may be common in cold compared to new cases of stroke and may need psychiatry care while on physiotherapy rehabilitation.

Autistic and Schizotypal Traits and Global Functioning in Bipolar I Disorder

Objective: To determine the expression of autistic and positive schizotypal traits in a large sample of adults with bipolar I disorder (BD-I), and the effect of co-occurring autistic and positive schizotypal traits on global functioning in BD-I. Method: Autistic and positive schizotypal traits were self-assessed in 797 individuals with BD-I recruited by the Bipolar Disorder Research Network. Differences in global functioning (rated using the Global Assessment Scale) during lifetime worst depressive and manic episodes (GASD and GASM respectively) were calculated in groups with high/low autistic and positive schizotypal traits. Regression analyses assessed the interactive effect of autistic and positive schizotypal traits on global functioning. Results: 47.2% (CI=43.7-50.7%) showed clinically significant levels of autistic traits, and 23.22% (95% CI=20.29-26.14) showed clinically significant levels of positive schizotypal traits. In the worst episode of mania, the high autistic, high positive schizotypal group had better global functioning compared to the other groups. Individual differences analyses showed that high levels of co-occurring traits were associated with better global functioning in both mood states. Limitations: Autistic and schizotypal traits were assessed using self-rated questionnaires. Conclusions: Expression of autistic and schizotypal traits in adults with BD-I is prevalent, and may be important to predict illness aetiology, prognosis, and diagnostic practices in this population. Future work should focus on replicating these findings in independent samples, and on the biological and/or psychosocial mechanisms underlying better global functioning in those who have high levels of both autistic and positive schizotypal traits.

Autistic and Schizotypal Traits and Global Functioning in Bipolar Disorder

Background and Aims To determine the expression of autistic and positive schizotypal traits in a large sample of adults with bipolar disorder (BD), and the effect of co-occurring autistic and positive schizotypal traits on global functioning in BD. Methods Autistic and positive schizotypal traits were assessed in 797 individuals with BD recruited by the Bipolar Disorder Research Network (BDRN), using the Autism-Spectrum Quotient and Kings Schizotypy Questionnaire (KSQ), respectively. Differences in global functioning (rated using the Global Assessment Scale) during lifetime worst depressive and manic episodes (GASD and GASM respectively) were calculated in groups with high/low autistic and positive schizotypal traits. Regression analyses assessed the interactive effect of autistic and positive schizotypal traits on global functioning. Results 47.2% (CI = 43.7–50.7%) showed clinically significant levels of autistic traits. Mean of sample on the KSQ-Positive scale was 11.98 (95% CI: 11.33–12.62). In the worst episode of mania, the high autistic, high positive schizotypal group had better global functioning than the low autistic, low positive schizotypal group (mean difference = 3.72, p = 0.004). High levels of co-occurring traits were associated with better global functioning in both mood states in individuals with a history of psychosis (GASM: p < 0.001; GASD: p = 0.055). Conclusions Expression of autistic and schizotypal traits in adults with BD is prevalent, and may be important to predict course of illness, prognosis, and in devising individualised therapies. Future work should focus on replicating these findings in independent samples, and on the biological and/or psychosocial mechanisms underlying better global functioning in those who have high levels of both autistic and positive schizotypal traits.

Effet d’une psychothérapie psychodynamique interpersonnelle sur les symptômes dépressifs d’une clientèle atteinte d’un trouble neurocognitif dû à la maladie d’Alzheimer

Le trouble neurocognitif dû à la maladie d’Alzheimer (TNMA) constitue un enjeu de santé publique incontournable en raison de son incidence et de ses conséquences désastreuses. En plus des atteintes cognitives et fonctionnelles qu'il engendre chez la personne qui en est atteinte, la TNMA implique la présence de symptômes psychologiques et comportementaux comme la dépression. Les quelques études qui ont tenté une intervention non pharmacologique ont essentiellement mesuré les changements comportementaux ou cognitifs, laissant peu de place au vécu émotionnel. De plus, les rares études qui ont inclus l’exploration des affects ont obtenu des résultats peu concluants, mais possiblement explicables par des lacunes méthodologiques. Le premier article de cette thèse comprend un survol de la littérature et la proposition d’un nouveau modèle de psychothérapie afin de traiter les symptômes dépressifs chez les personnes atteintes d’un TNMA. Inspiré de l’adaptation de Brierley et al. (2003) de la psychothérapie psychodynamique interpersonnelle pour les personnes atteintes d’un TNMA et de symptômes dépressifs, notre modèle tient compte des nouvelles connaissances sur la mémoire implicite, relativement préservée chez la personne atteinte d’un TNMA, et inclus un nombre de séances plus élevé (15 semaines) que dans la plupart des études documentées jusqu’à maintenant. Un devis expérimental à cas uniques (n = 4) combiné à un dispositif par lignes de base multiple a été adopté pour évaluer l’efficacité de ce modèle. L’évaluation des effets de l’intervention comprenait la Dementia Mood Assessment Scale (DMAS), la Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD) et le Dementia Quality Of Life (DQOL). Aussi, dans le but d’obtenir une mesure continue, les participantes ont évalué leur humeur et leur intérêt chaque semaine pendant l’étude. La DMAS et la CSDD ont aussi été complétées par un proche. Le deuxième article présente une étude exploratoire visant à mesurer le potentiel clinique du modèle proposé pour une participante. Le profil des trois autres participantes sont présentés dans la transition de cette thèse pour compléter le travail de recherche visant à mesurer les effets cliniques du modèle proposé. Bien que les résultats des différents suivis aient démontré une variabilité importante, il est possible de conclure qu’une amélioration significative à au moins une mesure clinique des symptômes de la dépression a été observée pour la majorité des participantes. Cette amélioration clinique a aussi été confirmée par les proches aidants. Enfin, malgré les limites de l’étude, celle-ci suggère que le modèle de psychothérapie psychodynamique interpersonnelle que nous proposons présente un certain potentiel d’efficacité thérapeutique avec une clientèle atteinte d’un TNMA et de symptômes dépressifs. La discussion générale de la thèse s’inspire des résultats de celle-ci afin de proposer de nouvelles adaptations, ainsi que des pistes de recherche futures devant permettre d’en mesurer l’efficacité.

Should I stay or should I go – Factors associated with hospitalization risk among older persons in Sweden

An increasingly older population will most likely lead to greater demands on the health care system, as older age is associated with an increased risk of having acute and chronic conditions. The number of diseases or disabilities is not the only marker of the amount of health care utilized, as persons may seek hospitalization without a disease and/or illness that requires hospital healthcare. Hospitalization may pose a severe risk to older persons, as exposure to the hospital environment may lead to increased risks of iatrogenic disorders, confusion, falls and nosocomial infections, i.e., disorders that may involve unnecessary suffering and lead to serious consequences. Aims: The overall aim of this thesis was to describe and explore individual trajectories of cognitive development in relation to hospitalization and risk factors for hospitalization among older persons living in different accommodations in Sweden and to explore older persons' reasons for being transferred to a hospital. Methods: The study designs were longitudinal, prospective and descriptive, and both quantitative and qualitative methods were used. Specifically, latent growth curve modelling was used to assess the association of cognitive development with hospitalization. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to analyse factors associated with hospitalization risk overtime. In addition, an explorative descriptive design was used to explore how home health care patients experienced and perceived their decision to seek hospital care. Results: The most common reasons for hospitalization were cardiovascular diseases, which caused more than one-quarter of first hospitalizations among the persons living in ordinary housing and nursing home residents (NHRs). The persons who had been hospitalized had a lower mean level of cognitive performance in general cognition, verbal, spatial/fluid, memory and processing speed abilities compared to those who had not been hospitalized. Significantly steeper declines in general cognition, spatial/fluid and processing speed abilities were observed among the persons who had been hospitalized. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis showed that the number of diseases, number of drugs used, having experienced a fall and being assessed as malnourished according to the Mini Nutritional Assessment scale were related to an increased hospitalization risk among the NHRs. Among the older persons living in ordinary housing, the risk factors for hospitalization were related to marital status, i.e., unmarried persons and widows/widowers had a decreased hospitalization risk. In addition, among social factors, receipt of support from relatives was related to an increased hospitalization risk, while receipt of support from friends was related to a decreased risk. The number of illnesses was not associated with the hospitalization risk for older persons in any age group or for those of either sex, when controlling for other variables. The older persons who received home health care described different reasons for their decisions to seek hospital care. The underlying theme of the home health care patients’ perceptions of their transfer to a hospital involved trust in hospitals. This trust was shared by the home health care patients, their relatives and the home health care staff, according to the patients. Conclusions: This thesis revealed that middle-aged and older persons who had been hospitalized exhibited a steeper decline in cognition. Specifically, spatial/fluid, processing speed, and general cognitive abilities were affected. The steeper decline in cognition among those who had been hospitalized remained even after controlling for comorbidities. The most common causes of hospitalization among the older persons living in ordinary housing and in nursing homes were cardiovascular diseases, tumours and falls. Not only health-related factors, such as the number of diseases, number of drugs used, and being assessed as malnourished, but also social factors and marital status were related to the hospitalization risk among the older persons living in ordinary housing and in nursing homes. Some risk factors associated with hospitalization differed not only between the men and women but also among the different age groups. The information provided in this thesis could be applied in care settings by professionals who interact with older persons before they decide to seek hospital care. To meet the needs of an older population, health care systems need to offer the proper health care at the most appropriate level, and they need to increase integration and coordination among health care delivered by different care services.

Psicologia do desporto e a sua inserção no mundo do futebol de formação

Relatório de Estágio apresentado para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Psicologia do Desporto e do Exercício

Fonctions cognitives de patients atteints d'un gliome de haut grade avant tout traitement

En plus d’être associé à une espérance de vie précaire, les gliomes de haut grade (GHG) s’accompagnent de déficits cognitifs ayant le potentiel d’avoir un impact majeur sur la qualité de vie. Il demeure une compréhension limitée de l’étendue et de la nature des déficits cognitifs des patients en début de parcours de soins, de l’effet de la tumeur elle-même sur les fonctions cognitives tout comme de son lien avec la qualité de vie. L’objectif général de la présente étude était d’effectuer une évaluation cognitive de patients atteints de GHG avant tout traitement afin de décrire leur profil cognitif. Plus précisément, on visait à décrire l’étendue et la nature des déficits cognitifs des patients et explorer la relation entre les fonctions cognitives des patients et les caractéristiques tumorales (volume tumoral et de l’atteinte parenchymateuse) et le niveau de qualité de vie. Une seconde partie de l’étude visait à explorer l’utilité du Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA), un test de dépistage, pour détecter des déficits cognitifs chez des patients atteints d’un GHG. Une étude descriptive transversale exploratoire, comportant un échantillon de 14 patients atteints de GHG nouvellement diagnostiqués et recrutés au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, a été conduite. Les évaluations cognitives ont été effectuées à l’aide d’une batterie de six tests neuropsychologiques et du MOCA. Les volumes tumoraux provenant des imageries par résonance magnétique ont été obtenus grâce à une méthode volumétrique rigoureuse alors que la qualité de vie a été évaluée à l’aide du Sherbrooke Neuro-oncology Assessment Scale. Les résultats ont démontré que des déficits cognitifs sont bien présents en début de parcours de soins chez ces patients. En ce qui à trait aux caractéristiques tumorales, notre étude n’a pu démontrer de corrélation entre les déficits cognitifs et le volume tumoral, soulevant la possibilité d’une absence de lien entre ces deux variables. L’atteinte parenchymateuse créée par la tumeur corrèle avec un test d’évaluation de la vitesse de traitement de l’information (⍴ = -0,784, p = 0,01). Il semblerait par ailleurs que les fonctions cognitives ne soit pas corrélées avec le niveau de qualité de vie. Finalement, le MOCA semble être un outil prometteur pour l’évaluation cognitive des patients présentant des GHG, alors qu’il semble présenter une valeur prédictive positive satisfaisante malgré une sensibilité plus modeste.

Música na multideficiência: impacto na qualidade de vida e no comportamento pessoal e social de uma comunidade em particular

A presente investigação reflete um estudo que investiga o impacto da música na melhoria da qualidade de vida de uma população de adultos com deficiência mental e/ou sensorial e/ou motora, ao nível dos comportamentos individuais e sociais, e das capacidades de comunicação e expressão interpessoal. Com ele, tenciona-se trilhar um caminho na aceitação e valorização de cada indivíduo enquanto ser individual e social, encarando os seus aspetos singulares, biológicos e sociais como oportunidades de exploração de capacidades e particularidades, e investigando a concretização destes ideais através da música. Neste sentido, durante o ano letivo de 2014/2015, conduziu-se uma intervenção prática semanal junto de uma comunidade com multideficiência que frequenta um Centro de Atividades Ocupacionais de uma Instituição Particular de Solidariedade Social do concelho de Ílhavo. Após terem sido delineados objetivos específicos para o grupo e objetivos individuais para cada um dos elementos da amostra, realizaram-se dois períodos de experimentação, entre os quais se procedeu à aferição de ferramentas. Os resultados das sessões implementadas foram avaliados através de uma escala de avaliação e de questionários. Provou-se que todos os objetivos foram concretizados e concluiu-se que a música pode proporcionar melhorias significativas na qualidade de vida de uma população com deficiência ou incapacidade. A proposta não é de inclusão, mas sim de não exclusão, sendo o projeto musical um agente dinamizador e consciencializador de princípios éticos de uma cidadania mais participativa.

Inteligência emocional nas organizações: Colaboradores motivados e com desempenho emocionalmente inteligente?

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Social e das Organizações.