337 resultados para Égalité structurelle
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Chlamydia continues to be a major pathogen of koalas. The bacterium is associated with ocular, respiratory and urogenital tract infections and a vaccine is considered the best option to limit the decline of mainland koala populations. Over the last 20 years, efforts to develop a chlamydial vaccine in humans have focussed on the use of the chlamydial major outer membrane protein (MOMP). Potential problems with the use of MOMP-based vaccines relate to the wide range of genetic diversity in its four variable domains. In the present study, we evaluated the immune response of koalas vaccinated with a MOMP-based C. pecorum vaccine formulated with genetically and serologically diverse MOMPs. Animals immunised with individual MOMPs developed strong antibody and lymphocyte proliferation responses to both homologous as well as heterologous MOMP proteins. Importantly, we also showed that vaccine induced antibodies which effectively neutralised various heterologous strains of koala C. pecorum in an in vitro assay. Finally, we also demonstrated that the immune responses in monovalent as well as polyvalent MOMP vaccine groups were able to recognise whole chlamydial elementary bodies, illustrating the feasibility of developing an effective MOMP based C. pecorum vaccine that could protect against a range of strains.
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Chlamydial infections are wide spread in koalas across their range and a solution to this debilitating disease has been sought for over a decade. Antibiotics are the currently accepted therapeutic measure, but are not an effective treatment due to the asymptomatic nature of some infections and a low efficacy rate. Thus, a vaccine would be an ideal way to address this infectious disease threat in the wild. Previous vaccine trials have used a three-dose regimen; however this is very difficult to apply in the field as it would require multiple capture events, which are stressful and invasive processes for the koala. In addition, it requires skilled koala handlers and a significant monetary investment. To overcome these challenges, in this study we utilized a polyphosphazine based poly I:C and a host defense peptide adjuvant combined with recombinant chlamydial major outer membrane protein (rMOMP) antigen to induce long lasting (54 weeks) cellular and humoral immunity in female koalas with a novel single immunizing dose. Immunized koalas produced a strong IgG response in plasma, as well as at mucosal sites. Moreover, they showed high levels of C. pecorum specific neutralizing antibodies in the plasma as well as vaginal and conjunctival secretions. Lastly, Chlamydia-specific lymphocyte proliferation responses were produced against both whole chlamydial elementary bodies and rMOMP protein, over the 12-month period. The results of this study suggest that a single dose rMOMP vaccine incorporating a poly I:C, host defense peptide and polyphosphazine adjuvant is able to stimulate both arms of the immune system in koalas, thereby providing an alternative to antibiotic treatment and/or a three-dose vaccine regime.
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Gender perceptions, religious belief systems, and political thought have excluded women from politics, for ages, around the world. Combining feminist and modernisation theorists in my theoretical framework, I examine the trends in patriarchal Europe and I highlight the gender-sensitive model of the Nordic countries. Retracing local gender patterns from precolonial to postcolonial eras in sub-Saharan Africa, I explore the links between perceptions, needs, resources, education and women's political participation in Cameroon. Democratisation is supposed to open up political participation, to grant equal opportunities to all adults. One ironic feature of the liberalisation process in Cameroon has been the decrease of women in parliamentarian representation (14% in 1988, 6% in 1992, 5% in 1997 and 10% in 2002). What social, cultural and institutional mechanisms produced this paradoxical outcome, the exclusion of half the population? The gender complementarity of the indigenous context has been lost to male prevalence privileged by education, church, law, employment, economy and politics in the public sphere; most women are marginalised in the private sphere. Nation building and development have failed; ethnicism and individualism are growing. Some hope lies in the growing civil society. From two surveys and 21 focus groups across Cameroon, in 2000 and 2002, some significant results of the processed empirical data reveal low electoral registration (34.5% women and 65.9% men), contrasted by the willingness to run for municipal elections (33.3 % women and 45.2% men). The co-existence of customary and statutory laws, the corrupt political system and fraudulent practices, contribute to the marginalisation of women and men who are interested in politics. A large majority of female respondents consider female politicians more trustworthy and capable than their male counterparts; they even foresee the appointment of a female Prime Minister. The Nordic countries have institutionalised gender equality in their legislation, policies and practices. France has improved women's political inclusion with the parity laws; Rwanda is another model of women's representation, thanks to its post-conflict constitution. From my analysis, Cameroonian institutions, men and more so women, may learn and borrow from these experiences, in order to design and implement a sustainable and gender-balanced democracy. Keywords: democratisation, politics, gender equality, feminism, citizenship, Cameroon, Nordic countries, Finland, France, United Kingdom, quotas, societal social psychology.
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[ES]A lo largo de estas páginas se analiza la igualdad o desigualdad de las mujeres respecto a los varones ante el control formalizado de la justicia penal a la hora de condenarlas a penas tan rigurosas como los azotes, el destierro o la horca; y ante el control informal ejercido por la familia, reprimiendo los comportamientos considerados ilícitos al margen de los tribunalesde justicia públicos.
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Homenaje a Georges Laplace, realizado en Vitoria-Gasteiz el 13,14 y 15 de noviembre de 2012. Edición a cargo de Aitor Calvo, Aitor Sánchez, Maite García-Rojas y Mónica Alonso-Eguíluz.
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Homenaje a Georges Laplace, realizado en Vitoria-Gasteiz el 13,14 y 15 de noviembre de 2012. Edición a cargo de Aitor Calvo, Aitor Sánchez, Maite García-Rojas y Mónica Alonso-Eguíluz.
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Homenaje a Georges Laplace, realizado en Vitoria-Gasteiz el 13,14 y 15 de noviembre de 2012. Edición a cargo de Aitor Calvo, Aitor Sánchez, Maite García-Rojas y Mónica Alonso-Eguíluz.
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Investiga-se, neste trabalho, a partir de uma análise de gênero, os discursos dos movimentos espírita e anarquista acerca das mulheres, no período de 1889 a 1922, no Rio de Janeiro, especificamente no que se refere a uma possível relação entre eles. No período de análise, ambos os movimentos encontravam-se em constituição no Brasil, lutando por legitimação e reconhecimento social, sendo seus seguidores perseguidos, presos e patologizados por seus discursos questionadores da ordem vigente. Entretanto, mais que seu sucesso ou não na transformação social, o que aqui se propõe é uma investigação acerca das formas pelas quais esses movimentos podem ter se relacionado e seus discursos, especialmente no caso da mulher, podem tê-los aproximado. Ou seja, questionar a oposição religião e política, e inserir uma análise de gênero em campos nos quais essa ferramenta é, ainda, raramente utilizada. Investigar como se apresentavam as questões de gênero nas práticas desses movimentos, tentando resgatar os fios que compõem a trama histórica dos mesmos, procurando entender a legitimação do espiritismo brasileiro no circuito religioso e a desqualificação do anarquismo no circuito dos movimentos políticos. As razões que justificam a escolha do espiritismo e do anarquismo para este trabalho devem-se, sobretudo, a uma singularidade: ambos apresentavam discursos sobre a mulher destoantes dos hegemônicos. Em seus pressupostos, encontra-se uma postura diferenciada em relação à mulher, na qual a ideia da igualdade entre os sexos assume um papel relevante, não seguindo a tendência de atribuir às mulheres um lugar de submissão e silêncio. Espíritas e anarquistas se posicionaram contrários aos discursos que tentavam manter a legitimidade da submissão da mulher ao homem. Contudo, verifica-se que, no Brasil, tanto o espiritismo quanto o anarquismo construíram discursos próprios ao contexto brasileiro, indo ao encontro dos pressupostos hegemônicos naquele período, sobretudo, acerca da mulher e das relações de gênero. Através de uma análise da história dos movimentos espírita e anarquista, notadamente, de sua chegada e difusão no campo social brasileiro, constata-se que a historiografia produziu um discurso que legitimou a exclusão das mulheres desses movimentos naquele momento, produzindo uma trama ainda bastante marcada pelo silenciamento das práticas femininas. A perspectiva teórico-metodológica deste trabalho se insere no campo da historiografia, mais especificamente da nova história: história cultural, história das mulheres e das relações de gênero, com atenção às produções da historiografia contemporânea sobre o período e as implicações de suas análises para as conclusões difundidas sobre a ausência feminina nesses movimentos.
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Tese apresentada à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Ciências Sociais, especialidade em Psicologia
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Dissertação mest., Literatura, Universidade do Algarve, 2006
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Ce mémoire s'intéresse aux relations de pouvoir entre les hommes et les femmes telles qu'elles s'expriment à travers les "scripts" sexuels (Gagnon) dans six oeuvres québécoises écrites après les années 2000. Deux critères déterminent le choix des oeuvres : la sphère de légitimité à laquelle elles appartiennent et le sexe des auteurs. Le premier chapitre s'intéresse à deux oeuvres légitimées écrites par des femmes : La Brèche (2002) de Marie-Sissi Labrèche et Infrarouge (2010) de Nancy Huston; le deuxième chapitre aborde deux romans légitimés écrits par des hommes : Bouche-à-bouch e [i.e. bouche] (2003) de Mauricio Segura et L'aimé (2007) d'Antonio D'Alfonso; enfin le troisième chapitre étudie, quant à lui, deux recueils de nouvelles érotiques relevant de la littérature populaire, l'un écrit par une femme, l'autre par un homme: Grande aventure et petites histoires libertines (2007) de Julie Bray et Tentations voluptueuses (2006) de Martin Lortie. Chacun des chapitres se divise en quatre parties. Dans la première partie, sont étudiés le genre des voix narratives en lien avec le sexe des auteurs. La deuxième partie s'emploie à tracer le portrait des personnages féminins et masculins principaux à l'intérieur des oeuvres. Les troisième et quatrième parties étudient plus spécifiquement les scènes sexuelles, d'abord à partir de l'analyse de l'espace et ensuite à partir [de] l'analyse des"scripts" sexuels. Nous tâchons de définir si les représentations permettent d'observer des relations justes et équitables ou dissymétriques entre les sexes, et de vérifier si les auteur¨e¨s emploient des matériaux qui tendent au traditionalisme, à la modernité ou à la postmodernité. (Boisclair et St-Martin)
A leitura, descodificação e operacionalização do núcleo fundamentos da Cultura, Língua e Comunicação
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Trabalho de projeto de mestrado, Ciências da Educação (Formação de Adultos), Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto de Educação, 2011
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RESUME GRAND PUBLICLe cerveau est composé de différents types cellulaires, dont les neurones et les astrocytes. Faute de moyens pour les observer, les astrocytes sont très longtemps restés dans l'ombre alors que les neurones, bénéficiant des outils ad hoc pour être stimulés et étudiés, ont fait l'objet de toutes les attentions. Le développement de l'imagerie cellulaire et des outils fluorescents ont permis d'observer ces cellules non électriquement excitables et d'obtenir des informations qui laissent penser que ces cellules sont loin d'être passives et participent activement au fonctionnement cérébral. Cette participation au fonctionnement cérébral se fait en partie par le biais de la libération de substances neuro-actives (appellées gliotransmetteurs) que les astrocytes libèrent à proximité des synapses permettant ainsi de moduler le fonctionnement neuronal. Cette libération de gliotransmetteurs est principalement causée par l'activité neuronale que les astrocytes sont capables de sentir. Néanmoins, nous savons encore peu de chose sur les propriétés précises de la libération des gliotransmetteurs. Comprendre les propriétés spatio-temporelles de cette libération est essentiel pour comprendre le mode de communication de ces cellules et leur implication dans la transmission de l'information cérébrale. En utilisant des outils fluorescents récemment développés et en combinant différentes techniques d'imagerie cellulaire, nous avons pu obtenir des informations très précises sur la libération de ces gliotransmetteurs par les astrocytes. Nous avons ainsi confirmé que cette libération était un processus très rapide et qu'elle était contrôlée par des augmentations de calcium locales et rapides. Nous avons également décrit une organisation complexe de la machinerie supportant la libération des gliotransmetteurs. Cette organisation complexe semble être à la base de la libération extrêmement rapide des gliotransmetteurs. Cette rapidité de libération et cette complexité structurelle semblent indiquer que les astrocytes sont des cellules particulièrement adaptées à une communication rapide et qu'elles peuvent, au même titre que les neurones dont elles seraient les partenaires légitimes, participer à la transmission et à l'intégration de l'information cérébrale.RESUMEDe petites vésicules, les « SLMVs » ou « Synaptic Like MicroVesicles », exprimant des transporteurs vésiculaires du glutamate (VGluTs) et libérant du glutamate par exocytose régulée, ont récemment été décrites dans les astrocytes en culture et in situ. Néanmoins, nous savons peu de chose sur les propriétés précises de la sécrétion de ces SLMVs. Contrairement aux neurones, le couplage stimulussécrétion des astrocytes n'est pas basé sur l'ouverture des canaux calciques membranaires mais nécessite l'intervention de seconds messagers et la libération du calcium par le reticulum endoplasmique (RE). Comprendre les propriétés spatio-temporelles de la sécrétion astrocytaire est essentiel pour comprendre le mode de communication de ces cellules et leur implication dans la transmission de l'information cérébrale. Nous avons utilisé des outils fluorescents récemment développés pour étudier le recyclage des vésicules synaptiques glutamatergiques comme les colorants styryles et la pHluorin afin de pouvoir suivre la sécrétion des SLMVs à l'échelle de la cellule mais également à l'échelle des évènements. L'utilisation combinée de l'épifluorescence et de la fluorescence à onde évanescente nous a permis d'obtenir une résolution temporelle et spatiale sans précédent. Ainsi avons-nous confirmé que la sécrétion régulée des astrocytes était un processus très rapide (de l'ordre de quelques centaines de millisecondes). Nous avons découvert que cette sécrétion est contrôlée par des augmentations de calcium locales et rapides. Nous avons également décrit des compartiments cytosoliques délimités par le RE à proximité de la membrane plasmique et contenant les SLMVs. Cette organisation semble être à la base du couplage rapide entre l'activation des GPCRs et la sécrétion. L'existence de compartiments subcellulaires indépendants permettant de contenir les messagers intracellulaires et de limiter leur diffusion semble compenser de manière efficace la nonexcitabilité électrique des astrocytes. Par ailleurs, l'existence des différents pools de vésicules recrutés séquentiellement et fusionnant selon des modalités distinctes ainsi que l'existence de mécanismes permettant le renouvellement de ces pools lors de la stimulation suggèrent que les astrocytes peuvent faire face à une stimulation soutenue de leur sécrétion. Ces données suggèrent que la libération de gliotransmetteurs par exocytose régulée n'est pas seulement une propriété des astrocytes en culture mais bien le résultat d'une forte spécialisation de ces cellules pour la sécrétion. La rapidité de cette sécrétion donne aux astrocytes toutes les compétences pour pouvoir intervenir de manière active dans la transmission et l'intégration de l'information.ABSTRACTRecently, astrocytic synaptic like microvesicles (SLMVs), that express vesicular glutamate transporters (VGluTs) and are able to release glutamate by Ca2+-dependent regulated exocytosis, have been described both in tissue and in cultured astrocytes. Nevertheless, little is known about the specific properties of regulated secretion in astrocytes. Important differences may exist between astrocytic and neuronal exocytosis, starting from the fact that stimulus-secretion coupling in astrocytes is voltage independent, mediated by G-protein-coupled receptors and the release of Ca2+ from internal stores. Elucidating the spatiotemporal properties of astrocytic exo-endocytosis is, therefore, of primary importance for understanding the mode of communication of these cells and their role in brain signaling. We took advantage of fluorescent tools recently developed for studying recycling of glutamatergic vesicles at synapses like styryl dyes and pHluorin in order to follow exocytosis and endocytosis of SLMVs at the level of the entire cell or at the level of single event. We combined epifluorescence and total internal reflection fluorescence imaging to investigate, with unprecedented temporal and spatial resolution, the events underlying the stimulus-secretion in astrocytes. We confirmed that exo-endocytosis process in astrocytes proceeds with a time course on the millisecond time scale. We discovered that SLMVs exocytosis is controlled by local and fast Ca2+ elevations; indeed submicrometer cytosolic compartments delimited by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) tubuli reaching beneath the plasma membrane and containing SLMVs. Such complex organization seems to support the fast stimulus-secretion coupling reported here. Independent subcellular compartments formed by ER, SLMVs and plasma membrane containing intracellular messengers and limiting their diffusion seem to compensate efficiently the non-electrical excitability of astrocytes. Moreover, the existence of two pools of SLMVs which are sequentially recruited suggests a compensatory mechanisms allowing the refill of SLMVs and supporting exocytosis process over a wide range of multiple stimuli. These data suggest that regulated secretion is not only a feature of cultured astrocytes but results from a strong specialization of these cells. The rapidity of secretion demonstrates that astrocytes are able to actively participate in brain information transmission and processing.