Social Skills and Psychological Disorders: Converging and Criterion-Related Validity for YSR and IHSA-Del-Prette in Adolescents at Risk

This study evaluated indexes of converging and criterion-related validity for the Social Skills Inventory for Adolescents (IHSA-Del-Prette) and the Youth Self-Report (YSR) in two samples: one referring to clinical service (CLIN), with 28 adolescents (64.3% boys), 11 through 17 years old (M = 13.75; SD = 1.74), and the other referring to a psycho-educational program (PME = 46.2%), mainly composed of boys (91.7%) aged 13 through 17 (M = 15.33; SD = 1.47). Both samples completed the two inventories. Results showed a high incidence of psychological disorders in both samples (between 4% and 79% in the borderline or clinical range on YSR scales) and accentuated deficits in the general and subscale scores of IHSA-Del-Prette, especially on the frequency scale (25% to 58%). The correlations between the instruments in the two groups supported criterion-related and converging validity. Some issues concerning the differences between the samples and about the construct of social competence, underlying these inventories, are discussed. Key words authors:

Changes in parents' and self-reports of behavioral problems in Brazilian adolescents after behavioral treatment with urine alarm for nocturnal enuresis

PURPOSE: Compare parents' reports of youth problems (PRYP) with adolescent problems self-reports (APSR) pre/post behavioral treatment of nocturnal enuresis (NE) based on the use of a urine alarm. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adolescents (N = 19) with mono-symptomatic (primary or secondary) nocturnal enuresis group treatment for 40 weeks. Discharge criterion was established as 8 weeks with consecutive dry nights. PRYP and APSR were scored by the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Youth Self-Report (YSR). RESULTS: Pre-treatment data: 1) Higher number of clinical cases based on parent report than on self-report for Internalizing Problems (IP) (13/19 vs. 4/19), Externalizing Problems (EP) (7/19 vs. 5/19) and Total Problem (TP) (11/19 vs. 5/19); 2) Mean PRYP scores for IP (60.8) and TP (61) were within the deviant range (T score ≥ 60); while mean PRYP scores for EP (57.4) and mean APSR scores (IP = 52.4, EP = 49.5, TP = 52.4) were within the normal range. Difference between PRYP' and APSR' scores was significant. Post treatment data: 1) Discharge for majority of the participants (16/19); 2) Reduction in the number of clinical cases on parental evaluation: 9/19 adolescents remained within clinical range for IP, 2/19 for EP, and 7/19 for TP. 3) All post-treatment mean scores were within the normal range; the difference between pre and post evaluation scores was significant for PRYP. CONCLUSIONS: The behavioral treatment based on the use of urine alarm is effective for adolescents with mono-symptomatic (primary and secondary) nocturnal enuresis. The study favors the hypothesis that enuresis is a cause, not a consequence, of other behavioral problems.

Adversidade familiar e problemas comportamentais entre adolescentes infratores e não-infratores

O presente estudo comparou adolescentes infratores e não-infratores com relação a dois aspectos: grau de adversidade familiar e grau de concordância entre a autopercepção e a percepção dos pais sobre problemas de comportamento dos jovens. Participaram deste estudo 40 adolescentes, 23 atendidos no Centro de Atenção e Apoio ao Adolescente (UNIFESP) e 17 adolescentes considerados infratores sob intervenção da Vara da Infância e da Juventude da comarca de Santos. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Youth Self Report (YSR) e o Índice de Adversidade Familiar de Rutter. O Índice de Adversidade Familiar do grupo de adolescentes infratores foi significativamente maior. Os resultados apontaram ainda que, embora a diferença não tenha sido estatisticamente significante, a porcentagem dos escores de discordância nas percepções sobre problemas de comportamento foi maior entre os adolescentes infratores e seus pais.

Psychological profile of adolescents with a kidney transplant.

To describe the psychological profile of renal transplant adolescents compared to healthy peers and to adolescents with CKD, three groups of adolescents aged 12-18 yr were selected: TX, CX, and adolescents with CKD. Psychiatric symptoms and disorders were evaluated through direct interviews (K-SADS-PL) and self-report questionnaires (YSR and CBCL). Forty TX (14 LRD and 26 DD transplant recipients), 40 CX and 20 CKD were included. Twelve of 40 (30%) TX, three of 20 (15%) CKD, and three of 40 (7.5%) CX had a history of learning difficulties (p = 0.03). Compared to CX, TX had lower total YSR competencies score (p = 0.028) and lower total CBCL competencies score (p = 0.003). Twenty-six of 40 (65%) TX, 12 of 20 (60%) CKD and 15 of 40 (37.5%) CX (p = 0.038) met DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for lifetime psychiatric disorder, with rates of depressive disorder of 35% among TX and CKD compared to 15.2% among CX (p = 0.043). Eight of 40 (20%) TX had a history of simple phobia. Nine of 40 (22.5%) TX met diagnostic criteria for ADHD as compared to one of 20 (5%) CKD and three of 40 (7.5%) CX. In the TX group, we found no significant differences in educational and psychiatric variables between LRD and DD. In conclusion, we found a high prevalence of psychiatric morbidity (depression, phobia, ADHD), educational impairment and social competence problems in the TX group. CKD scored in between TX and CX on most measures.

Families in the Shadow of Cancer

The aims of this study were 1) to clarify the factors associated with family functioning in cancer patient’s families with dependant children, 2) to examine children’ mental health when they are exposed to parental cancer, 3) to explore the subjective experience of having cancer during pregnancy, and finally, 4) to describe the implementation of a childcentred family intervention for cancer patients’ families with dependant children in an adult oncology setting. The study groups were collected between May 1st 2002 and April 30th 2004. They consisted of one European group collected from six different countries (N = 381) and two Finnish clinical groups (N = 85 and N = 2). The first Finnish clinical group of 85 cancer patient families with dependant children included a sub-sample of 54 families with children aged 11-17 years. The second Finnish clinical group consisted of two pregnant cancer patients. Additionally, a control group (N = 59) consisting of a sub-sample of 49 families with children aged 11-17 years was used. Quantitative methods (FAD, BDI, YSR, SOC, SF-8) and qualitative methods (observation, interviews, diaries, videotapes) were used exclusively and/or in combination. The results can be summarised as follows: 1) cancer “per se “ did not impair family functioning, children’s mental health, early interaction between ill mothers and their infant, 2) maternal depression or the ill parent’s depression were significantly associated with impairment in family functioning, 3) the individual’s good sense of coherence was associated with improvement in family functioning, and 4) a child-centred family intervention, which aims to give space for elaborating on cancer in the family, validates the sense of coherence and children’s feelings, and promotes open communication was welcomed. It is important to note that in the European study group, the prevalence of depression was 35 % (BDI > 16) among ill mothers, and 28% among healthy mothers, 28% among ill fathers, and 13% among healthy fathers. Early screening and effective treatment of depression in cancer patients and their partners is of paramount importance for the mental health of children and the well-being of the family. Pregnant cancer patients are in need of psychosocial support.

The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ-Fin) among Finnish children and adolescents

Objective: The psychometric properties of The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ-Fin), a Finnish version of a brief screening instrument were studied. Emotional and behavioural problems of 7- to 15-year-olds measured by the SDQ were reported, as well as the occurrence of self-reported eating disturbance symptoms and alcohol use among adolescents. Methods and samples: The cross-sectional school survey included 25 items of the SDQ-Fin, items about eating disturbance, alchol use and child psychiatric help-seeking. The study consists of three community samples: 1. The SDQ-Fin parent (n = 703) and teacher (n = 376) versions of 7 – 12 –year-olds, and self-report versions (n = 528) of 11 – 16 years-olds were obtained, and 2. the parent (n = 81) and self-report versions of 15-16 –year olds (n = 129) were obtained in Laitila and Pyhäranta. 3. The self-report versions of 13 – 16 – year-olds (n = 1458) in Salo and Rovaniemi were obtained. Results: The psychometric properties of the SDQ-Fin were for the most part comparable with the other European SDQ research results. The internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.71 in all informants’ reports) and inter-rater reliability (between the pairs of reports r = 0.38 - 0.44) were adequate. The concurrent validity (r = 0.75 between the SDQ and the CBCL total scores; r = 0.71 between the SDQ and the YSR total scores) was sufficient. Factor analysis of the SDQ self-report generally confirmed the postulated structure for girls and boys, except for the conduct problems scale of boys, which was fused with emotional symptoms and with hyperactivity. The response rates, means and cut-off points of the SDQ self-report scores were similar to those found, e.g. in Norway and in Britain. A high level of psychological problems, especially emotional and conduct problems and hyperactivity-inattention, were associated with high level of eating disturbance symptoms and alcohol use. Conclusion: The results showed that the psychometric properties of the SDQ-Fin are adequate and provide additional confirmation of the usefulness of the SDQ-Fin for, e.g. screening, epidemiological research and clinical purposes.

Children at psychiatric risk and their families in Bucharest, in the context of 25 years of changes after December 89’ Romanian Revolution

The aim of the present dissertation was to capture a picture of child and adolescent mental health in Romania, in the context of almost 25 years of changes following the Romanian Revolution of December ’89. A three-part study was carried out in order to provide consistent answers to the pre-defined objectives: to appraise the development of child and adolescent mental health services in Romania (Part I), to explore the characteristics of clinically-referred patients in a Romanian child and adolescent psychiatry department (Part II), to examine the children’s mental health state and its connections with family functioning and associated risk factors (Part III). A multi-method research approach was used, comprising one qualitative analysis and two quantitative research studies. Part I consisted of a comparative qualitative analysis of the answers given by 10 mental health professionals at a 12-questions open ended interview about the current situation in child and adolescent mental health in Romania, on three topics: changes, challenges, solutions. Part II involved a descriptive quantitative analysis of certain variables (e.g. age, gender, primary diagnosis, co-morbidities, time of hospitalization) conducted on the patients who had been admitted to the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department at “Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia” Psychiatry Hospital, Bucharest in 1991 and in 2013. Part III was conducted on 342 subjects enrolled in two clinical groups and one school group, this study being performed through a cross-sectional analysis on multi-informant child and adolescent mental health problems and competencies (CBCL, YSR, SDQ P, SDQ SR) and their interrelation with household information (HQ) and family functioning (FAD). Outlining the results it can be stated that: 1) The CAMH System in Romania is definitely set on the path of reorganization, including a higher involvement of beneficiaries and of the community. 2) The characteristics of the admitted patients have changed significantly during the last almost 25 years since `89 December Revolution, under the influence of word wide trends in child psychiatry and of administrative aspects of the mental health network in Romania. 3) The rates of main diagnoses and co-morbidities confirm the reports in literature, with Autism Spectrum Disorder being the most frequent childhood psychiatric disorders in this study. 4) The children’s mental health problems in the psychiatry group are comparable to those reported for other clinical populations. 5) Significant score differences were observed according to various household features and also meaningful associations between a child’s clinical status and different aspects of family functioning. The Romanian Child and Adolescent Psychiatry has started to adopt the norms and standards of the European Union. In the 25 years that have elapsed after the 1989 Revolution, many changes have occurred in Romanian CAMH, but many unresolved issues have also risen. Therefore, the major contribution of this thesis is that it provides a coherent and updated overview of the present-day situation from three different perspectives- those of mental healthcare professionals, the one observed in clinical patients and the one reported by children’s families.

Examining the inclusion experiences of students with intellectual disabilities : a study focusing on the transition from elementary to secondary school

Transitioning from elementary to secondary school is a major event in adolescents' lives and can be associated with academic, social, and emotional challenges (Shaffer, 2005; Sirsch, 2003). Considerably less research has focused on the transitional experiences of students with intellectual disabilities (lD) as they enter secondary school and the role of educational inclusion in this process (Noland, Cason, & Lincoln, 2007). Conceivably, students with ID who leave inclusive elementary schools, where they have been educated alongside their peers without ID, and who enter segregated secondary educational placements may experience unique social and emotional challenges (Farmer, Pearl, & Van Acker, 1996; Fryxell & Kennedy, 1995; Shaffer, 2005). This study examined the transitional experiences of 6 students with ID and the role of educational inclusion, with a focus on elementary to secondary school transitions from inclusive to segregated settings and vice versa. This study included the collection of multiple sources of data. Semi-structured interviews with 6 caregivers and students with ID were conducted. Students' Individual Education Transitional Plans were discussed in caregivers' interviews to determine how they shaped students' educational inclusion experiences (Ontario Ministry of Education & Training, 1999/2000/2004). Parts ofthe following questionnaires were "qualitized" (Tashakkori & Teddlie, 1998) and administered orally: "Youth Self-Report" (YSR; Achenbach, 2001 c) and "Child Behaviour Checklist Caregivers Form" (CBLC/6-18; Achenbach, 200la). The findings of this study contribute to the literature on educational inclusion by highlighting the positive/negative social and emotional impact of congruent and incongruent transitional experiences of students with ID and the role of educational inclusion.

Comorbilidad de la ansiedad social espec??fica y generalizada en adolescentes espa??oles

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n. Resumen tambi??n en ingl??s

El rendimiento escolar y los trastornos emocionales y comportamentales

Resumen de los autores. Res??menes en espa??ol e ingl??s

Ansiedad social en una muestra de jóvenes españoles : características demográficas psicosociales.

Resumen tomado de la publicación

Características socioemocionales de los adolescentes superdotados. Ajuste psicológico y negación de la superdotación en el concepto de sí mismo.

1. Analizar el ajuste emocional de los adolescentes superdotados. 2. Analizar un grupo de variables socio-emocionales: alteraciones psicopatológicas entre la población superdotada, nivel de autoestima, nivel de satisfacción vital, negación de la superdotación y exploración de los sentimientos de las personas superdotadas en relación a su especial capacidad. Se estudió a 74 personas superdotadas, con edades comprendidas entre 10 y 19 años, de los cuales, 56 eran varones y 18 eran mujeres. Se llevó a cabo un procedimiento formal de invitación a centros y asociaciones. La medida de las distintas variables tuvo lugar a lo largo del curso académico 2003-2004. La aplicación de la batería de pruebas siguió un riguroso orden con el fin de que la aplicación de pruebas fuese lo más homogénea posible. La administración de las escalas se llevó a cabo en el centro o asociación correspondiente durante el horario extra-académico, proporcionando tiempo suficiente para contestar con libertad y proporcionando las directrices oportunas para su correcta realización. Inventario YSR de Achenbach: para la evaluación del desajuste psicológico y alteraciones psicopatológicas; escala de Rosenberg: para la evaluación de la autoestima en general; SWLS (Satisfaction With Life Scale): para la medida de la satisfacción vital; escala para la medida de la negación de la superdotación en el concepto de sí mismo; escala para la medida de los sentimientos frecuentes en las personas superdotadas. El ajuste psicológico de las personas superdotadas de la muestra ha sido satisfactorio: no se han encontrado evidencias empíricas de la existencia de niveles de psicopatología. Tampoco se han encontrado diferencias significativas entre el grupo de varones y de mujeres. Los participantes en este estudio han mostrado niveles significativos de negación y ocultación de la superdotación. Por último, se han encontrado relaciones significativas entre el nivel de negación de la superdotación y los niveles de autoestima y satisfacción vital. Se proponen algunas sugerencias generales para fomentar el bienestar socioemocional de las personas superdotadas: la formación del profesorado sobre las características y necesidades educativas de los alumnos superdotados, favorecer la aceptación social del superdotado, trabajar en la escuela la aceptación de las diferencias e intentar ofrecer una imagen más adaptada a su realidad y más exenta de prejuicios sociales.

Validity of the DSM-Oriented Scales of the Child Behavior Checklist and Youth Self-Report

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

Práticas parentais, funcionamento familiar e comportamento dos adolescentes

O presente estudo tem como objectivo analisar a relação entre o funcionamento familiar, as práticas parentais e o comportamento dos adolescentes. Para a concretização do objectivo deste trabalho, foi elaborado um protocolo de investigação (questionário de dados sociodemográficos, um inquérito de avaliação do comportamento: YSR; um que avalia o funcionamento familiar : FACES III e outro que avalia as práticas parentais : QLP-A) , aplicado em duas escolas públicas co Concelho de Lisboa, inseridas em áreas sócio-económico-culturais diferenciadas. Através dos resultados encontrados [a ansiedade_depressão (T=.502; P=.041), no isolamento (T=.915; P=.000), nos problemas sociais (T=2.822; P=.004) apresentam valores mais elevados na Escola de Intervenção Prioritária, escola com projecto TEIP. Na escola de níveis socioeconómicos mais elevados, as dimensões que apresentaram valores superiores foram em dimensões que remetem para as atitudes dos pais perante os filhos : na protecção pai (T=.440; P=.004) e na protecção mãe (T=.005; P=.000)]. É possível confirmar a existência dessa influênica. Para além dessa influência, constatámos ainda que o meio envolvente em que as famílias se inserem influencia também as atitudes parentais perante os seus filhos. Ou seja, quando os níveis socioeconómicos são mais favoráveis, as suas atitudes de educação e socialização perante os filhos também serão mais adequadas.

Exposición infantil a violencia doméstica en una muestra comunitaria en España y consecuencias psicopatológicas asociadas

En los últimos años ha aumentado el interés científico y social sobre los niños que conviven en situaciones de violencia doméstica y han proliferado diversas investigaciones que analizan los efectos de la exposición infantil a la violencia doméstica. No obstante, son escasas las investigaciones realizadas en España, y la mayoría se centran en población clínica. Objetivos: Esta investigación tiene como principal objetivo valorar la presencia de exposición infantil a violencia doméstica en muestra comunitaria que permita capturar una imagen de la realidad en nuestra sociedad. También valora las consecuencias psicopatológicas asociadas: en concreto, se estudia la asociación entre exposición infantil a violencia doméstica y el desarrollo de sintomatología internalizante, externalizante y traumática. El segundo objetivo es estudiar si se producen cambios en cuanto a exposición infantil a violencia doméstica en el tiempo, en concreto entre 2010 y 2014. Metodología: Se contó con una muestra comunitaria seleccionada de forma incidental, formada por 925 sujetos (572 niños en el año 2010 y 353 en el año 2014) con edades comprendidas entre los 11 y 17 años. Para medir la exposición infantil a violencia doméstica se empleó el instrumento Child Exposure to Domestic Violence Scale, CEDV (Edleson, Johnson y Shin, 2007). Este cuestionario es una prueba autoadministrada que evalúa frecuencia y grado de exposición a violencia doméstica y, además, valora otros aspectos tales como implicación, otros tipos de victimización, factores de riesgo o exposición a violencia comunitaria. Con el objetivo de valorar sintomatología internalizante y externalizante se empleó el cuestionario Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) de Achenbach y Edelbrock (1991), en concreto se aplicó el formato para jóvenes Youth Self Report (YSR). Este cuestionario ha sido uno de los más empleados a lo largo de la literatura para valorar diferentes problemas en la infancia y adolescencia. Para medir sintomatología traumática se empleó el Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS) de Foa, Johnson, Feeny y Tredwell (2001)...