Hashimoto’s thyroiditis follow up along 10 years

Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2014

Simultaneous Occurrence of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis and Membranous Glomerulonephritis

Introduction: Membranous glomerulonephritis is commonly described in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and hypothyroidism. Clinical presentation: We report a case of a 40-year-old woman who presented with a membranous glomerulonephritis associated with SLE, rheumatoid arthritis and hypothyroidism due to Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Conclusions: The simultaneous occurrence of these three diseases as possible causes of membranous glomerulonephritis is extremely exceptional.

Low-Level Laser Therapy in Chronic Autoimmune Thyroiditis: A Pilot Study

Background and Objectives: Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (CAT) remains the most common cause of acquired hypothyroidism There is currently no therapy that is capable of regenerating CAT-damaged thyroid tissue The objective of this study was to gauge the value of applying low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in CAT patients based on both ultrasound studies (USs) and evaluations of thyroid function and thyroid autoantibodies. Study Design/Materials and Methods: Fifteen patients who had hypothyroidism caused by CAT and were undergoing levothyroxine (LT4) treatment were selected to participate in the study Patients received 10 applications of LLLT (830 nm, output power 50 mW) in continuous mode, twice a week, using either the punctual technique (8 patients) or the sweep technique (7 patients), with fluence in the range of 38-108 J/cm(2) USs were performed prior to and 30 days after LLLT USs included a quantitative analysis of echogenicity through a gray-scale computerized histogram index (El). Following the second ultrasound (30 days after LLLT), LT4 was discontinued in all patients and, if required, reintroduced Truodothyronine, thyroxine (T4), free T4, thyrotropin, thyroid peroxidase (TPOAb) and thyroglobulin (TgAb) antibodies levels were assessed before LLLT and then 1, 2, 3, 6, and 9 months after LT4 withdrawal. Results: We noted all patients` reduced LT4 dosage needs, including 7 (47%) who did not require any LT4 through the 9-month follow-up The LT4 dosage used pre-LLLT (96 +/- 22 mu g/day) decreased in the 9th month of follow-up (38 23 mu g/day; P<0.0001) TPOAb levels also decreased (pre-LLLT = 982 +/- 530 U/ml, post-LLLT = 579 454 U/ml, P = 0 016) TgAb levels were not reduced, though we did observe a post-LLLT increase in the EI (pre-LLLT = 0 99 +/- 0.09, post-LLLT= 1.21 +/- 0.19, P=0.001) Conclusion: The preliminary results indicate that LLLT promotes the improvement of thyroid function, as patients experienced a decreased need for LT4, a reduction in TPOAb levels, and an increase in parenchymal echogenicity Lasers Surg. Med. 42:589-596, 2010. (C) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc

Chronic Autoimmune Thyroiditis in Industrial Areas in Brazil: A 15-Year Survey

To investigate whether there is an increased incidence of chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (CAT) in individuals living in the vicinity of industrial plants that manufacture petroleum byproducts in the state of So Paulo, Brazil. Between 1989 and 2004, 6,306 patients of both sexes, from 5 to 78 years old were divided in two groups according to their home location: Group 1: 3,356 residents living near industrial plants that manufacture petroleum byproducts (Region A), and Group 2: 2,950 residents living far from Region A in an area with predominantly steel industries (Region B). For all patients, we measured the serum levels of antithyroglobulin antibody, antithyroperoxidase antibody, triiodothyronine, thyroxine, free thyroxine and thyrostimulating hormone. Sonographic scans of the thyroid gland were also conducted. The proportion of patients with CAT coming from Region A increased from 2.5 % (5 patients with CAT/200 total patients) in 1992 to 57.6 % (106 patients with CAT/184 total patients) in 2001. This striking increase was highly significant (p < 0.001). Similar findings were not observed in Region B. The difference in the number of patients with CAT between 1989 and 2004 coming from Region A and Region B was highly significant (p < 0.001), with 905 CAT patients (83.95 %) in Region A and 173 CAT patients (16.05 %) in Region B. Our results showed a striking increase in the incidence of CAT in residents in the vicinity of large industrial plants that manufacture petroleum byproducts compared with residents living near steel industries, which opens the field to new areas of research.

Enfermedad tiroidea autoinmune en pacientes colombianos con lupus eritematoso sistémico

Objetivos: Determinar la prevalencia y los factores asociados con el desarrollo de hipotiroidismo autoinmune (HA) en una cohorte de pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES), y analizar la información actual en cuanto a la prevalencia e impacto de la enfermedad tiroidea autoinmune y la autoinmunidad tiroidea en pacientes con LES. Métodos: Este fue un estudio realizado en dos pasos. Primero, un total de 376 pacientes con LES fueron evaluados sistemáticamente por la presencia de: 1) HA confirmado, 2) positividad para anticuerpos tiroperoxidasa/tiroglobulina (TPOAb/TgAb) sin hipotiroidismo, 3) hipotiroidismo no autoinmune, y 4) pacientes con LES sin hipotiroidismo ni positividad para TPOAb/TgAb. Se construyeron modelos multivariados y árboles de regresión y clasificación para analizar los datos. Segundo, la información actual fue evaluada a través de una revisión sistemática de la literatura (RLS). Se siguieron las guías PRISMA para la búsqueda en las bases de datos PubMed, Scopus, SciELO y Librería Virtual en Salud. Resultados: En nuestra cohorte, la prevalencia de HA confirmado fue de 12% (Grupo 1). Sin embargo, la frecuencia de positividad para TPOAb y TgAb fue de 21% y 10%, respectivamente (Grupo 2). Los pacientes con LES sin HA, hipotiroidismo no autoinmune ni positividad para TPOAb/TgAb constituyeron el 40% de la corhorte. Los pacientes con HA confirmada fueron estadísticamente significativo de mayor edad y tuvieron un inicio tardío de la enfermedad. El tabaquismo (ORA 6.93, IC 95% 1.98-28.54, p= 0.004), la presencia de Síndrome de Sjögren (SS) (ORA 23.2, IC 95% 1.89-359.53, p= 0.015) y la positividad para anticuerpos anti-péptido cíclico citrulinado (anti-CCP) (ORA 10.35, IC 95% 1.04-121.26, p= 0.047) se asociaron con la coexistencia de LES-HA, ajustado por género y duración de la enfermedad. El tabaquismo y el SS fueron confirmados como factores predictivos para LES-HA (AUC del modelo CART = 0.72). En la RSL, la prevalencia de ETA en LES varío entre 1% al 60%. Los factores asociados con esta poliautoinmunidad fueron el género femenino, edad avanzada, tabaquismo, positividad para algunos anticuerpos, SS y el compromiso articular y cutáneo. Conclusiones: La ETA es frecuente en pacientes con LES, y no afecta la severidad del LES. Los factores de riesgo identificados ayudarán a los clínicos en la búsqueda de ETA. Nuestros resultados deben estimular políticas para la suspensión del tabaquismo en pacientes con LES.

Estudo da associação entre urticária crônica idiopática e autoimunidade tireóidea: aspectos clínicos, positividade do teste do soro autólogo da pele e expressão gênica do receptor de TSH

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Infiltration of a mixture of immune cells may be related to good prognosis in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma

Objective Immune responses against differentiated thyroid carcinomas (DTC) have long been recognized. We aimed to investigate the role of immune cell infiltration in the progression of DTC. Design We studied 398 patients 253 with papillary and 13 with follicular thyroid cancers, as well as 132 with nonmalignant tissues. Patients and measurements Immune cell infiltration was identified using CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, CD68 and FoxP3 immunohistochemical markers. In addition, we assessed colocalization of CD4 and IL-17 to identify Th17 lymphocytic infiltration and colocalization of CD33 and CD11b to identify infiltration of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). Results Immune cells infiltrated malignant tissues more often than benign lesions. The presence of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (CLT) concurrent to DTC, CD68+, CD4+, CD8+, CD20+, FoxP3+ and Th17 lymphocytes but not MDSCs was associated with clinical and pathological features of lower tumour aggressiveness and a more favourable patient outcome. A log-rank test confirmed an association between concurrent CLT, tumour-associated macrophage infiltration, and CD8+ lymphocytes and an increased in disease-free survival, suggesting that evidence of these immune reactions is associated with a favourable prognosis. Conclusion Our data suggest that the tumour or peri-tumoural microenvironment may act to modify the observed pattern of immune response. Immune cell infiltration and the presence of concurrent CLT helped characterize specific tumour histotypes associated with favourable prognostic features.

Untersuchungen zur autoimmunen Genese der thrombotisch thrombozytopenischen Purpura

Untersuchungen zur autoimmunen Genese der thrombotisch thrombozytopenischen Purpura. rnEinführung: Die idiopathische thrombotisch thrombozytopenische Purpura (TTP) ist eine lebensbedrohliche Mikroangiopathie und wird durch ein Autoantikörper-induziertes Defizit der ADAMTS13-Protease ausgelöst. Eine Assoziation zwischen Krankheitsprädisposition und Vorliegen bestimmter humaner Leukozytenantigene (HLA) wird vermutet. Untersuchungen zu diesem Zusammenhang stellen einen Teil dieser Arbeit dar. rnAutoimmunkrankheiten tendieren zum gemeinsamen Auftreten innerhalb eines Individuums. Im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit wird untersucht, ob eine solche Kookkurrenz verschiedener Autoimmunkrankheiten auch bei Patienten mit idiopathischer TTP beobachtet werden kann.rnMethodik: Zur Untersuchung der ersten Fragestellung werden die HLA-Klasse I und II-Merkmale von 54 deutschen TTP-Patienten bestimmt. Alle Patienten weisen Autoantikörper gegen ADAMTS13 und eine Protease-Aktivität <5% vor. Die Blutproben werden mittels Sequence Specific Primer-Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) und Sequence Specific Oligonucleotid-PCR auf HLA-DRB1, -DRB3-5 und –DQB1 untersucht. Als Referenz dienen die Werte deutscher Knochenmark- und Blutspender, erhalten über www.allelefrequencies.net. Die statistische Auswertung erfolgt mittels zweiseitigem Binomialtest und die resultierenden p-Werte werden nach Benjamini-Hochberg korrigiert.rnZur Beantwortung der zweiten Fragestellung werden 76 deutsche TTP-Patienten anhand eines standardisierten Fragebogens nach Begleiterkrankungen befragt. Als Vergleichswerte dient die Prävalenz der jeweiligen Erkrankung in der Allgemeinbevölkerung. Die statistische Auswertung erfolgt mittels zweiseitigem Binomialtest. Da die p-Werte nicht korrigiert werden, sind die Ergebnisse nur deskriptiv zu verstehen.rnErgebnis: Der Vergleich der HLA-Frequenzen ergibt ein signifikant gehäuftes Vorkommen von HLA-DQB1*02:02 (p<0,001) und -DRB1*11 (p=0,003) innerhalb des Patientenkollektivs. 20% (DQB1*02:02) bzw. 48,1% (DRB1*11) der TTP-Patienten sind im Gegensatz zu nur 1,2% (DQB1*02:02) bzw. 23,5% (DRB1*11) innerhalb der Vergleichsgruppe für das jeweilige HLA-Merkmal positiv.rnDie Befragung der TTP-Patienten bezüglich weiterer Erkrankungen ergab im Vergleich mit der Allgemeinbevölkerung fünf auffällig häufig im Patientenkollektiv vorkommende Autoimmunkrankheiten: Hashimoto Thyreoiditis (23,5% in der Patientengruppe zu 0,7% in der Allgemeinbevölkerung; p<0,001), systemischer Lupus erythematodes (6,5% der Patienten im Gegensatz zu 0,025% in der Allgemeinbevölkerung, p<0,001), Immunthrombozytopenie (6,3% der Patienten zu 0,02% in der Allgemeinbevölkerung; p<0,001), Psoriasis (9,4% der Patienten zu 2,5% in der Allgemeinbevölkerung; p=0,005) und glutensensitive Enteropathie (3,1% der Patienten zu 0,2% in der Allgemeinbevölkerung; p=0,007). rnSchlussfolgerung: Das vermehrte Vorkommen bestimmter HLA-Merkmale im Patientenkollektiv spricht für eine prädisponierende Wirkung dieser Antigene im Krankheitsgeschehen. Eine mögliche HLA-vermittelte Assoziation zwischen TTP und den genannten Autoimmunkrankheiten wird vermutet, kann jedoch nicht in allen Fällen die beobachtete Kookkurrenz ausreichend erklären. Insgesamt bestätigt die vorliegende Arbeit die Assoziation verschiedener Autoimmunkrankheiten untereinander und spricht für eine genetische Prädisposition zur Ausbildung autoimmuner Störungen. rn

Seasonality of thyroid function

Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2014

Doença celíaca num doente com síndrome poliglandular autoimune tipo III : caso clínico

Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2014

Quantitative Association Tests of Immune Responses to Antigens of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis: A Study of Twins in West Africa

There is now considerable evidence that host genetic factors are important in determining the outcome of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). The aim of this study was to assess the role of several candidate genes in the variation observed in the immune responses to MTB antigens. In-vitro assays of T-cell proliferation, an in-vivo intradermal delayed hypersensitivity response; cytokine and antibody secretions to several mycobacterial peptide antigens were assessed in healthy, but exposed, West African twins. Candidate gene polymorphisms were typed in the NRAMP1, Vitamin D receptor, IL10, IL4, IL4 receptor and CTLA-4 genes. Variants of the loci IL10 (-1082 G/A), CTLA-4 (49 A/G) and the IL4 receptor (128 A/G) showed significant associations with immune responses to several antigens. T-cell proliferative responses and antibody responses were reduced, TNF-alpha responses were increased for subjects with the CTLA-4 G allele. The T-cell proliferative responses of subjects with IL10 GA and GG genotypes differed significantly. IL4 receptor AG and GG genotypes also showed significant differences in their T-cell proliferative responses to MTB antigens. These results yield a greater understanding of the genetic mechanisms that underlie the immune responses in tuberculosis and have implications for the design of therapeutic interventions.

A Rare Cause of Confusion: Steroid-Responsive Encephalopathy Associated with Autoimmune Thyroiditis

An 81-year-old female patient required numerous admissions for symptoms of confusion, visual hallucinations, myoclonus and seizures, which were treated as stroke, infections and viral encephalitis with some improvement after treatment but with recurrence that caused her to be readmitted to hospital. On the last admission, she was found to have very high antithyroid antibodies and a diagnosis of Hashimoto’s encephalopathy was made, with an overwhelming response to steroids.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome And Chronic Autoimmune Thyroiditis.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) has been associated with an autoimmune origin, either per se or favoring the onset of autoimmune diseases, from a stimulatory action on the inflammatory response. Thus, autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) could be more prevalent among women with PCOS. To evaluate the prevalence of AIT in women with PCOS. It was a cross-sectional study, in a tertiary center, including 65 women with PCOS and 65 women without this condition. Clinical and laboratory parameters were evaluated and a thyroid ultrasound scan was performed. Levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) antibodies, anti-thyroglobulin (anti-TG) antibodies, and thyroid ultrasound findings were evaluated. The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) in women with PCOS was 16.9% and 6.2% in the non-PCOS group. AIT was more common in the PCOS group compared with the non-PCOS group (43.1% versus 26.2%). But, when it was adjusted by weight and insulin resistance, the difference in the thyroiditis risk was not observed (OR 0.78, CI 0.28-2.16). AIT risk was similar in the PCOS and the non-PCOS group. SCH are more common in women with PCOS, highlighting a need for periodic monitoring of thyroid function.

Autoimmune Thyroiditis Presenting as Palmoplantar Keratoderma

Palmoplantar keratoderma is a heterogeneous group of hereditary and acquired disorders characterized by abnormal thickening of palms and soles. Hypothyroidism is an unusual cause of palmoplantar keratoderma, rarely reported in the literature. We report a case of a 43-year-old woman presented with a 3-month history of a diffuse palmoplantar hyperkeratosis unresponsive to topical keratolytics and corticosteroids. Her past medical and family histories were unremarkable. She complained of recent asthenia, mood changes and constipation. Laboratory evaluation revealed an autoimmune thyroiditis with hypothyroidism. Other causes of acquired palmoplantar keratoderma were excluded. After hormonal replacement therapy institution, a gradual improvement of skin condition was observed. The diagnosis of underlying causes for acquired palmoplantar keratoderma can be a difficult task; however its recognition is essential for successful treatment results. Although a very rare association, hypothyroidism must be suspected in patients with acquired palmoplantar keratoderma, particularly when it occurs in association with systemic symptoms.

IgG4-Related Hashimoto's Thyroiditis - A New Variant of a Well Known Disease

Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) has been characterized for many years as a well-defined clinicopathologic entity, but is now considered a heterogeneous disease. IgG4-related HT is a new subtype characterized by thyroid inflammation rich in IgG4-positive plasma cells and marked fibrosis. It may be part of the systemic IgG4-related disease. We report a case of a 56-year-old Portuguese man who presented with a one-month history of progressive neck swelling and dysphagia. Laboratory testing revealed increased inflammatory parameters, subclinical hypothyroidism and very high levels of thyroid autoantibodies. Cervical ultrasound (US) demonstrated an enlarged and heterogeneous thyroid gland and two hypoechoic nodules. US-guided fine needle aspiration cytology was consistent with lymphocytic thyroiditis. The patient was submitted to total thyroidectomy and microscopic examination identified typical findings of HT, marked fibrosis limited within the thyroid capsule and lymphoplasmacytic infiltration, with >50 IgG4-positive plasma cells per high-power field and an IgG4/IgG ratio of >40%. After surgery, serum IgG4 concentration was high-normal. Symptoms relief and reduction in laboratory inflammatory parameters were noticed. Thyroid function is controlled with levothyroxine. To our knowledge we report the first case of IgG4-related HT in a non-Asian patient. We also perform a review of the literature regarding IgG4-related disease and IgG4-related HT. Our case highlights this new variant of the well known HT, and helps physicians in recognizing its main clinical features, allowing for proper diagnosis and treatment.