High level methods for scene exploration

Virtual worlds exploration techniques are used in a wide variety of domains — from graph drawing to robot motion. This paper is dedicated to virtual world exploration techniques which have to help a human being to understand a 3D scene. An improved method of viewpoint quality estimation is presented in the paper, together with a new off-line method for automatic 3D scene exploration, based on a virtual camera. The automatic exploration method is working in two steps. In the first step, a set of “good” viewpoints is computed. The second step uses this set of points of view to compute a camera path around the scene. Finally, we define a notion of semantic distance between objects of the scene to improve the approach.

Einbeziehung der privaten Krankenvollversicherung in den Risikostrukturausgleich der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung in Deutschland. Abschätzung der quantitativen Auswirkungen

Die Einbeziehung der privaten Krankenversicherung (PKV) in den Risikostrukturausgleich (RSA) der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung (GKV) wird häufig diskutiert. In der vorliegenden Studie wird anhand einer quantitativen Analyse unter Verwendung der Daten des Sozioökonomischen Panels (SOEP) abgeschätzt, welche Transfersumme aus dem System der PKV in das System der GKV fließen würden, wenn ein übergreifender RSA eingerichtet würde. Die Summe läge bei 9,9 Mrd. Euro pro Jahr unter Annahme der Beitragsbemessungsgrenze des Jahres 2006. Einbezogen wurden dabei nur die Unterschiede auf der Einnahmenseite des RSA. Einschränkend muss gesehen werden, dass unklar bleibt, welche Krankenversicherungsunternehmen be- oder entlastet würden und über welches Verfahren die Transfersumme aufgebracht werden könnte.

Tracking of industrial objects by using CAD models

In this paper we present a model-based approach for real-time camera pose estimation in industrial scenarios. The line model which is used for tracking is generated by rendering a polygonal model and extracting contours out of the rendered scene. By un-projecting a point on the contour with the depth value stored in the z-buffer, the 3D coordinates of the contour can be calculated. For establishing 2D/3D correspondences the 3D control points on the contour are projected into the image and a perpendicular search for gradient maxima for every point on the contour is performed. Multiple hypotheses of 2D image points corresponding to a 3D control point make the pose estimation robust against ambiguous edges in the image.

High-Level Modeling of Multimodal Interaction Techniques Using NiMMiT

The past few years, multimodal interaction has been gaining importance in virtual environments. Although multimodality renders interacting with an environment more natural and intuitive, the development cycle of such an application is often long and expensive. In our overall field of research, we investigate how modelbased design can facilitate the development process by designing environments through the use of highlevel diagrams. In this scope, we present ‘NiMMiT’, a graphical notation for expressing and evaluating multimodal user interaction; we elaborate on the NiMMiT primitives and demonstrate its use by means of a comprehensive example.

Topologically Accurate Dual Isosurfacing Using Ray Intersection

“Dual contouring” approaches provide an alternative to standard Marching Cubes (MC) method to extract and approximate an isosurface from trivariate data given on a volumetric mesh. These dual approaches solve some of the problems encountered by the MC methods. We present a simple method based on the MC method and the ray intersection technique to compute isosurface points in the cell interior. One of the advantages of our method is that it does not require us to use Hermite interpolation scheme, unlike other dual contouring methods. We perform a complete analysis of all possible configurations to generate a look-up table for all configurations. We use the look-up table to optimize the ray-intersection method to obtain minimum number of points necessarily sufficient for defining topologically correct isosurfaces in all possible configurations. Isosurface points are connected using a simple strategy.

Passive-Active Geometric Calibration for View-Dependent Projections onto Arbitrary Surfaces

In this paper we present a hybrid technique for correcting distortions that appear when projecting images onto geometrically complex, colored and textured surfaces. It analyzes the optical flow that results from perspective distortions during motions of the observer and tries to use this information for computing the correct image warping. If this fails due to an unreliable optical flow, an accurate -but slower and visiblestructured light projection is automatically triggered. Together with an appropriate radiometric compensation, view-dependent content can be projected onto arbitrary everyday surfaces. An implementation mainly on the GPU ensures fast frame rates.

3-D Audio in Mobile Communication Devices: Methods for Mobile Head-Tracking

Future generations of mobile communication devices will serve more and more as multimedia platforms capable of reproducing high quality audio. In order to achieve a 3-D sound perception the reproduction quality of audio via headphones can be significantly increased by applying binaural technology. To be independent of individual head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) and to guarantee a good performance for all listeners, an adaptation of the synthesized sound field to the listener's head movements is required. In this article several methods of head-tracking for mobile communication devices are presented and compared. A system for testing the identified methods is set up and experiments are performed to evaluate the prosand cons of each method. The implementation of such a device in a 3-D audio system is described and applications making use of such a system are identified and discussed.

Is the Market Classification of Risk Always Efficient? - Evidence from German Third Party Motor Insurance

This paper studies the empirical effects of risk classification in the mandatory third-party motor insurance of Germany following the European Union’s directive to de-regulate insurance tariffs of 1994. We find evidence that inefficient risk categories had been selected while potentially efficient information was dismissed. Risk classification did generally not improve the efficiency of contracting or the composition of insureds in this market. These findings are partly explained by the continuing existence of institutional restraints in this market such as compulsory fixed coverage and unitary owner insurance.

Ist die staatliche Risikoübernahme bei Terrorrismusrisiken mit dem europäischen Wettbewerbsrecht vereinbar?

Nach den terroristischen Anschlägen vom 11. September 2001 wurde sowohl in der Versicherungspraxis als auch in der Wissenschaft kontrovers darüber diskutiert, ob der Staat bei solchen als "nicht versicherbar" geltenden Terrorismusrisiken mithaften soll. Als Folge der Ereignisse des 11. September 2001 ist in Deutschland die Extremus Versicherungsaktiengesellschaft entstanden, die Versicherungsschutz gegen Terrorismusrisiken anbietet und an de-ren Haftung der deutsche Staat beteiligt ist. Fraglich ist, ob eine solche Staatsbeteiligung an der Extremus AG eine unzulässige Beihilfe im Sinne des Art. 87 EGV darstellt und damit gegen das europäische Wettbewerbsrecht verstößt. Die wettbewerbsrechtliche Überprüfung der Extremus AG hat ergeben, dass die der Extremus AG gegebene staatliche Beihilfe in Form von Staatsgarantie ausnahmsweise zulässig ist.

ARTHUR: A Collaborative Augmented Environment for Architectural Design and Urban Planning

Projects in the area of architectural design and urban planning typically engage several architects as well as experts from other professions. While the design and review meetings thus often involve a large number of cooperating participants, the actual design is still done by the individuals in the time in between those meetings using desktop PCs and CAD applications. A real collaborative approach to architectural design and urban planning is often limited to early paper-based sketches.In order to overcome these limitations, we designed and realized the ARTHUR system, an Augmented Reality (AR) enhanced round table to support complex design and planning decisions for architects. WhileAR has been applied to this area earlier, our approach does not try to replace the use of CAD systems but rather integrates them seamlessly into the collaborative AR environment. The approach is enhanced by intuitiveinteraction mechanisms that can be easily con-figured for different application scenarios.

Rapid Tooling via Stereolithography

Approximately three years ago, composite stereolithography (SL) resins were introduced to the marketplace, offering performance features beyond what traditional SL resins could offer. In particular, the high heat deflection temperatures and high stiffness of these highly filled resins have opened the door to several new rapid prototyping (RP) applications, including wind tunnel test modelling and, more recently, rapid tooling.

Rapid Tooling mit Stereolithographie

Vor etwa drei Jahren wurden Komposit-Kunstharze für die Stereolithographie (SL) auf dem Markt eingeführt. Sie bieten Leistungsmerkmale, die jenseits dessen liegen, was traditionelle SL-Kunstharze auszeichnet. Insbesondere die hohe Wärmeformbeständigkeit und hohe Steifigkeit dieser Komposit-Kunstharze haben verschiedenen neuen Rapid-Prototyping(RP)-Anwendungen den Weg bereitet.