167 resultados para Exame colpocitológico


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The research investigates the differences among Brazilian metropolitan regions, in what concerns to the composition of their productive and occupational structures. This investigation aims to allow the observation of the differentiated stages of metropolitan development, in comparing the spaces among themselves and in measuring the intensity of the differences. This work intends to subsidize the analysis of the private and public firms location choices, and on the other hand, to point out the necessities of public intervention aiming regional development. The analysis is accomplished with the help of differentiation regional indexes, calculated from information aggregated in special tabulations, in order to accomplish the specifics objectives of this research.

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Este trabalho busca analisar as finanças públicas dos municípios que compõem o Estado do Rio de Janeiro, cortejando as receitas e despesas orçamentarias destas unidades de governo local. Estes municípios apresentam características sócio-econômicas bastante diversas, que variam conforme seu contigente populacional, aspectos geográficos, evolução histórica e dinamismo econômico. Sem embargo, isto se refere nos níveis de arrecadação e no perfil das despesas de cada das unidades analisadas. Neste sentido, os métodos tradicionais de agregação ¿ por porte e por regiões de governo ¿ freqüentemente , fornecem grupamentos que carecem de certa homogeneidade em relação sócio-econômicos. Desse modo, propõe-se uma tipologia alternativa de agregação, baseada na Cluster analysis, que visa facilitar o planejamento orçamentaria de cada região e do próprio Estado do Rio de Janeiro, por meio do exame de grupamentos que apontem para uma uniformidade ou semelhança no tocante aos aspectos econômicos dos municípios cotejados.

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The aim of this dissertation is to demonstrate what happens to the public administration in the state of Paraná through a case study, more specifically, in two organization: one, called in specific legal regime, 'direct administration' and the other, 'indirect administration', by means of structured interviews searching the distance between the discourse and practice which concerns to what was developed in the training area inside a human resource policy of the state. Since two decades, the training function in public administration of the state is changing and suffering some internal (re)structures. These changes are due to the pressure generated by either the natural requirement of changing in the same area or in the ways and aims from governmental spheres (state and federal). On one hand, this study analyzes the performance of training function during from 1987 to 1994, in order to verify the outcome factors of the not structured area and the coherency between programmed and accomplished actions. On the other hand, compare the discourse and practice based on a human resource policy implemented and adopted by the government. The results of field research with bibliographic examination allow to conclude that although the official and formal documents delineate a human resource policy to the state, there were evident contradictions between the proposal and what the state really fulfilled. The qualitative data analysis concluded that the majority of the actions are implemented casuisticaly. During the case study period, the human resource area specifically, training and development, suffered constant (re) tructures. The consequence was ¿ the both institutions, responsible for the training area, lost time and financial resources. Legal changes, internal dispute for institutional space, lack of tune and synchrony resulted once more in a discontinued action in the area. However it is perceptible that the government is worried about the development and evaluation of its civil services although it goes on behaving without a structured and integrated planning related to any human resource system. The study, therefore, confirms that the formulation and implementation of effective human resource policy, either through an analytic model or not, must be centralized in integrated action interrelated to all the subsystems of the human resource area, neither in a disguised way nor linked to the discourse of a law or government projects.

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Accordingly, a variety of firms's technological capabilities studies, the literature recently is still lacking about the dynamic of sector evolution and technological development in inter-firm and their implication for technical and economical financial performance. More lacking is the research catching up the evolution of industrial sectors after the institutional reforms in the 90. For that, the focus of the dissertation is to analyze the main of the evolution of the pulp and paper industry from 1970 to 2004, using as reference points the import-substitution policy and the economic deregulation of the 1990s. Futhermore, the work tries to evaluate how such changes at industry level have been perceived from a firm point of view in terms of accumulation of technological capabilities and improvement of economic financial performance. This linkage is tested and examined in the following firms: Aracruz (Barra do Riacho establishment ), Klabin (Monte Alegre establishment) e Votorantim Celulose e Papel ¿ VCP (Jacareí establishment), defining the same time period of sectoral level. As far as the industry level study is concerned, it is based on the average rate of annual growth of some selected variables, given that the technological capabilities test is performed according to the methodology already existing in the literature, but properly adapted to the pulp and paper case. Similarly, the analysis regarding the improvement of the economic financial performance is based on a set of industry specific indicators. Hence, the work is built upon multiple case studies, taking into account both the qualitative and quantitative evidence, i.e. interviews, direct observations, as well as firm reports. Finally, it is worth emphasizing as the analysis of the changes in the sector, in conjunction with the above mentioned methodology used to measure the technological capabilities in the context of an evolving industrial regime, is still lacking in emerging economies as well as in Brazil. According to the empirical evidence, the reforms of the 1990s had a positive impact on the industrial development, from both the national and international viewpoint. Such a transformation was evident at firm level in terms of accumulation of technological capabilities and improvement of economic financial indicators. Indeed, the results show that the speed of accumulation of technological capabilities within the firms influences positively the performance indicators. On the other hand, these are also related to external factors, such as the macroeconomic conditions, which as such have not been considered in details.

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Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar as relações entre as esferas de governo no Brasil, quanto ao provimento das demandas sociais. O foco do estudo reside nas relações que resultam em externalidades negativas, significando perdas para o bem-estar coletivo, que vai de encontro às pretensões da nova Carta Constitucional, promulgada em 1988. O exame das relações intergovernamentais é realizado sob a perspectiva de internalização das instituições ao modelo de análise, promovendo uma maior compreensão quanto aos comportamentos adotados pelas unidades federativas e, por conseguinte, seus resultados nos cenários político, econômico e social, em função do jogo federativo que se faz presente.

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The purpose of this work, is to analyze the principles underlying the pulp and paper industry, here portrayed by Aracruz Celulose S A, in the marketing standpoint, as far as it concerns being in harmony with nature and adapting its relations with the stakeholders, notably regarding the community of the State of Espírito Santo. As they form, indeed, part of the same discussion, the goal is to proceed with a detailed examination of the major aspects and conditions involved, based in its corporate communications, leading to the construction of a positive corporate brand. The results found throughout this study show that despite Aracruz and the communities¿ different goals, they converge regarding their interests towards the best practices in social and environmental practices, and a more objective communication. Industry and community can work together for a same benefit: the best relations of man towards Nature, and of man towards man. The examples here stated will endorse our perception as well as serve to evaluate the results of the measures adopted in this relationship. It could be verified how internal and external aspects of the organization influence the company¿s reputation, leading to important changes in attitude and in the production process. Pressures from stakeholders have contributed largely in helping Aracruz become more conscious of the important role it plays in the social-environmental universe of the State of Espírito Santo. The assessment of leading the process of communications within in-depth transparency have signaled that, despite a closer approach with its stakeholders, Aracruz still needs to fulfill an existing gap: an excellent rapport between the company and the communities where it influences still needs to be pursued, especially regarding communicating its activities.

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A presente dissertação tem por objetivo identificar - por meio do estudo de caso da implantação do PRC - Programa de Racionalização e Competitividade na Caixa Econômica Federal - se existem padrões de respostas e soluções organizacionais que possam ensejar um modelo básico de inovação e mudança organizacional tipicamente brasileiro. Considerando que o turbulento ambiente empresarial brasileiro desenvolveu empresas altamente adaptáveis às provocações ambientais por meio de diversos modelos de gestão de mudança organizacional, o presente estudo num primeiro momento faz uma revisão da literatura sobre o tema. Em seguida, descreve o contexto e os diversos modelos de gestão experimentados pela CAIXA, no período de 1989 a 1998, visando registrar e sistematizar informações que poderão permitir que se vislumbre, ao longo do tempo, traços comuns que possam caracterizar esse típico modelo de inovação e mudança organizacional brasileiro. Os resultados obtidos da pesquisa de campo, respaldados pelo exame bibliográfico, permitiu concluir que o processo de mudança experimentado pela organização em virtude da implementação do programa foi despertado tanto por variáveis do contexto interno quanto do contexto externo, com semelhante intensidade. Adicionalmente, pode-se concluir que houve mais facilidade da organização em lidar com as perspectivas estratégica, estrutural e humana, e mais dificuldade em lidar com as perspectivas tecnológica, cultural e política. Confirma-se, portanto, que algumas perspectivas do processo de mudança experimentado pela CAIXA denotaram práticas de inovação organizacional e que, entretanto, outras perspectivas não puderam ser reproduzidas de modo confiável, em uma escala significativa a custos razoáveis.

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This dissertation adds new evidences and explanations to two distinct streams of debate. The first one refers to the globalisation (or dissemination) of technological innovative capabilities in the context of newly industrialised economies. The second one refers to common generalisations about the deterioration of the innovative capabilities in Latin American countries after 1990. This study was motivated by a lack of empirical studies focused on the relationship between the globalisation of innovative capabilities and sources to build them up in emerging organisations, especially R&D institutes. This dissertation is focused on the globalisation of innovative capabilities at the information and communication technology industry in Brazil. The globalisation of innovative capabilities is measured by the technological capabilities types and levels of 18 national R&D institutes related to this industry. Besides, this dissertation examines sources to build up innovative capabilities in the sampled institutes, namely: their intra-organisational learning processes and the linkages established with firms and the technological infra-structure. The study is based on first-hand empirical evidences, collected by different data-gathering sources in an extensive fieldwork. The data were examined with analytical frameworks, organised in the light of the theoretical basis of the study. The study has found the dissemination of innovative capabilities has been occurring in the Brazilian ICT industry with the involvement of the technological infra-structure with innovative activities. Besides that, the variety of the intra-organisational learning processes and the types of linkages established with technological infra-structure and firms have been influencing the development of innovative capabilities. The evidences that emerge from this study contradict common generalizations and arguments about the inexistence of innovative activities and about the technological infra-structure weakness in emerging or newly industrialized economies.

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In the last decade, the debate concerning more adequate means of promoting social and economic development, through policies of firm supporting, has been gaining strength. Among several means of support, there is one that addresses issues related to credit and funding. At the same time, interest on the phenomenon of firm agglomeration, known by clustering, is increasing, as well as one of its advantages - facilitating the development and strengthening of its firms. Additionally, there can be spotted advantages on clustering that allow tailoring financial instruments, specifically to firms in it, based on collective solutions, with better conditions. This dissertation focuses on how the capture of these opportunities is being done, in the presence of specific financial products to Brazilian clusters. The present analysis is conducted from the cluster located in Nova Friburgo and Region, specialized in women underwear. This study sought to capture advantages from three main collective solutions: information systems, guarantees systems, alternative funding. These solutions address to the following issues: information asymmetries, absence of guarantees from the credit taker, limited sources of funding. Semi-structured interviews were made with members of the cluster, when it was possible to identify that the capture of advantages is in its early stages, being limited by other issues, such as: adequate degree of human capital, governance framework and process inefficiencies.

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Os estudos e a prática em administração tradicionalmente se caracterizam por abordagens instrumentais e visões de mundo positivistas, que dominam o pensamento social do século XIX. O construtivismo social oferece fundamentos tanto para uma crítica das teorias organizacionais tradicionais, quanto para refletir criticamente sobres as propostas alternativas elaboradas no âmbito do próprio campo da administração, a saber, a autogestão e a co-gestão. A partir desse exame crítico das teoriais organizacionais tradicionais e suas alternativas participacionistas, o conceito de guerrilha semiológica proposto por Umberto Eco para o campo da comunicação, mostra-se viável como possibilidade de orientação da atuação desburocratizado e não-institucionalizada, para que o servidor público comum, que não ocupa cargos de direção, tenha meios de defender o interesse público e fomentar ações concretas de modificação da ordem institucional

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In the last years, there has been a strong tendency of transferring typical business management concepts and practices to the public administration, such as: efficiency, efficacy, effectiveness, economy, operational excellence, results and transparency. The limited offer of resources, as well as the growing demand for accountability, justifies that movement. In order to put the aforementioned concepts into operation, the public administration uses some mechanisms, among them cost management. This dissertation focuses on the use of cost management systems, based on an activity-based costing (ABC) method, by Brazilian public entities. The present analysis is conducted from the ABC system implemented in the Brazilian Central Bank (BACEN) - an indirect public administration autarchy - the main goal of this study is to examine its outcomes since the implementation of the system. The investigation went through three main questions: if the system is being used, if it is fulfilling the objectives sought and, finally, if it is providing the expected benefits. Semi-structured interviews were made with members of the institution; and, according to the assumptions and tools tailored for this study, the collected data were analysed qualitatively. Evidences indicate that information, when not manipulated in a systematic way, hinder not only the incorporation of the cost system to the routine, but also the achievement of the goals and benefits aimed with such implementation.

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Esta dissertação examina algumas implicações do processo de implementação de estratégias para a performance corporativa. Este relacionamento é examinado na Área de negócios Abastecimento, da empresa Petróleo Brasileiro S.A, durante o período de 1996 e 2003. A despeito da profusão de estudos sobre estratégia empresarial, ainda há escassez de trabalhos que examinem o processo de implementação de mudanças organizacionais e suas implicações para o aprimoramento de certos indicadores de performance corporativa. Adicionalmente, tendem a prevalecer na literatura gerencial, abordagens pontuais de caráter imediatista e prescritivo, que não captam o processo de mudança organizacional e suas implicações para performance ao longo do tempo. o exame da implementação de estratégias é realizado com base em seis variáveis organizacionais extraídas da literatura existente: "comportamento da liderança"; "interação e influência"; "inovação e aprendizado"; "gestão de pessoas"; "comunicação e fluxos de conhecimento" e "estrutura organizacional". As implicações das mudanças na base organizacional para performance corporativa são examinadas a partir de dezenove indicadores, agrupados em três categorias: (i) operacionais, (ii) econômico-financeiro e (iii) segurança, meio ambiente e saúde. Esta dissertação consiste num estudo de caso individual, o qual é baseado em evidências empíricas qualitativas e quantitativas, coletadas em trabalhos de campo. A coleta dos dados baseou-se em fontes e técnicas múltiplas. Os efeitos das variáveis organizacionais que comporiam o Abastecimento, antes da criação da Área de negócio, em 1996, foram pequenos. Esses efeitos foram moderados no período entre 1996 a 2000, só apresentando impactos relevantes sobre indicadores operacionais entre 2000 e 2003, com reflexos positivos sobre o desempenho econômico, pois muitos custos foram reduzidos. Isso sugere que estratégias tecnológicas de longo prazo são um rumo robusto e consistente. As evidências sugerem que a empresa optou pela construção de uma base organizacional visando melhoria de performance no longo prazo, alinhando-se com autores que defendem essa construção como forma de fortalecer a competitividade no longo prazo. Esta dissertação contribui para o entendimento de fatores organizacionais que favorecem a implementação de estratégias e dos mecanismos que alavancam aprendizado e inovação numa empresa nacional. Este estudo conclui que a utilização de estruturas organizacionais, com o suporte da liderança e prática de baixas barreiras interfuncionais, alavancaram o aprendizado e a inovação, favorecendo resultados econômicos. Isto contradiz a proposição de autores que afirmam que reestruturação organizacional possui baixo potencial de geração de resultados, ou que enfatizam soluções de curto prazo para obtenção imediata de resultados, em detrimento da competitividade da empresa nos médio e longo prazos.

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Esta dissertação enfoca as implicações práticas da trajetória de acumulação de competências tecnológicas para o aprimoramento de indicadores de performance operacional. Esse relacionamento é examinado na Gradiente Eletrônica S/A durante período de 1970 a 2000. Baseada em um estudo de caso individual, esta dissertação fundamenta-se em evidências empíricas, qualitativas e quantitativas, coletadas por meio de entrevistas, observação direta e documentos internos da empresa em estudo. O exame da acumulação de competências tecnológicas é feito através de uma estrutura descritiva existente na literatura, porém adaptada especificamente para a indústria de eletroeletrônicos de consumo. O exame do aprimoramento de performance é baseado num conjunto de indicadores operacionais, típicos da indústria de eletroeletrônicos. A aplicação de estruturas descritivas, para examinar as implicações da acumulação de competências tecnológicas sobre o aprimoramento de performance operacional, em empresas de eletro-eletrônicos, ainda é escassa, principalmente no nível intra firma e em economias de industrialização recente, como no Brasil. Em termos de evidência empírica, a dissertação mostra que a acumulação de competências tecnológicas evoluiu de maneira irregular, lenta, não linear e, alguns níveis, foram acumulados de forma incompleta. As evidências sugerem, ainda, que a acumulação de competências tecnológicas influenciou positivamente o aprimoramento de onze indicadores de desempenho. Contudo, os níveis desenvolvidos não foram suficientes para aprimorar, ou mesmo sustentar, outros dois indicadores de performance. Alinhando-se a recentes estudos na literatura de empresas de economias emergentes (ex.: Figueiredo, 2001), as evidências desta dissertação sugerem que a maneira e a velocidade com que a empresa acumula suas competências tecnológicas, joga um papel chave no aprimoramento de seus indicadores de performance técnica. Por conseguinte, isto pode gerar beneficios para a performance financeira, como por exemplo, a margem operacional líquida. Não obstante, a experiência da Gradiente sugere que, outros fatores, internos e externos à empresa, podem obscurecer ou mesmo minar as contribuições da acumulação de competências tecnológicas.

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This work focuses on the implications of accumulation of technological competences for improvement of operational performance indicators. This relationship is examined in two mechanical industry firms in Caxias do Sul-RS, in the period 1985-2000. Based on a comparative case study, this work finds its ground in both qualitative and quantitative empirical evidences, collected in different sources in the firms, which are being studied. The examination of accumulation of technological competences is done through a structure of analysis existing in literature, which is specifically adapted to the mechanical industry. The examination of performance improvement is based on a set of typical operational indicators pertaining to mechanical industry. Studies of this nature are already found, mainly in Latin American literature, since the eighties. But, the application of these analytic structures in industrializing firms in Brazil is found only in the nineties. This work shows that within a unique enterprise group there is a different accumulation of technological competences, and it demonstrates that this process is not automatic. Moreover, it contributes to explain not only the differences between both firms, in terms of operational performance at some points in time, but also, how both firms got to (or did not get to) improve their performance indicators along time. This conclusion is not different from that of previous studies, but it derives from a study made in a specific industry (mechanical), which has not yet been studied in the south of Brazil.

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This work focuses on the implications of technological-organizational competences for improvement of performance indicators. This relationship is examined during 1984 to 2005 in three small companies that operate in Rio de Janeiro within adventure tourism, more specifically, within tandem flights on hang-gliding. Based on a comparative case study grounded in both qualitative and quantitative empirical evidences collected in a detailed field search, this study is supported by an existing metric available in literature and adapted to adventure tourism segment. The metric to measure competences is based on four techno-organizational function: (i) product; (ii) sales & marketing; (iii) infra-structure & operational process; (iv) managing systems. The examination of performance improvement is based on a set of typical indicators used by this segment to evaluate results. This dissertation contributes to deepening the understanding of how techno-organizational competences affect the competitive performance of companies in this sector of adventure tourism.