108 resultados para dS vacua in string theory


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The aim of this dissertation is to develop a theory on intercultural caring to deepen the understanding of caring between nurses and patients who have different cultural backgrounds. The research questions are: 1) What is intercultural caring? 2) How is intercultural caring described and understood? 3) How is intercultural caring described and understood in a maternity care context from the patients’ perspective? 4) What is the substance in a theory on intercultural caring? 5) What is the substance in a theory on intercultural caring in maternity care from the patients’ perspective? The theoretical perspective is based on caritative theory and the caring science-tradition (Eriksson, 2001, 2002) and has a hermeneutic approach. In the first study, 19 texts of Campinha-Bacote, Kim-Godwin, Leininger and Ray are analysed through content analysis. A model for intercultural caring is then created abductively. The second study is a metasynthesis of 40 studies on intercultural caring in maternity care research. The third study is a focused ethnography, in which 17 immigrant mothers are interviewed and observed. The theory on intercultural caring is created through a hermeneutic synthesis of the three studies. A synthesis of the studies with a maternity context results in five patterns of interpretation: the experience of caring is related to power; the family is always present; childbearing and change of culture can give women multiple vulnerabilities; both the mother and the nurse change when they meet; conflicts can cause change. The theory and patterns of interpretation consolidate into a contextual theory on intercultural caring for clinical maternity praxis. In this theory, caring consists of four dimensions: universal, cultural, contextual, and unique caring, which permeate each other. Universal caring is nondependent of time and space. Cultural caring considers the cultural background, the acculturation and the equality of each mother. In the maternity care culture, cultural competence, cultural safety, and acculturation of the nurse are emphasised. Contextual caring considers the specific cultural features of the childbearing mother. In this respect, the nurse is expected to be an expert and to clarify cultural assumptions in maternity care. In unique caring, the mother expects good communication, respect for the family, goodwill and somebody who cares for her and meets her needs, in order for trust to be built. In this respect, the nurse listens to the woman’s narrative, is flexible, open, courageous, and non-judgemental. The nurse shows an understanding for the life situation of the woman, and strives for continuity to preserve the care relationship. It was found that external circumstances affect intercultural caring. Moreover, intercultural caring is expected to decrease misunderstandings and conflicts, alleviate suffering and promote health and life. The theory adds knowledge to the phenomenon of intercultural caring for the nursing and caring sciences, and for the nursing care of patients with other cultural backgrounds than the nurses. The theory can be used in nursing, education, research and administration.

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Data management consists of collecting, storing, and processing the data into the format which provides value-adding information for decision-making process. The development of data management has enabled of designing increasingly effective database management systems to support business needs. Therefore as well as advanced systems are designed for reporting purposes, also operational systems allow reporting and data analyzing. The used research method in the theory part is qualitative research and the research type in the empirical part is case study. Objective of this paper is to examine database management system requirements from reporting managements and data managements perspectives. In the theory part these requirements are identified and the appropriateness of the relational data model is evaluated. In addition key performance indicators applied to the operational monitoring of production are studied. The study has revealed that the appropriate operational key performance indicators of production takes into account time, quality, flexibility and cost aspects. Especially manufacturing efficiency has been highlighted. In this paper, reporting management is defined as a continuous monitoring of given performance measures. According to the literature review, the data management tool should cover performance, usability, reliability, scalability, and data privacy aspects in order to fulfill reporting managements demands. A framework is created for the system development phase based on requirements, and is used in the empirical part of the thesis where such a system is designed and created for reporting management purposes for a company which operates in the manufacturing industry. Relational data modeling and database architectures are utilized when the system is built for relational database platform.

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Identification of low-dimensional structures and main sources of variation from multivariate data are fundamental tasks in data analysis. Many methods aimed at these tasks involve solution of an optimization problem. Thus, the objective of this thesis is to develop computationally efficient and theoretically justified methods for solving such problems. Most of the thesis is based on a statistical model, where ridges of the density estimated from the data are considered as relevant features. Finding ridges, that are generalized maxima, necessitates development of advanced optimization methods. An efficient and convergent trust region Newton method for projecting a point onto a ridge of the underlying density is developed for this purpose. The method is utilized in a differential equation-based approach for tracing ridges and computing projection coordinates along them. The density estimation is done nonparametrically by using Gaussian kernels. This allows application of ridge-based methods with only mild assumptions on the underlying structure of the data. The statistical model and the ridge finding methods are adapted to two different applications. The first one is extraction of curvilinear structures from noisy data mixed with background clutter. The second one is a novel nonlinear generalization of principal component analysis (PCA) and its extension to time series data. The methods have a wide range of potential applications, where most of the earlier approaches are inadequate. Examples include identification of faults from seismic data and identification of filaments from cosmological data. Applicability of the nonlinear PCA to climate analysis and reconstruction of periodic patterns from noisy time series data are also demonstrated. Other contributions of the thesis include development of an efficient semidefinite optimization method for embedding graphs into the Euclidean space. The method produces structure-preserving embeddings that maximize interpoint distances. It is primarily developed for dimensionality reduction, but has also potential applications in graph theory and various areas of physics, chemistry and engineering. Asymptotic behaviour of ridges and maxima of Gaussian kernel densities is also investigated when the kernel bandwidth approaches infinity. The results are applied to the nonlinear PCA and to finding significant maxima of such densities, which is a typical problem in visual object tracking.

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The objective of this study is to examine effects of ERP-system implementations to management accounting in Finnish companies. Study also explores if ERP-system implementation has influenced to development of management accounting role in companies. Theory part of study examines ERP-system projects and ERP-systems influence to management accounting development. Research is qualitative and empirical material has been collected by interviews from three companies and they ERP-system vendor. According to results ERP-system implementation has affected positively to companies management accounting in many different ways and also influenced to development of management accounting role in companies.

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Diplomityön tavoitteena oli tutkia Etelä-Savon Energialle soveltuvan kaukolämpöakun käyttömahdollisuuksia, optimaalista kokoa, sopivinta prosessikytkentää ja investoinnin kannattavuutta. Teoriaosassa käsitellään kirjallisuuden perusteella lämmönvarastoinnin teoriaa sekä investoinninkannattavuuslaskentaa. Soveltavassa osassa määritetään testivuoden sekä lyhytaikaissimuloinnin avulla yritykselle parhaiten sopiva akun tilavuus, kytkentä sekä investoinnin kannattavuus. Teorian ja kannattavuuslaskennan perusteella parhaaksi vaihtoehdoksi valittiin paineistamaton kaukolämpöakku, jonka vesitilavuus on 7 000 m3 ja lataus- ja purkuteho 30 MW. Investoinnin sisäiseksi korkokannaksi saatiin 19,6 %. Investointilaskennan ja herkkyystarkastelun perusteella kaukolämpöakku on kannattava.

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Ecological specialization in resource utilization has various facades ranging from nutritional resources via host use of parasites or phytophagous insects to local adaptation in different habitats. Therefore, the evolution of specialization affects the evolution of most other traits, which makes it one of the core issues in the theory of evolution. Hence, the evolution of specialization has gained enormous amounts of research interest, starting already from Darwin’s Origin of species in 1859. Vast majority of the theoretical studies has, however, focused on the mathematically most simple case with well-mixed populations and equilibrium dynamics. This thesis explores the possibilities to extend the evolutionary analysis of resource usage to spatially heterogeneous metapopulation models and to models with non-equilibrium dynamics. These extensions are enabled by the recent advances in the field of adaptive dynamics, which allows for a mechanistic derivation of the invasion-fitness function based on the ecological dynamics. In the evolutionary analyses, special focus is set to the case with two substitutable renewable resources. In this case, the most striking questions are, whether a generalist species is able to coexist with the two specialist species, and can such trimorphic coexistence be attained through natural selection starting from a monomorphic population. This is shown possible both due to spatial heterogeneity and due to non-equilibrium dynamics. In addition, it is shown that chaotic dynamics may sometimes inflict evolutionary suicide or cyclic evolutionary dynamics. Moreover, the relations between various ecological parameters and evolutionary dynamics are investigated. Especially, the relation between specialization and dispersal propensity turns out to be counter-intuitively non-monotonous. This observation served as inspiration to the analysis of joint evolution of dispersal and specialization, which may provide the most natural explanation to the observed coexistence of specialist and generalist species.

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Tämän tutkielman tavoitteena oli selvittää, mitä mahdollisuuksia ja haasteita sähköinen taloushallinto tuo tilitoimistoille ja miten ne vaikuttavat työskentelyyn. Vaikka sähköisiä taloushallinnon järjestelmiä on tutkittu paljon jo aiemmin, vielä ei kovin laajasti ole tarkasteltu sitä, miten ne käytännössä vaikuttavat tilitoimistoihin. Tutkielma on luonteeltaan kvalitatiivinen ja se on toteutettu case-tutkimuksena lappeenrantalaisesta tilitoimistosta. Tutkimuksen teoria rakentuu aihetta käsittelevän kirjallisuuden perusteella ja empiria on kerätty puolistrukturoiduilla teemahaastatteluilla. Haastatteluista saatuja tuloksia on verrattu kirjallisuudessa esitettyihin näkemyksiin sähköisen taloushallinnon mahdollisuuksista ja haasteista sekä sähköisen taloushallinnon vaikutuksista työskentelyyn. Tutkimuksessa selvisi, että kirjallisuudessa ja käytännössä sähköisen taloushallinnon tarjoamat mahdollisuudet ja haasteet sekä niiden vaikutukset työskentelyyn eroavat toisistaan. Suurimpia mahdollisuuksia olivat työskentelyn parantunut tehokkuus, kustannussäästöt sekä saadun informaation parempi laatu. Teoriassa haasteiksi koettiin koulutuksen puute ja työntekijöiden sekä asiakkaiden muutosvastarinta. Käytännössä suurimman haasteen sähköisen taloushallinnon käytettävyydelle kuitenkin aiheuttavat ohjelmistot ja niiden mukanaan tuomat ongelmat. Sähköistymisen myötä kirjanpitäjistä tulee teoriassa enemmänkin konsultteja ja tilitoimistoissakin työskentelee erikseen esimerkiksi reskontranhoitajia. Tosiasiassa roolien muuttuminen ei kuitenkaan ole aivan itsestään selvää ja sähköisiin järjestelmiin siirtymisen odotetaan kestävän vielä kauan.

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The aim of this thesis was to create a process for all multi-site ramp-up (MSRU) projects in the case company in order to have simultaneous ramp-ups early in the market. The research was done through case study in one company and semi-structured interviews. There are already processes, which are now in use in MSRU-cases. Interviews of 20 ramp-up specialists revealed topics to be improved. Those were project team set up, roles and responsibilities and recommended project organization, communication, product change management practices, competence and know how transfer practices and support model. More R&D support and involvement is needed in MSRU-projects. DCM’s role is very important in the MSRU-projects among PMT-team; he should be the business owner of the project. Recommendation is that product programs could take care of the product and repair training of new products in volume factories. R&D’s participation in competence transfers is essential important in MSRU-projects. Communication in projects could be shared through special intranet commune. Blogging and tweeting could be considered in the communication plan. If hundreds of change notes are open in ramp-up phase, it should be considered not to approve the product into volume ramp-up. PMTs’ supports are also important and MSRU-projects should be planned, budgeted and executed together. Finally a new MSRU-process is presented in this thesis to be used in all MSRU-projects.

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Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli luoda kohdeyritykseen toimintamalli, jonka avulla saadaan osallistettua työntekijät, tiiminvetäjät ja työnjohto tuotannon jatkuvaan parantamiseen sekä parannettua tuotannon takaisinkytkentää tiimitasolla. Tutkimus rajattiin pilottitiimiin sekä tiimissä olevien työpisteiden kautta reititettyihin tuotteisiin. Ennen tutkimuksen aloitusta yrityksellä oli jo olemassa sähköinen aloitejärjestelmä, mutta sen käyttö oli organisaation uudelleen järjestelyjen myötä vähentynyt. Tutkimuksen teoriaosassa tutustuttiin jatkuvan parantamisen kulttuuriin ja työkaluihin. Lisäksi tutustuttiin laadunhallinnan sisältöön, käsitteistöön ja laadunvalvontatyökaluihin sekä tuotannon mittareihin. Teorian pohjalta tutkimuksessa luotiin jatkuvan parantamisen toimintamalli, joka tunnistaa ja eliminoi prosessissa olevaa hukkaa osallistamalla pilottitiimin työntekijöitä hukkakorttien avulla. Lisäksi tutkimuksessa luotiin toimintamalli tuotannon kehitysideoiden raportointiin ja käsittelyyn. Tuotannon takaisinkytkentää kehitettiin luomalla pilottitiimiin tuloskortti sekä perustamalla yritykseen päiväkatsauskäytäntö. Tutkimuksessa suoritettiin myös toimihenkilötason kehitysprojekteja käyttäen apuna teoriassa esiteltyjä malleja ja työkaluja. Tuloksena saatiin toimintamalli, joka tuottaa työntekijämäärään suhteutettuna enemmän kehitysideoita sekä käsittelee ne tehokkaammin kuin sähköinen aloitejärjestelmä. Hukkakorteilla toteutetun hukan raportoinnin kautta tunnistettiin ja raportoitiin seitsemän viikon tarkasteluajanjakson aikana yhteensä 23,6 tuntia hukka-aikaa. Tiimin tuloskortin avulla tiimin työntekijät pystyivät viikkotasolla seuraamaan oman tiiminsä suorituskykyä tavoitearvoihin verrattuna. Tämä näkyi muun muassa tiimin suoritustason nousuna. Kehitysprojektien avulla saatiin parannettua pilottitiimin toiminnan ja tuotteiden laatua. Päiväkatsauskäytännön avulla saatiin osallistettua tiiminvetäjät ongelmaratkaisuun sekä tuotannon suorituskyvyn varmistamiseen.

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Process management refers to improving the key functions of a company. The main functions of the case company - project management, procurement, finance, and human resource - use their own separate systems. The case company is in the process of changing its software. Different functions will use the same system in the future. This software change causes changes in some of the company’s processes. Project cash flow forecasting process is one of the changing processes. Cash flow forecasting ensures the sufficiency of money and prepares for possible changes in the future. This will help to ensure the company’s viability. The purpose of the research is to describe a new project cash flow forecasting process. In addition, the aim is to analyze the impacts of the process change, with regard to the project control department’s workload and resources through the process measurement, and how the impacts take the department’s future operations into account. The research is based on process management. Processes, their descriptions, and the way the process management uses the information, are discussed in the theory part of this research. The theory part is based on literature and articles. Project cash flow and forecasting-related benefits are also discussed. After this, the project cash flow forecasting as-is and to-be processes are described by utilizing information, obtained from the theoretical part, as well as the know-how of the project control department’s personnel. Written descriptions and cross-functional flowcharts are used for descriptions. Process measurement is based on interviews with the personnel – mainly cost controllers and department managers. The process change and the integration of two processes will allow work time for other things, for example, analysis of costs. In addition to the quality of the cash flow information will improve compared to the as-is process. Analyzing the department’s other main processes, department’s roles, and their responsibilities should be checked and redesigned. This way, there will be an opportunity to achieve the best possible efficiency and cost savings.

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Diplomityössä tutkitaan virtauksen kääntymistä Lappeenrannan teknillisen yliopiston PWR PACTEL –koelaitteiston pystyhöyrystimen lämmönvaihtoputkissa käyttäen APROS–prosessisimulointiohjelmaa. Työn teoriaosassa esitellään pystyhöyrystimillä varustettuja koelaitteistoja, erityisesti PWR PACTEL ja sen höyrystin. Lisäksi esitellään virtauksen kääntymisestä tehtyjä havaintoja ja käsitellään kääntymistä teoreettisesta näkökulmasta. Simulointiosan alussa esitellään työssä käytetty APROS –prosessisimulointiohjelma, sekä sen avulla höyrystimestä luodut mallit. Työssä on tutkittu virtauksen käännöstapahtumaa simuloimalla useita eri transienttitilanteita pienillä primäärimassavirroilla. Simulaatiotapauksissa havaittiin virtauksen kääntyvän höyrystimen eripituisissa lämmönvaihtoputkissa, tilanteesta riippuen pääosin lyhimmissä tai toisiksi lyhimmissä lämmönvaihtoputkissa. Transienttien eri vaiheiden, ts. primäärimassavirran muutos- ja tasaantumisvaiheiden pituuden havaittiin vaikuttavan siihen, minkä pituisissa putkissa kääntyminen tapahtuu ja missä järjestyksessä.

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Gear rattle is a phenomenon that occurs when idling or lightly loaded gears collide due to engine’s torque fluctuations. This behaviour is related to vibration behaviour of the transmission system. Aim of this master’s thesis is to evaluate Adams and Adams/Machinery as a simulation tools for modelling the rattle e ect in a transmission system. A case study of tractor’s power take-o driveline, suspected to be prone to rattle, is performed in this work. Modelling methods used by Adams in this type of study are presented in the theory section while simulation model build with the software during this work is presented in the results. The Machinery toolbox is used to create gears and bearings while other model components are created with standard Adams tool set. Geometries and excitations are exported from other softwares. Results were obtained from multiple variations of a base model. These result sets and literature review suggest that Adams/Machinery may not be the most suitable tool for rattle analysis. While the system behaviour was partially captured, for accurate modelling user-written routines must be used which may be more easily performed with other tools. Further research about this topic is required.

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The aim of this research was to develop a piping stress analysis guideline to be widely used in Neste Jacobs Oy’s domestic and foreign projects. The company’s former guideline to performing stress analysis was partial and lacked important features, which were to be fixed through this research. The development of the guideline was based on literature research and gathering of existing knowledge from the experts in piping engineering. Case study method was utilized by performing stress analysis on an existing project with help of the new guideline. Piping components, piping engineering in process industry, and piping stress analysis were studied in the theory section of this research. Also, the existing piping standards were studied and compared with one another. By utilizing the theory found in literature and the vast experience and know-how collected from the company’s employees, a new guideline for stress analysis was developed. The guideline would be widely used in various projects. The purpose of the guideline was to clarify certain issues such as which of the piping would have to be analyzed, how are different material values determined and how will the results be reported. As a result, an extensive and comprehensive guideline for stress analysis was created. The new guideline more clearly defines formerly unclear points and creates clear parameters to performing calculations. The guideline is meant to be used by both new and experienced analysts and with its aid, the calculation process was unified throughout the whole company’s organization. Case study was used to exhibit how the guideline is utilized in practice, and how it benefits the calculation process.

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Kandidaatintyössä tutustuttiin raakaveden sisältämiin epäpuhtauksiin ja niiden aiheuttamiin ongelmiin höyryvoimalaitoksen vesi-höyrypiirissä. Vedenkäsittelyn teoriassa perehdyttiin esikäsittely-, pehmennys-, ioninvaihto- ja käänteisosmoosimenetelmiin, joista suurinta huomiota sai ioninvaihtomenetelmä. Kandidaatintyötä tehdessä oli tekijällä mahdollisuus perehtyä myös käytännön vedenkäsittelylaitoksen toimintaperiaatteeseen. Perehdytty vedenkäsittelylaitos pitää sisällään esikäsittelylaitoksen ja ioninvaihdolla toteutetun suolanpoiston.

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Tutkimuksen tarkoitus on analysoida suomalaisen yrityksen vuonna 2014 kohtaamia riskejä Ukrainassa sekä tutkia sitä, miten niitä hallitaan ja miten ne vaikuttivat yrityksen liiketoimintaan. Ukraina ei ole merkittävä kauppakumppani Suomelle, mutta silti monet suomalaiset yritykset toimivat maassa ja vuoden 2014 kriisin jälkeen maahan on tullut uusia suomalaisia yrityksiä. Ukraina on kooltaan merkittävä markkina-alue, ja sen merkitys saattaa kasvaa kun se on aloittanut siirtymisen kohti EU:ta. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on tutkia millaisia riskejä Ukrainan liiketoimintaympäristössä esiintyi vuonna 2014 ja kuinka tutkittu yritys on hallinnut niitä. Tutkimusta varten on suoritettu laadullinen tapaustutkimus, jonka aineisto kerättiin teemahaastatteluiden sekä sähköpostivaihdon avulla. Tämän lisäksi on perehdytty aihetta käsitteleviin journaaleihin, aikakausilehtiin sekä Internet-sivustoihin relevantin ja monipuolisen tiedon hankkimista varten. Teoriapohjana on tutkimuksessa käytetty riskin määritelmää sekä COSO:n kokonaisvaltaista riskinhallintamallia. Tutkimuksessa tehtyjen havaintojen perusteella voidaan todeta, että tutkitun yrityksen riskinhallintatoimenpiteet eivät eronneet merkittävästi COSO:n mallissa esitetyistä, muutamaa poikkeusta lukuun ottamatta. Tutkittaessa suomalaisen yrityksen kohtaamia riskejä Ukrainassa vuonna 2014 huomattiin, että riskit jakautuvat viiteen eri kategoriaan: sosiaalisiin riskeihin, teknisiin riskeihin, henkilöstö riskeihin, poliittisiin riskeihin ja taloudellisiin riskeihin. Tutkimustuloksista huomattiin että yritys vastasi kolmeen eri riskikategoriaan poikkeavalla tavalla verrattuna malliin. Sosiaalisten-, teknisten- ja henkilöstö riskien osalta toimenpiteet erosivat mallissa esitetyistä. Yritys vastasi sosiaalisista riskeistä johtuviin boikotteihin vähentämällä niitä uudelleen brändäämällä tuotteitaan. Teknisiä riskejä hallittiin muuttamalla tuotteita ja tuotantoa uuteen toimintaympäristöön sopiviksi. Henkilöstöriskejä vältettiin olemalla käyttämättä tiettyyn etniseen ryhmään kuuluvia henkilöitä. Tutkimuksessa ilmenneitä riskinhallintakeinoja, jotka poikkesivat COSO:n mallista, ei tullut esille aikaisemmissa akateemisissa tutkimuksissa