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Kirjallisuusarvostelu

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Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Hitsausplaanin CE-merkinnän vaatimukset

Tässä työssä mallinnettiin STERIS Finn – Aqualle kaksi uutta hitsausplaania rakenneteräksestä S235 autoklaavien ovien hitsaukseen. Plaanien pitää täyttää vaaditut direktiivit ja standardit, jotta plaani voitiin kokonaisuudessa kutsua koneeksi ja saada siihen tarvittava CE- merkintä. CE-merkintä tarkoittaa vaatimustenmukaisuusmerkintää, joka tehdään itse koneeseen tai koneen merkintäkilpeen ennen käyttöönottoa taatakseen koneen käyttäjälle sen turvallisen käytön.

Sosiaalityön asiantuntijuus kehitysyhteistyön kentällä

Tutkielmassani tarkastelen sosiaalityön asiantuntijuutta kehitysyhteistyössä. Lähestyn aihetta määrittelemällä sosiaalityön asiantuntijuutta, esittelemällä laajemmin sosiaalityön kansainvälisyyteen liittyvää keskustelua sekä tarkastelemalla sosiaalityön ja kehitysyhteistyön välisiä yhtäläisyyksiä. Sosiaalityön kansainvälisyys on aiheena ajankohtainen, sillä globalisaation vuoksi kansallisten rajojen ulkopuolella tehtävät ratkaisut vaikuttavat yksittäisen maan sosiaalipolitiikkaan ja näin ollen myös käytännön sosiaalityöhön. Kehitysyhteistyötä pidetään usein yhtenä kansainvälisen sosiaalityön osa-alueena. Sosiaalityön ja kehitysyhteistyön välisiä yhtäläisyyksiä ei ole paljon tutkittu, vaikka niiden periaatteissa ja tavoitteissa on paljon samankaltaisuuksia. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on tuottaa tietoa siitä, miten sosiaalityön asiantuntijuutta voitaisiin hyödyntää enemmän kehitysyhteistyössä. Tutkimus antaa näin ollen uutta tietoa sosiaalityön asiantuntijuuden tuomista mahdollisuuksista. Aiheen esille tuominen on hyödyllistä sekä kehitysyhteistyöstä kiinnostuneiden sosiaalityöntekijöiden että kehitysyhteistyöprojekteja rahoittavien ja toteuttavien tahojen kannalta. Tutkimus on luonteeltaan kvalitatiivinen haastattelututkimus. Aineistona olen käyttänyt sellaisten sosiaalityöntekijöiden tai sosiaalityön opiskelijoiden teemahaastatteluja, joilla on työkokemusta kehitysmaaksi luokiteltavasta maasta. Aineistoa olen analysoinut teemoittelun avulla. Tutkimuksen tuloksena totean, että sosiaalityöllä olisi nykytilannetta enemmän annettavaa kehitysyhteistyölle. Haastattelut osoittavat, että sosiaalityön asiantuntijuudessa on paljon sellaisia osa-alueita, joita voisi hyödyntää myös kehitysyhteistyötehtävissä. Toisaalta on huomioitava myös sosiaalityön menetelmien rajallisuus sellaisissa olosuhteissa, joissa rakenteellinen köyhyys on leimaavaa. Sosiaalityön kansainvälisyyden ja globaalin sosiaalisen vastuun tuominen mukaan suomalaiseen sosiaalialan keskusteluun olisi merkittävää sekä sosiaalityön ammattikunnan että yksittäisen sosiaalityöntekijän kannalta. Kansainvälisyys tulisi ottaa paremmin huomioon myös sosiaalityön opinnoissa.

Performance Measurement of the Logistics Process

The objective of the thesis was to create a performance measurement system for the logistics process of a company. In addition, one goal was to make suggestions for improvements based on description and analysis of the process and current measures. The logistics process was described in detail, and the objectives for it were derived from the company strategy and goals. Suggestions for performance measurement system and process improvement were made based on current state analysis. As a result of the thesis, three new performance measures were decided to take into use. In addition, several improvements were suggested to the ERP system to make process smoother. Some of the improvements have already been added to the system and the rest will be added in the near future.

Supply chain costs of a small board lot: sheet cutting and logistics

Succeeding in small board lot (0-20 tons) deliveries, is not always prosperous and failures as well as extra costs compared to standard costs arise. Failure deliveries from converting plants to customer locations tie a lot of unwanted and unexpected costs. Extra costs are handled as quality costs and more precise, internal failure costs. These costs revolve from unsuccessful truck payloads, redundant warehousing or unfavorable routing as examples. Quality costs are becoming more and more important factor in company’s financial decision making. Actual, realized truck payload correlates with the extra costs occurring, so filling the truck payload all get-out well is a key to lower the extra costs. Case company in this study is Corporation A, business segment Boards. Boards have outsourced half of their converting in order to gain better customer service via flexibility, lead time reductions and logistics efficiency improvements. Examination period of the study is first two quarters of year 2008 and deliveries examined are from converters to the customer locations. In Corporation A’s case, the total loss in failure deliveries is hundreds of thousands of Euros during the examination period. So, the logistics goal of getting the right product to the right place and right time for the least cost, does not completely realize.

Luottamuksen ilmeneminen alueellisissa yhteistyöverkostoissa

<b>Appearance of trust in regional, co-operative networks</b> In our times, the value of social networks has been widely acknowledged. One can say that it is important for private persons to get networked, whilst it is even a must for companies and organizations in business life. This doctor's thesis examines three co-operative regional networks. Networks are located in Western Uusimaa (Länsi-Uusimaa) region in southernmost Finland, and they had both public organizations and private companies as participants (later called ‘players’). Initially, all of them were co-financed from public funds, and two of them are still operational while writing this. The main target of these networks has been to act as learning networks. The learning network stands for an ensemble of research and development units and workplaces constituting a common forum for learning. The main focus in this study has been on qualitative and structural characteristics of the networks, and how they are relating with intrinsic trust. In addition to the development of trust, it has been studied, at what level organizational learning within the networks takes place, and lastly, what kind of factors facilitate the development of social capital. The theoretical framework for the study is built on analysing trust and social capital. It is a 'mission impossible' to find single definitions for such major concepts. In this study, from the research questions' point of view it has been more relevant to concentrate on the aspects of networking and the relationships between the participating organizations. The total view in this study is very network-centric, and therefore those theories which have similar point of view have been prioritized. Such is the theory about structural holes by Ronald S. Burt (1992). It has been widely applied; especially his views on constraints affecting players in networks. The purpose of this study has not been to create new theories or to analyse and compare thoroughly the existing theoretical trends. Instead, the existing theories have provided the study with conceptual tools, which have been utilized for supporting the empirical results. The aim has been to create an explanatory case study consisting relevant discussion on the relationship between the network characteristics and the appearance of trust. The conceptual categorization for confidence vs. trust created by Niklas Luhmann (1979) is another important theoretical building block. In most cases, co-operation in networks is initiated by people already trusting in each other and willing to work together. However, personal trust is not sufficient in the long run to sustain the co-operation within the network: more abstract systemic trust described by Luhmann must also emerge. In the networks with different structures and at different development phases, these forms of trust appear at different levels. In this study, Luhmann’s systemic trust as a term has been replaced by the concept of 'trust in network as a system'. Structural characteristics of a network (density, centrality, structural holes etc.) have been selected to explain the creation of social capital and trust. The ability to adapt new information is essential for the development of social capital. Qualitative analysis for development phase has been used, and the Learning Network Maturity Test by Leenamaija Otala (2000) and her work have been applied. Thus, the qualitative characteristics and the structural characteristics of the networks are utilized together, when the creation of social capital and appearance of trust are assessed. Social Network Analysis, questionnaires and interviews have been the research methods. Quantitative and qualitative data have been combined. There is a similarity in viewpoints to research data with Extensive Case Study method, in which different cases are searched by exploring various cases and comparing certain common features between them and generic models. Development of trust, social capital and organizational learning has been explained in the study by comparing the networks in hand. Being a case study, it doesn't have targets to provide with general results and findings like conventional surveys. However, in this work phenomena and mechanisms related to them are interpreted from the empirical data. Key finding of this study is that the networks with high structural equality and clear target setting enable building trust to the network as a system. When systemic trust is present, e.g. changes in personnel involved in the co-operation won't hinder the network from remaining operational. On the other hand, if the players are not well motivated to co-operate, if the network is extremely centralized structurally, or if the network has players holding very much more beneficial position compared to the others, systemic trust won't develop: trust tends to remain at the personal level, and is directed to some players only. Such networks won't generate results and benefits to its players, and most probably they won’t live very long. In other words, learning networks cannot solely be based on willingness to learn, but also on willingness to co-operate.

Astrological prognostications in MS Beinecke 558: "Sonday prime drye wether"

Tutkimukseni käsittelee 1500-luvun keskivaiheilla kirjoitettua englanninkielistä käsikirjoitusta (New Haven, Yale University, Beinecke Rare Book and ManuscriptLibrary MS 558). Olen työssäni laatinut käsikirjoituksesta kuvauksen, joka sisältääesimerkiksi listan käsikirjoituksen sisältämistä teksteistä sekä käsikirjoituksen pääkirjurin käsialan paleografisen analyysin. Tarkastelemani käsikirjoitus sisältää paljon astronomista ja astrologista materiaalia. Keskityn erityisesti käsikirjoituksen sisältämiin astrologisiin ennustusteksteihin, jotkaolen jakanut kuuteen kategoriaan. Luokitteluni perustuu osittain Laurel Meansin ja Irma Taavitsaisen tutkimuksiin, jotka koskevat keskienglanninkielistä astrologista materiaalia.Työssäni olen soveltanut näitä tutkimuksia uuden ajan alun materiaaliin. Olen myös tarkastellut käsikirjoituskulttuurin ja kirjapainokulttuurin vuorovaikutusta viideneditoimani esimerkkitekstin kautta. Tutkimustulosteni perusteella käsikirjoituskulttuuria ja kirjapainokulttuuria ei tulisi nähdä vastakohtina. Niiden välistä vuorovaikutusta tulisi jatkossa tutkia tarkemmin, sillä näin voitaisiin saada uutta tietoa tekstien levittämisestä ja leviämisestä sekä Englannissa että koko Euroopassa kirjapainotaidon yleistymisen ensimmäisinä vuosisatoina. Tällaisessa tutkimuksessa tulisi käyttää niin määrällisiä kuin laadullisiakin menetelmiä ja ottaa huomioon kirjojen luonne sekä henkisinä ja taiteellisina tuotoksina että fyysisinä esineinä.

Design and implementation of a multipurpose reactor for scale-up studies

In the theoretical part, the different polymerisation catalysts are introduced and the phenomena related to mixing in the stirred tank reactor are presented. Also the advantages and challenges related to scale-up are discussed. The aim of the applied part was to design and implement an intermediate-sized reactor useful for scale-up studies. The reactor setting was tested making one batch of Ziegler–Natta polypropylene catalyst. The catalyst preparation with a designed equipment setting succeeded and the catalyst was analysed. The analyses of the catalyst were done, because the properties of the catalyst were compared to the normal properties of Ziegler–Natta polypropylene catalyst. The total titanium content of the catalyst was slightly higher than in normal Ziegler–Natta polypropylene catalyst, but the magnesium and aluminium content of the catalyst were in the normal level. By adjusting the siphonation tube and adding one washing step the titanium content of the catalyst could be decreased. The particle size of the catalyst was small, but the activity was in a normal range. The size of the catalyst particles could be increased by decreasing the stirring speed. During the test run, it was noticed that some improvements for the designed equipment setting could be done. For example more valves for the chemical feed line need to be added to ensure inert conditions during the catalyst preparation. Also nitrogen for the reactor needs to separate from other nitrogen line. With this change the pressure in the reactor can be kept as desired during the catalyst preparation. The proposals for improvements are presented in the applied part. After these improvements are done, the equipment setting is ready for start-up. The computational fluid dynamics model for the designed reactor was provided by cooperation with Lappeenranta University of Technology. The experiments showed that for adequate mixing with one impeller, stirring speed of 600 rpm is needed. The computational fluid dynamics model with two impellers showed that there was no difference in the mixing efficiency if the upper impeller were pumping downwards or upwards.