Electro-Oxidation Treatment of Pulp and Paper Mill Circulating Waters and Wastewaters

Interest in water treatment by electrochemical methods has grown in recent years. Electrochemical oxidation has been applied particularly successfully to degrade different organic pollutants and disinfect drinking water. This study summarizes the effectiveness of the electrochemical oxidation technique in inactivating different primary biofilm forming paper mill bacteria as well as sulphide and organic material in pulp and paper mill wastewater in laboratory scale batch experiments. Three different electrodes, borondoped diamond (BDD), mixed metal oxide (MMO) and PbO2, were employed as anodes. The impact on inactivation efficiency of parameters such as current density and initial pH or chloride concentration of synthetic paper machine water was studied. The electrochemical behaviour of the electrodes was investigated by cyclic voltammetry with MMO, BDD and PbO2 electrodes in synthetic paper mill water as also with MMO and stainless steel electrodes with biocides. Some suggestions on the formation of different oxidants and oxidation mechanisms were also presented during the treatment. Aerobic paper mill bacteria species (Deinococcus geothermalis, Pseudoxanthomonas taiwanensis and Meiothermus silvanus) were inactivated effectively (>2 log) at MMO electrodes by current density of 50 mA/cm2 and the time taken three minutes. Increasing current density and initial chloride concentration of paper mill water increased the inactivation rate of Deinococcus geothermalis. The inactivation order of different bacteria species was Meiothermus silvanus > Pseudoxanthomonas taiwanensis > Deinococcus geothermalis. It was observed that inactivation was mainly due to the electrochemically generated chlorine/hypochlorite from chloride present in the water and also residual disinfection by chlorine/hypochlorite occurred. In real paper mill effluent treatment sulphide oxidation was effective with all the different initial concentrations (almost 100% reduction, current density 42.9 mA/cm2) and also anaerobic bacteria inactivation was observed (almost 90% reduction by chloride concentration of 164 mg/L and current density of 42.9 mA/cm2 in five minutes). Organic material removal was not as effective when comparing with other tested techniques, probably due to the relatively low treatment times. Cyclic voltammograms in synthetic paper mill water with stainless steel electrode showed that H2O2 could be degraded to radicals during the cathodic runs. This emphasises strong potential of combined electrochemical treatment with this biocide in bacteria inactivation in paper mill environments.

Tertiary Treatment and Re-use of Kraft Pulp Mill Effluent

The efficient use of materials and natural recourses, for ecological and economic reasons, has become more and more important in all industries. In the forest industries this means higher levels of closure in the material circulations of the mills. One possibility to reduce wastewater discharge is to re-use part of the 2nd clarifier effluent as process water. The main target of this thesis was to evaluate the technical suitability of several mechanical and chemical tertiary treatment methods for water re-use. Some of the tested methods seemed to have high potential for the removal of some specific constituents from the wastewater. Tertiary treatment is needed because higher levels of closure may cause problems with increasing amounts of non-process elements in different points of kraft pulp process. The aspect of sustainable development was taken into account by evaluating positive and negative environmental effects of the treatment processes. Environmental benefits can be gained by using some of the tertiary treatment methods tested. These methods should still be researched more for system optimization.

Improving the Supply Chain Performance Management System in a Finnish paper mill

This Master’s Thesis studies performance management system and its benefits, risks and costs. Objective of the thesis is to describe and evaluate currently used supply chain performance management system (SCPMS) in a Finnish paper mill and its interfaces with its business unit’s SCPMS. As a result, the host company has improvement road map for improving its SCPMS. Used SCPMS in the host company and its interfaces to business unit’s SCPMS are described based on interviews held in the host company and the business unit. Evaluation of the host company’s SCPMS is based on literature study. For improvement road map, three areas in need of improvements are chosen. The study shows the need of high level top management commitment in successful performance management system implementation and usage, especially when the system is deployed to lower levels in the organization.

Vibrations in Rotating Machinery Arising from Minor Imperfections in Component Geometries

Vibrations in machines can cause noise, decrease the performance, or even damage the machine. Vibrations appear if there is a source of vibration that excites the system. In the worst case scenario, the excitation frequency coincides with the natural frequency of the machine causing resonance. Rotating machines are a machine type, where the excitation arises from the machine itself. The excitation originates from the mass imbalance in the rotating shaft, which always exists in machines that are manufactured using conventional methods. The excitation has a frequency that is dependent on the rotational speed of the machine. The rotating machines in industrial use are usually designed to rotate at a constant rotational speed, the case where the resonances can be easily avoided. However, the machines that have a varying operational speed are more problematic due to a wider range of frequencies that have to be avoided. Vibrations, which frequencies equal to rotational speed frequency of the machine are widely studied and considered in the typical machine design process. This study concentrates on vibrations, which arise from the excitations having frequencies that are multiples of the rotational speed frequency. These vibrations take place when there are two or more excitation components in a revolution of a rotating shaft. The dissertation introduces four studies where three kinds of machines are experiencing vibrations caused by different excitations. The first studied case is a directly driven permanent magnet generator used in a wind power plant. The electromagnetic properties of the generator cause harmonic excitations in the system. The dynamic responses of the generator are studied using the multibody dynamics formulation. In another study, the finite element method is used to study the vibrations of a magnetic gear due to excitations, which frequencies equal to the rotational speed frequency. The objective is to study the effects of manufacturing and assembling inaccuracies. Particularly, the eccentricity of the rotating part with respect to non-rotating part is studied since the eccentric operation causes a force component in the direction of the shortest air gap. The third machine type is a tube roll of a paper machine, which is studied while the tube roll is supported using two different structures. These cases are studied using different formulations. In the first case, the tube roll is supported by spherical roller bearings, which have some wavinesses on the rolling surfaces. Wavinesses cause excitations to the tube roll, which starts to resonate at the frequency that is a half of the first natural frequency. The frequency is in the range where the machine normally operates. The tube roll is modeled using the finite element method and the bearings are modeled as nonlinear forces between the tube roll and the pedestals. In the second case studied, the tube roll is supported by freely rotating discs, which wavinesses are also measured. The above described phenomenon is captured as well in this case, but the simulation methodology is based on the flexible multibody dynamics formulation. The simulation models that are used in both of the last two cases studied are verified by measuring the actual devices and comparing the simulated and measured results. The results show good agreement.

Production planning and optimization of a pulp mill: introduction of the optimisation based scheduling software for pulp industry

The objective of this project was to introduce a new software product to pulp industry, a new market for case company. An optimization based scheduling tool has been developed to allow pulp operations to better control their production processes and improve both production efficiency and stability. Both the work here and earlier research indicates that there is a potential for savings around 1-5%. All the supporting data is available today coming from distributed control systems, data historians and other existing sources. The pulp mill model together with the scheduler, allows what-if analyses of the impacts and timely feasibility of various external actions such as planned maintenance of any particular mill operation. The visibility gained from the model proves also to be a real benefit. The aim is to satisfy demand and gain extra profit, while achieving the required customer service level. Research effort has been put both in understanding the minimum features needed to satisfy the scheduling requirements in the industry and the overall existence of the market. A qualitative study was constructed to both identify competitive situation and the requirements vs. gaps on the market. It becomes clear that there is no such system on the marketplace today and also that there is room to improve target market overall process efficiency through such planning tool. This thesis also provides better overall understanding of the different processes in this particular industry for the case company.

Sinkityslinjan pesuosan optimointi

Työn tavoitteena oli sinkityslinjan pesuosan toiminnan optimointi. Teoriakatsauksen ja haastattelututkimusten avulla työssä selvitettiin, mitkä tekijät pesuosalla tai teräsnauhan pesua edeltävissä prosessivaiheissa vaikuttavat pesutehoon alentavasti. Pesuosan ajoparametrien muutoskokeiden avulla määritettiin kunkin pesuparametrin suhteellinen vaikutus pesutulokseen sekä pesuosan optimaaliset ajoparametrit. Vaikutuksia arvioitiin pinnanpuhtauden ja pesuvesien laboratorioanalyysien sekä prosessidatan avulla. Jätevesianalyysien ja prosessidatan avulla arvioitiin lisäksi pesuosan muutosten vaikutusta pesusta syntyviä jätevesiä käsittelevän jätevesilaitoksen toimintaan. Laitetestauksen avulla työssä kartoitettiin, mikä menetelmä pinnanpuhtauden määrittämiseen soveltuu pesuosalle parhaiten. Kustannusarvioinnilla selvitettiin, millä toimin pesuosan toimintavarmuutta on edullisinta ylläpitää. Työn tulosten pohjalta lämpötilalla todettiin olevan pesutuloksen kannalta merkittävin vaikutus. Sen sijaan kemikaaliannostelun merkitys oli vähäinen. Vesien säännöllisen uudistamisen todettiin olevan olennainen pesuvesien ylläpitokeino nykyisessä pesutilanteessa. Se todettiin lisäksi ennakoivana toimenpiteenä kannattavammaksi kuin pesuosan täystyhjäykset ongelmatilanteissa. Teippitestein määritettävälle pinnanpuhtaudelle katsottiin sopivaksi vaihteluväliksi 40–75 %. Työssä todettiin, että pesua edeltävän kylmävalssin valssiöljyn vaihto sekä valssilla tuotetun teräsnauhan pinnanpuhtaus vaikuttavat merkittävästi pesuosan toimintakykyyn ja pesuosan pyörittämisestä aiheutuviin kustannuksiin. Toimenpiteet pesuosalla vaikuttavat lisäksi jätevesilaitoksen käsittelyvaatimuksiin, joskin myös tasaavat sen toimintaa. Työssä ehdotettiin ratkaisukeinoja pesuosan toimintavarmuuden varmistamiseksi jatkossa, sekä tarjottiin työkaluja, joiden avulla tulevissa investointipäätöksissä voidaan ottaa huomioon myös pesuosan toiminnan edellytykset.

Kokutai no hongi och Senjinkun – en analys av handböcker för civila och soldater : shintoismens, buddhismens och konfucianismens roll i Japan under andra världskriget

Under andra världskriget rådde en starkt nationalistisk anda i Japan. Bland det mest centrala var att visa lojalitet och vördnad för den japanska kejsaren och staten. Olika handböcker publicerades för att sprida lärorna om statens ideologi och utveckla andan bland japanska soldater och civila. Principer från olika religiösa traditioner blandades samman och inlemmades i lärorna som ingick i handböckerna. I avhandlingen undersöker jag på vilket sätt religiösa doktriner, mer specifikt shintoistiska, buddhistiska och konfucianska, sammanblandades och syntes i ideologin. Mitt fokus ligger på två skrifter, Kokutai no hongi och Senjinkun, som publicerades i Japan under 1930– och 1940–talen för att utveckla den rätta andan inför kriget. Jag gör en tolkande studie av handböckerna för att få en uppfattning av hur de tre religionerna ingick i lärorna inom ideologin. Jag använder mig här av engelska översättningar av skrifterna och stöder mig på tidigare forskning av dem. Förutom det jämför jag de två handböckerna för att se ifall det finns likheter mellan lärorna i dem. Utgående från min studie konstaterar jag att det finns vissa likheter mellan lärorna i de två skrifterna. De tre religionerna hade en viktig roll inom den rådande ideologin. Shintoismen utgjorde grunden för lärorna och de konfucianska och buddhistiska principerna var strukturerade kring de shintoistiska lärorna. Vilken av religionerna som var viktigare än den andra inom ideologin är svårt att avgöra. Alla religionerna var väsentliga beståndsdelar av ideologin.

Roll-to-roll atomic layer deposition process for flexible electronics applications

Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) is the technology of choice where very thin and highquality films are required. Its advantage is its ability to deposit dense and pinhole-free coatings in a controllable manner. It has already shown promising results in a range of applications, e.g. diffusion barrier coatings for OLED displays, surface passivation layers for solar panels. Spatial Atomic Layer Deposition (SALD) is a concept that allows a dramatic increase in ALD throughput. During the SALD process, the substrate moves between spatially separated zones filled with the respective precursor gases and reagents in such a manner that the exposure sequence replicates the conventional ALD cycle. The present work describes the development of a high-throughput ALD process. Preliminary process studies were made using an SALD reactor designed especially for this purpose. The basic properties of the ALD process were demonstrated using the wellstudied Al2O3 trimethyl aluminium (TMA)+H2O process. It was shown that the SALD reactor is able to deposit uniform films in true ALD mode. The ALD nature of the process was proven by demonstrating self-limiting behaviour and linear film growth. The process behaviour and properties of synthesized films were in good agreement with previous ALD studies. Issues related to anomalous deposition at low temperatures were addressed as well. The quality of the coatings was demonstrated by applying 20 nm of the Al2O3 on to polymer substrate and measuring its moisture barrier properties. The results of tests confirmed the superior properties of the coatings and their suitability for flexible electronics encapsulation. Successful results led to the development of a pilot scale roll-to-roll coating system. It was demonstrated that the system is able to deposit superior quality films with a water transmission rate of 5x10-6 g/m2day at a web speed of 0.25 m/min. That is equivalent to a production rate of 180 m2/day and can be potentially increased by using wider webs. State-of-art film quality, high production rates and repeatable results make SALD the technology of choice for manufacturing ultra-high barrier coatings for flexible electronics.

Feasibility of industrial implementation of laser cutting into paper making machine

Laser cutting implementation possibilities into paper making machine was studied as the main objective of the work. Laser cutting technology application was considered as a replacement tool for conventional cutting methods used in paper making machines for longitudinal cutting such as edge trimming at different paper making process and tambour roll slitting. Laser cutting of paper was tested in 70’s for the first time. Since then, laser cutting and processing has been applied for paper materials with different level of success in industry. Laser cutting can be employed for longitudinal cutting of paper web in machine direction. The most common conventional cutting methods include water jet cutting and rotating slitting blades applied in paper making machines. Cutting with CO2 laser fulfils basic requirements for cutting quality, applicability to material and cutting speeds in all locations where longitudinal cutting is needed. Literature review provided description of advantages, disadvantages and challenges of laser technology when it was applied for cutting of paper material with particular attention to cutting of moving paper web. Based on studied laser cutting capabilities and problem definition of conventional cutting technologies, preliminary selection of the most promising application area was carried out. Laser cutting (trimming) of paper web edges in wet end was estimated to be the most promising area where it can be implemented. This assumption was made on the basis of rate of web breaks occurrence. It was found that up to 64 % of total number of web breaks occurred in wet end, particularly in location of so called open draws where paper web was transferred unsupported by wire or felt. Distribution of web breaks in machine cross direction revealed that defects of paper web edge was the main reason of tearing initiation and consequent web break. The assumption was made that laser cutting was capable of improvement of laser cut edge tensile strength due to high cutting quality and sealing effect of the edge after laser cutting. Studies of laser ablation of cellulose supported this claim. Linear energy needed for cutting was calculated with regard to paper web properties in intended laser cutting location. Calculated linear cutting energy was verified with series of laser cutting. Practically obtained laser energy needed for cutting deviated from calculated values. This could be explained by difference in heat transfer via radiation in laser cutting and different absorption characteristics of dry and moist paper material. Laser cut samples (both dry and moist (dry matter content about 25-40%)) were tested for strength properties. It was shown that tensile strength and strain break of laser cut samples are similar to corresponding values of non-laser cut samples. Chosen method, however, did not address tensile strength of laser cut edge in particular. Thus, the assumption of improving strength properties with laser cutting was not fully proved. Laser cutting effect on possible pollution of mill broke (recycling of trimmed edge) was carried out. Laser cut samples (both dry and moist) were tested on the content of dirt particles. The tests revealed that accumulation of dust particles on the surface of moist samples can take place. This has to be taken into account to prevent contamination of pulp suspension when trim waste is recycled. Material loss due to evaporation during laser cutting and amount of solid residues after cutting were evaluated. Edge trimming with laser would result in 0.25 kg/h of solid residues and 2.5 kg/h of lost material due to evaporation. Schemes of laser cutting implementation and needed laser equipment were discussed. Generally, laser cutting system would require two laser sources (one laser source for each cutting zone), set of beam transfer and focusing optics and cutting heads. In order to increase reliability of system, it was suggested that each laser source would have double capacity. That would allow to perform cutting employing one laser source working at full capacity for both cutting zones. Laser technology is in required level at the moment and do not require additional development. Moreover, capacity of speed increase is high due to availability high power laser sources what can support the tendency of speed increase of paper making machines. Laser cutting system would require special roll to maintain cutting. The scheme of such roll was proposed as well as roll integration into paper making machine. Laser cutting can be done in location of central roll in press section, before so-called open draw where many web breaks occur, where it has potential to improve runability of a paper making machine. Economic performance of laser cutting was done as comparison of laser cutting system and water jet cutting working in the same conditions. It was revealed that laser cutting would still be about two times more expensive compared to water jet cutting. This is mainly due to high investment cost of laser equipment and poor energy efficiency of CO2 lasers. Another factor is that laser cutting causes material loss due to evaporation whereas water jet cutting almost does not cause material loss. Despite difficulties of laser cutting implementation in paper making machine, its implementation can be beneficial. The crucial role in that is possibility to improve cut edge strength properties and consequently reduce number of web breaks. Capacity of laser cutting to maintain cutting speeds which exceed current speeds of paper making machines what is another argument to consider laser cutting technology in design of new high speed paper making machines.

Framåt med stöd av det förflutna : religiöst historiebruk hos Anders Svedberg

Att det förflutna spelar en avgörande roll vid såväl individers som kollektivs identitetsformering är snarast ett axiom inom historiefacket. Därför är det ingen överraskning att det förflutna brukas av grupper och deras ledare i syfte att befästa och vidmakthålla den egna identiteten. Forskningen kring detta – den så kallade historiebruksforskningen – har under de senaste decennierna upplevt ett starkt uppsving inom flera discipliner i Norden, framför allt inom historia och historiedidaktik. Historiebruksforskningen har ändå försummat att i någon högre grad ta i beaktande religiösa och teologiska aspekter, liksom också de teologiska ämnena har varit dåliga på att visa intresse för historiebruksfrågor. Avhandlingen kan därför ses som ett svar på denna ömsesidiga försummelse, och som ett bidrag till det aktuella och framväxande forskningsfältet kring historiebruk och kulturellt minne. Med utgångspunkt i den österbottniske mångsysslaren Anders Svedberg (1832–1889) undersöks mer konkret begreppet ”religiöst historiebruk”. Anders Svedberg växte upp, levde och verkade i det av väckelsen starkt präglade Munsala i svenska Österbotten. Han var en man av folket som kände till dess seder, bruk och historia. Därför kunde han ösa ur dess historia när han skrev sina tidningsartiklar och när han i lantdagen talade för allmogens demokratisering. Genom anspelningar på och hänvisningar till det förflutna refererade han ofta till kyrkohistoriska händelser i sin argumentation. Men vilka händelser använde han sig av? Varför hänvisade han till just de händelserna? Hur gjorde han det och i vilket syfte? Utifrån dessa konkreta frågor ger undersökningen förslag på vad som allmänt kan tänkas karakterisera ett religiöst historiebruk. Resultaten ger vid handen att ett religiöst historiebruk – särskilt när det bygger på en religiös minnesgemenskaps kulturella texter – har en förmåga att fungera legitimerande, mobiliserande och inkluderande/exkluderande. --------------------------------------------------------------------- Menneisyydellä on merkittävä osa sekä yksilön että yhteisön identiteetin muotoutumisessa. Tämä väittämä on yleisesti tunnustettu. Siksi ei ole yllättävää että eri yhteisöt ja niiden johtajat hyödyntävät menneisyyttä vahvistaakseen ja suojellakseen omaa identiteettiään. Niin kutsuttu historian käytön tutkimus on viime vuosikymmenillä vahvistanut asemaansa monilla tieteenaloilla pohjoismaissa, erityisesti historiatieteessä ja historian didaktiikassa. Historian käytön tutkimus ei kuitenkaan oleellisesti ole huomioinut uskonnollisia tai teologisia näkökulmia. Myöskään teologiset oppiaineet eivät ole osoittaneet suurempaa kiinnostusta historian käyttöä kohtaan. Väitöstutkimus vastaa siten näihin molempiin laiminlyönteihin ja se voidaan nähdä kirkkohistoriallisena panoksena historian käytön ja kulttuurisen muistin ajankohtaiseen ja kasvavaan tutkimusalaan. Tutkimus ottaa lähtökohdakseen pohjoismaalaisen monitaiturin Anders Svedbergin (1832–1889) ja tarkastelee hänen kautta käsitettä ”uskonnollinen historiankäyttö”. Anders Svedberg varttui, eli ja toimi Munsalassa aikaan jolloin herännäisyydellä ja muilla herätysliikkeillä oli vahva jalansija alueella. Svedberg tunsi pohjoismaalaisen maalaisväestön tavat ja tottumukset sekä alueen historian. Tämän takia hän osasi hyödyntää kyseistä historiaa kirjoittaessaan lehtiartikkeleita maalaisväestölle ja ajaessaan heidän etujaan säätyvaltiopäivillä. Kirjoituksissaan ja puheissaan hän viittasi usein historiallisiin ja kirkkohistoriallisiin tapahtumiin. Mutta mihin tapahtumiin hän viittasi? Miksi hän viittasi juuri näihin tapahtumiin, miten hän sen teki ja millä tavalla? Näiden konkreettisten kysymysten avulla tutkimus pyrkii tarkastelemaan miltä uskonnollinen historiankäyttö yleisellä tasolla voi näyttää. Tutkimustulos osoittaa että uskonnollisella historiankäytöllä – varsinkin perustuessaan uskonnollisen muistiyhteisön kulttuuriseen tekstiin – on kyky legitimoida, mobilisoida sekä sisällyttää ja sulkea pois ihmisiä.

Separation of lignin in Pulp Mill process and its effect on sodium sulphur balance

The aim of this thesis is to define effects of lignin separation process on Pulp mill chemical balance especially on sodium/sulphur-balance. The objective is to develop a simulation model with WinGEMS Process Simulator and use that model to simulate the chemical balances and process changes. The literature part explains what lignin is and how kraft pulp is produced. It also introduces to the methods that can be used to extract lignin from black liquor stream and how those methods affect the pulping process. In experimental part seven different cases are simulated with the created simulation model. The simulations are based on selected reference mill that produces 500 000 tons of bleached air-dried (90 %) pulp per year. The simulations include the chemical balance calculation and the estimated production increase. Based on the simulations the heat load of the recovery boiler can be reduced and the pulp production increased when lignin is extracted. The simulations showed that decreasing the waste acid stream intake from the chlorine dioxide plant is an effective method to control the sulphidity level when about 10 % of lignin is extracted. With higher lignin removal rates the in-mill sulphuric acid production has been discovered to be a better alternative to the sulphidity control.

Framåt med stöd av det förflutna : religiöst historiebruk hos Anders Svedberg

Att det förflutna spelar en avgörande roll vid såväl individers som kollektivs identitetsformering är snarast ett axiom inom historiefacket. Därför är det ingen överraskning att det förflutna brukas av grupper och deras ledare i syfte att befästa och vidmakthålla den egna identiteten. Forskningen kring detta – den så kallade historiebruksforskningen – har under de senaste decennierna upplevt ett starkt uppsving inom flera discipliner i Norden, framför allt inom historia och historiedidaktik. Historiebruksforskningen har ändå försummat att i någon högre grad ta i beaktande religiösa och teologiska aspekter, liksom också de teologiska ämnena har varit dåliga på att visa intresse för historiebruksfrågor. Avhandlingen kan därför ses som ett svar på denna ömsesidiga försummelse, och som ett bidrag till det aktuella och framväxande forskningsfältet kring historiebruk och kulturellt minne. Med utgångspunkt i den österbottniske mångsysslaren Anders Svedberg (1832–1889) undersöks mer konkret begreppet ”religiöst historiebruk”. Anders Svedberg växte upp, levde och verkade i det av väckelsen starkt präglade Munsala i svenska Österbotten. Han var en man av folket som kände till dess seder, bruk och historia. Därför kunde han ösa ur dess historia när han skrev sina tidningsartiklar och när han i lantdagen talade för allmogens demokratisering. Genom anspelningar på och hänvisningar till det förflutna refererade han ofta till kyrkohistoriska händelser i sin argumentation. Men vilka händelser använde han sig av? Varför hänvisade han till just de händelserna? Hur gjorde han det och i vilket syfte? Utifrån dessa konkreta frågor ger undersökningen förslag på vad som allmänt kan tänkas karakterisera ett religiöst historiebruk. Resultaten ger vid handen att ett religiöst historiebruk – särskilt när det bygger på en religiös minnesgemenskaps kulturella texter – har en förmåga att fungera legitimerande, mobiliserande och inkluderande/exkluderande. --------------------------------------------------------------------- Menneisyydellä on merkittävä osa sekä yksilön että yhteisön identiteetin muotoutumisessa. Tämä väittämä on yleisesti tunnustettu. Siksi ei ole yllättävää että eri yhteisöt ja niiden johtajat hyödyntävät menneisyyttä vahvistaakseen ja suojellakseen omaa identiteettiään. Niin kutsuttu historian käytön tutkimus on viime vuosikymmenillä vahvistanut asemaansa monilla tieteenaloilla pohjoismaissa, erityisesti historiatieteessä ja historian didaktiikassa. Historian käytön tutkimus ei kuitenkaan oleellisesti ole huomioinut uskonnollisia tai teologisia näkökulmia. Myöskään teologiset oppiaineet eivät ole osoittaneet suurempaa kiinnostusta historian käyttöä kohtaan. Väitöstutkimus vastaa siten näihin molempiin laiminlyönteihin ja se voidaan nähdä kirkkohistoriallisena panoksena historian käytön ja kulttuurisen muistin ajankohtaiseen ja kasvavaan tutkimusalaan. Tutkimus ottaa lähtökohdakseen pohjoismaalaisen monitaiturin Anders Svedbergin (1832–1889) ja tarkastelee hänen kautta käsitettä ”uskonnollinen historiankäyttö”. Anders Svedberg varttui, eli ja toimi Munsalassa aikaan jolloin herännäisyydellä ja muilla herätysliikkeillä oli vahva jalansija alueella. Svedberg tunsi pohjoismaalaisen maalaisväestön tavat ja tottumukset sekä alueen historian. Tämän takia hän osasi hyödyntää kyseistä historiaa kirjoittaessaan lehtiartikkeleita maalaisväestölle ja ajaessaan heidän etujaan säätyvaltiopäivillä. Kirjoituksissaan ja puheissaan hän viittasi usein historiallisiin ja kirkkohistoriallisiin tapahtumiin. Mutta mihin tapahtumiin hän viittasi? Miksi hän viittasi juuri näihin tapahtumiin, miten hän sen teki ja millä tavalla? Näiden konkreettisten kysymysten avulla tutkimus pyrkii tarkastelemaan miltä uskonnollinen historiankäyttö yleisellä tasolla voi näyttää. Tutkimustulos osoittaa että uskonnollisella historiankäytöllä – varsinkin perustuessaan uskonnollisen muistiyhteisön kulttuuriseen tekstiin – on kyky legitimoida, mobilisoida sekä sisällyttää ja sulkea pois ihmisiä.

Development of modular roll service concepts

The goal of this study was to find and develop new or improved service concepts for rolls in a paper machine and secondary targets were to find out what the KPIs and values of the concepts are. Two methodologies were utilized in researching this problem; firstly sales personnel were interviewed about customer values and KPIs and a questionnaire about service modules were sent out to four BSI (basic sales item) responsible persons. Throughout the research process differences in geographic regions were identified and several customer KPIs and values were discovered. The interviews showed that the main concern for customers is the cost of operations. The goal is to produce the same or in some cases more tons with smaller operating costs. The questionnaire standardized the data about service modules and made it possible to link these values, KPIs and concerns of customers to Valmet’s service offering. Eventually these service modules were used to create a service concepts that offer flexibility, cost savings, safety and peace of mind for the customers. With this new conceptual approach Valmet can more flexibly answer to customer quotations and modify the offering to better generate customer value and customer satisfaction. In addition a new BSI was defined and proposed for pilot projects.