83 resultados para Balanced ration


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T helper cell (Th) functions are crucial for proper immune defence against various intra- and extracellular pathogens. According to the specific immune responses, Th cells can be classified into subtypes, Th1 and Th2 cells being the most frequently characterized classes. Th1 and Th2 cells interact with other immune cells by regulating their functions with specific cytokine production. IFN, IL-2 and TNF- are the cytokines predominantly produced by Th1 cells whereas Th2 cells produce Th2-type cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13. Upon TCR activation and in the presence of polarizing cytokines, Th cells differentiate into effector subtypes from a common precursor cell. IFN and IL-12 are the predominant Th1 polarizing cytokines whereas IL-4 directs Th2 polarization. The cytokines mediate their effects through specific receptor signalling. The differentiation process is complex, involving various signalling molecules and routes, as well as functions of the specific transcription factors. The functions of the Th1/Th2 cells are tightly regulated; however, knowledge on human Th cell differentiation is, as yet, fairly poor. The susceptibility for many immune-mediated disorders often originates from disturbed Th cell responses. Thus, research is needed for defining the molecular mechanisms involved in the differentiation and balanced functions of the Th cells. Importantly, the new information obtained will be crucial for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of immune-mediated disorders, such as asthma or autoimmune diseases. In the first subproject of this thesis, the role of genetic polymorphisms in the human STAT6, GATA3 and STAT4 genes were investigated for asthma or atopy susceptibility in Finnish asthma families by association analysis. These genes code for key transcription factors regulating Th cell differentiation. The study resulted in the identification of a GATA3 haplotype that associated with asthma and related traits (high serum IgE level). In the second subproject, an optimized method for human primary T cell transfection and enrichment was established. The method can be utilized for functional studies for the selected genes of interest. The method was also utilized in the third subproject, which aimed at the identification of novel genes involved in early human Th cell polarization (0-48h) using genome-wide oligonucleotide arrays. As a result, numerous genes and ESTs with known or unknown functions were identified in the study. Using an shRNA knockdown approach, a panel of novel IL-4/STAT6 regulated genes were identified in the functional studies of the genes. Moreover, one of the genes, NDFIP2, with a previously uncharacterized role in the human Th differentiation, was observed to promote IFN production of the differentiated Th1 cells. Taken together, the results obtained have revealed potential new relevant candidate genes serving as a basis for further studies characterizing the detailed networks involved in the human Th cell differentiation as well as in the genetic susceptibility of Th-mediated immune disorders.

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Under the circumstances of the increasing market pressure, enterprises try to improve their competitive position by development efforts, and a business development project is one tool for that. There are not many answers to the question of how the development projects launched to improve the business performance in SMEs have succeeded. Theacademic interest in the business development project success has mainly focused on projects implemented in larger organisations rather than in SMEs. The previous studies on the business success of SMEs have mainly focused on new business ventures rather than on existing SMEs. However, nowadays a large number of business development projects are undertaken in existing SMEs, where they can pose a great challenge. This study focuses on business development success in SMEs thathave already established their business. The objective of the present study is to gain a deep understanding on business development project success in the SME-context and to identify the dimensions and factors affecting the project success. Further, the aim is to clarify how the business development projects implemented in SMEs have affected their performance. The empirical evidence is based on multiple case study. This study builds a framework for a generic theory of business development success in the SME-context, based on literature from the areas ofproject and change management, entrepreneurship and small business management, as well as performance measurement, and on empirical evidence from SMES. The framework consists of five success dimensions: entrepreneurial, project preparation, change management, project management and project success. The framework provides a systematic way for analysing the business development project and its impact on the performance and on the performing company. This case evidence indicates that successful business development projects have a balanced, high performance concerning all the dimensions. Good performance in one dimension is not enoughfor the project success, but it gives a good ground for the other dimensions. The other way round, poor performance in one success dimension affects the others, leading to poor performance of the project. In the SME-context the business development project success seems to be dependent on several interrelated dimensions and factors. Success in one area leads to success in other areas, and so creates an upward success spiral. Failure in one area seems to lead to failure in other areas, creating a downward failure spiral. The study indicates that the internal business development projects have affected the SMEs' performance widely also on areas and functions not initially targeted. The implications cover all thesuccess categories: the project efficiency, the impact on the customer, the business success and the future potentiality. With successful cases, the success tends to spread out to areas and functions not mentioned as the project goals, andwith unsuccessful cases the failure seems to spread out widely to the SMEs' other functions. This study also indicates that the most important key factors for successful business development project implementation are the strength of intention, business ability, knowledge, motivation and participation of the employees, as well as adequate and well-timed training provided to the employees.

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Tämän työn ensisijaisena tavoitteena oli kehittää tietojärjestelmähankkeiden investointiprosessia luomalla kohdeyritykseen yhtenäinen toimintatapa hankkeiden jälkitarkkailuun. Tavoiteltu muutos koskee järjestelmäinvestointien arviointiperusteita sekä niiden käyttöönoton jälkeistä seurantaa. Jälkitarkkailumalli on rakennettu tasapainotettujen mittaristojen viitekehyksestä mittaamalla onnistumista johdon, loppukäyttäjän sekä projektin näkökulmasta. Työn tuloksena on Excel -sovellus sekä toimintatapa sovelluksen käytölle. Esimerkki-investoinnista kerätyn kokemuksen perusteella malli tukee investointiin liittyvien sidosryhmien sitoutumista yhteisiin tavoitteisiin sekä selkeyttää roolijakoa IT - vetoisen projektiryhmän ja yrityksen liiketoiminnallisen johdon välillä. Lisäksi mallin koettiin tukevan käyttöönotetun järjestelmän tavoitelähtöistä johtamista. Käytön laajentuessa mallilla uskotaan olevan yksittäistenhankkeiden lisäksi positiivinen vaikutus myös yrityksen tietojärjestelmähankkeiden investointiprosessiin.

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Diplomityö tehtiin taustatutkimukseksi Komartek Oyj:n Kolibri-projektiin, jonka tarkoituksena on tuottaa uuden sukupolven asiakastietojärjestelmä sähköyhtiöille. Työn tarkoituksena oli kartoittaa sähkömarkkinoiden liiketoiminnan nykytilaa ja lähitulevaisuutta, kun sähkömarkkinoiden täydellisestä vapautumisesta on kulunut viisi vuotta. Kirjallisuuden perusteella tutkittiin markkinoiden vapautumista ja sähkömarkkinoiden nykyistä tilannetta. Työssä pohdittiin myös nykyisten markkinoiden toimijoitaja heidän toimintakenttäänsä. Toimintakenttää kartoitettiin myös päästökaupan ja hajautetun energiantuotannon kannalta. Diplomityön yhteydessä tehtiin kaksi haastattelututkimusta. Asiantuntijahaastattelu tehtiin 30 alan asiantuntijalle sähköpostitse Delphoi-menetelmällä ja tutkimuksen tarkoitus oli kerätä tietoa sähköyhtiöiden toimintaympäristön luomista uhkista ja mahdollisuuksista. Sähköyhtiöihin tehdyssä haastattelututkimuksessa haastateltiin 13 sähköyhtiön edustajaa. Tutkimuksen tarkoitus oli kartoittaa yhtiöiden tekemiä toimenpiteitä ja strategioita muuttuvassa toimintaympäristössä. Sähkömarkkinoiden rakennemuutos ei ole liiketoiminnan kannalta vielä loppunut. Useat sähköyhtiöt harjoittavat toimintaansa sekä vanhan että uuden tilanteen mukaan. Lisäksi edelleen odotetaan suuria muutoksia toimintakentässä esimerkiksi päästökaupan ja Euroopan sähkömarkkinoiden avaamisen suhteen. Toisaalta sähkömarkkinoidenavaaminen on tuonut toimijoille myös uusia mahdollisuuksia laajentaa tai tehostaa toimintaansa. Sähkömarkkinoiden liiketoiminnasta olisi hyvä tehdä lisäselvityksiä markkinatilanteen vakiinnuttua.