Elinkaariajattelu ja -liiketoiminta Suomen meriteollisuudessa – haasteita ja mahdollisuuksia yrityksille

Tässä tutkimuksessa on analysoitu elinkaariajattelua suomalaisessa meriteollisuussektorissa. Tutkimuksen tehtävänä on ollut kartoittaa, miten meriteollisuudessa on lähestytty elinkaariajattelua ja mitä tutkimus- tai sovellustarpeita alalla ilmenee. Tutkimus analysoi meriteollisuusyritysten liiketoimintaa ja niiden elinkaarijohtamista, erityisesti tuotteiden sekä palvelujen elinkaaren että asiakaskunnan elinkaaren suhteita ja tasapainoa. Samalla on analysoitu elinkaarinäkökulmasta yritysten kokemia haasteita ja mahdollisuuksia sekä arvioitu elinkaariajattelun relevanssia meriteollisuuden liiketoiminnalle. Tutkimus koostuu kolmesta pääosasta, joita ovat: -Akateemisen kirjallisuuden ja -tutkimuksen analyysi meriteollisuusklusterin ja sen yritysten perspektiivistä koskien elinkaariajattelua -Empiirinen kartoitus alan yritysten toiminnoista koskien kansainvälisen liiketoiminnan kehittämistä ja erityisesti elinkaariliiketoimintaa -Yhteenveto ja synteesi, jossa akateemisen keskustelun suuntaviivat sovelletaan yritysten tarpeisiin ja tehdään ehdotus tutkimuskokonaisuuksista ja painopisteistä, joihin jatkossa tulisi panostaa. Tutkimuksen elinkaariteoreettinen tarkastelu osoittaa, että eri elinkaarimalleilla on erilaiset ontologiset lähtökohdat ja fokukset. Elinkaarimalleja on erilaisia, mutta eri näkökulmia yhdistävää kokonaisvaltaista mallia ei ole olemassa. Tuotepohjainen ajattelu dominoi vahvasti elinkaariteoriakenttää ja osin tästä syystä elinkaarimallit koskien innovaatioita, revaloration-toimintaa ja liiketoimintakonseptien kehitystä tai näiden yhdistämistä ovat jääneet selkeästi taka-alalle. Näillä on kuitenkin huomattavaa potentiaalia luoda uutta näkökulmaa yritysten arvonluontilogiikalle, yhteistyölle ja kilpailukyvylle. Jatkossa elinkaariteoriat tulisi paremmin sovittaa liiketoimintakohtaiseen viitekehykseen ja niiden ulottuvuuksia tulisi yhdistää selkeästi kokonaisvaltaisempaan ajatteluun. Elinkaariajattelu on haaste yritysjohdolle, sillä verkottuneessa meriteollisuudessa arvoa luodaan yhdessä erilaisten partnerien kanssa. Haasteita se luo esimerkiksi markkinoinnille, viestinnälle ja asiakassuhteiden hoitamiselle, koska meriteollisuuden asiakkaita pidetään varsin konservatiivisina ja omistamisen filosofia on edelleen varsin keskeistä. Toisaalta elinkaaren edut ja hyödyt voivat olla monen yrityksen toiminnan summa ja ne voivat olla kuin osa palapeliä eli vaikeita hahmottaa. Elinkaarihyötyjen konkreettista arvoa ja laskelmia on myös usein vaikea osoittaa, koska mekanismit ovat monimutkaisia ja tuotteen omistajat saattavat vaihtua moneen kertaan. Yritykset eivät tuo voimakkaasti esiin esimerkiksi eurooppalaisten toimijoiden vahvuuksia sosiaalisina, vastuullisina yrityksinä tilanteessa, jossa kilpailevat ekosysteemit pohjautuvat pitkälti halpakustannusmalliin. Vastuullisuuteen ja kestävään kehitykseen liittyviä liiketoimintamalleja voisikin tulevaisuudessa kehittää ja tarjota siten uutta arvoa loppuasiakkaille ja yhteisorganisaatioille. Yleisesti vaikuttaisi siltä, että konkreettisimmin elinkaariajattelua pystyvät tällä hetkellä liiketoiminnassaan soveltamaan laitevalmistajat ja järjestelmätoimittajat. Meriteollisuuden eri asiakassegmentit ja liiketoiminta-alueet ovat elinkaariliiketoiminnan näkökulmasta erilaisia. Myös sääntelyn merkitys liiketoiminnalle vaihtelee suuresti. Esimerkiksi end-of-life-toiminnot, kuten laivojen romutus, ovat lähes kokonaan pois Euroopan alueelta. Toisaalta esimerkiksi offshore-alalla säädösympäristö tuo mahdollisuuksia uudentyyppisten huolto-, konversio- ja purkupalveluiden kehittämiseen ja suunnitteluun, vaikka merkittävä osa struktuuria ei vielä tällä hetkellä ole elinkaarensa lopussa. Perinteistä rahtipuolta pidetään yleisesti haasteellisimpana liiketoiminnan kannalta, sillä laivan elinkaari yhdellä omistajalla voi olla erittäin lyhyt. Liiketoimintapotentiaalia luo kuitenkin se, että meriteollisuuden loppu- ja osatuotteilla on tyypillisesti jatkoelämä, joka edellyttää erilaisia suunnittelu-, muutos- ja kehitystöitä. Alan yritykset toteavat selkeästi, että palveluliiketoiminnalla ja elinkaaripalveluilla on vaikutus uusinvestointitilaisten saamiseen ja sääntelytoiminta tai sen porsaanreiät vaikuttavat liiketoimintamahdollisuuksiin. Tutkimuksella on potentiaali ja rooli elinkaariliiketoimintojen kehitykselle tulevaisuudessa. Jatkossa tulisi lisätä esimerkiksi public-private-partnership -yhteistyömuotoja elinkaariliiketoimintaa tukevassa informaationhallinnassa. Laitteiden ja prosessien käyttöön liittyvää tietoa on usein vain käyttäjän tai esimerkiksi vakuutusyhtiön halussa, neutraaleita tietokantoja ei ole ja tiedon omistussuhteet ovat ongelmallisia. Neutraalit institutionaaliset toimijat kuten yliopistot voivat osaltaan olla ratkaisemassa näitä haasteita. Tutkimus korostaa jatkotutkimustarpeita erityisesti elinkaariajattelun soveltamisessa ympäristöajatteluun, vastuullisuuteen ja kilpailukyvyn kohottamiseen. Liiketoimintamalleja tulisi tutkia alkaen pre-vaiheesta, rahoituksesta, vakuutuksista ja telematiikasta aina romutukseen asti kokonaisvaltaisesti. Keskeisimmiksi tutkimusteemoiksi yrityshaastatteluiden perusteella nousivat a) sopimusmallit, vastuukysymykset ja riskien hallinta pitkäkestoisissa palvelusuhteissa ja yhteistyössä, b) asiakassegmenttien profilointi ja analysointi, käyttäytyminen ja ennakointi liiketoimintamallien kehittämiseksi, c) omistaminen ja sen soveltaminen eri liiketoimintaratkaisuissa, d) vakuutukset ja rahoitus osana elinkaaripalveluita, e) järjestelmä-, laite-, ja toimintatiedon tehokas kerääminen, analysointi ja hyväksikäyttö liiketoiminnan tukena, erityisesti etäteknologioiden avulla, sekä f) tuoreet ajatusmallit ja filosofiat tulevaisuuden arvojen muuttamisesta liiketoiminnaksi. Tutkimuksen ovat toteuttaneet Turun yliopiston kauppakorkeakoulun CCR Tutkimuspalvelut yhdessä kansainvälisen liiketoiminnan oppiaineen kanssa.

Mapping the Value Network Potential in Cross-sector Collaboration: Case welfare Services for Elderly in Finland

Value network has been studied greatly in the academic research, but a tool for value network mapping is missing. The objective of this study was to design a tool (process) for value network mapping in cross-sector collaboration. Furthermore, the study addressed a future perspective of collaboration, aiming to map the value network potential. During the study was investigated and pondered how to get the full potential of collaboration, by creating new value in collaboration process. These actions are parts of mapping process proposed in the study. The implementation and testing of the mapping process were realized through a case study of cross-sector collaboration in welfare services for elderly in the Eastern Finland. Key representatives in elderly care from public, private and third sectors were interviewed and a workshop with experts from every sector was also conducted in this regard. The value network mapping process designed in this study consists of specific steps that help managers and experts to understand how to get a complex value network map and how to enhance it. Furthermore, it make easier the understanding of how new value can be created in collaboration process. The map can be used in order to motivate participants to be engaged with responsibility in collaboration and to be fully committed in their interactions. It can be also used as a motivator tool for those organizations that intend to engage in collaboration process. Additionally, value network map is a starting point in many value network analyses. Furthermore, the enhanced value network map can be used as a performance measurement tool in cross-sector collaboration.

Elinkaarihankkeen rakennusliikeriskit

Tiivistelmä: Elinkaaren palvelumallit ovat suosittuja julkisten palveluiden hankintamuotoja Iso-Britanniassa. PPP–malli on yksi monista julkisten palvelujen kumppanuusmalleista, josta on tullut joissakin kunnissa yhä suositumpi hankintamalli myös Suomessa. Tämä on seurausta kuntien tiukasta taloustilanteesta, jossa PPP–hankkeen katsotaan mahdollistavan julkisen sektorin investoinnit joutumatta leikkaamaan muita pakollisia hankintoja. Kuitenkin koko elinkaaren kattavat palvelutarjonnan hankintamallit ovat vielä melko uusia malleja ja meillä on tarve löytää toimivia sopimusmalleja ja käytäntöjä, jotta hankkeista saadaan rakennusliikettä kiinnostavia liiketoimintamalleja. Ulkomailla elinkaarihankkeista on tehty monia tutkimuksia ja konsultit ovat kääntäneet niitä omiin tarkoituksiinsa sopiviksi. Kuitenkin Suomen lainsäädäntö on erilainen julkisten palveluiden tuottamisessa, erityisesti lakisääteisissä terveydenhuoltopalveluissa, vesi- ja jätevesihuollossa, vankeinhoidossa, ja niin edelleen. Tästä näkökulmasta ulkomailla tehdyt tutkimukset eivät sellaisenaan sovi Suomeen käytettäviksi. Esimerkiksi tutkimuksissa esitetään, että elinkaarihankkeet tuottavat pitkän aikavälin kassavirtaan, mutta tämä etu koskee vain rahoittaja ja kiinteistöpalvelu yrityksiä - ei rakennusyritystä. Tutkimuksissa mainitaan myös muista elinkaarihankkeiden mahdollisuuksista, jotka jäävät kuitenkin rakennusliikkeen näkökulmasta epäselviksi. Perinteisiin rakennuttamisen malleihin verrattuna elinkaarihankkeiden sopimusmenettelyt ovat monimutkaisempia sekä aikaa vievempiä ja sopijaosapuolten yhteistyö elinkaarihankkeissa on välttämätöntä. Käytännössä elinkaarihankkeiden riskienjako nähdään julkisen sektorin ja yksityisen sektorin välillä yksipuoliseksi. Jotta elinkaarimalli yleistyisi Suomessa, niin elinkaarisopimuksen riskienjaosta on tehtävä tasapuolinen ja käyttäjä pitää saada myös riskejä kantamaan. Tässä työssä keskitytään arvioimaan elinkaarimallien keskeisiä menestystekijöitä ja riskitekijöitä ja löytää mahdollisia tapoja tehdä hankintaprosessista helppoa ja sujuvaa. Samalla yritetään selvittää, miten elinkaarihankkeesta saadaan rakennusliikkeen kannalta menestyvää liiketoimintaa. Johtopäätökset perustuvat aikaisempiin tutkimuksiin ja empiiriseen tapaustutkimukseen. Työssä arvioidaan niitä seikkoja, jotka vaikuttavat yksityisen sektorin tarjouspäätökseen. Arvioinnissa erotetaan toisistaan kolme erillistä riskitekijää; tarjouksen tekemisen riskit, rakennushankkeen riskit ja elinkaaren aikaiset riskit. Työssä todetaan, että aikaisemmat tutkimukset ovat riittämättömiä rakennusliikkeen riskien arvioimiseen.

Railways, Airports and Sea Container Operators as Publicly Listed Companies – Financial Performance and Shareholder Value Creation Perspective

Logistics infrastructure and transportation services have been the liability of countries and governments for decades, or these have been under strict regulation policies. One of the first branches opened for competition in EU as well as in other continents, has been air transports (operators, like passenger and freight) and road transports. These have resulted on lower costs, better connectivity and in most of the cases higher service quality. However, quite large amount of other logistics related activities are still directly (or indirectly) under governmental influence, e.g. railway infrastructure, road infrastructure, railway operations, airports, and sea ports. Due to the globalization, governmental influence is not that necessary in this sector, since transportation needs have increased with much more significant phase as compared to economic growth. Also freight transportation needs do not correlate with passenger side, due to the reason that only small number of areas in the world have specialized in the production of particular goods. Therefore, in number of cases public-private partnership, or even privately owned companies operating in these sub-branches have been identified as beneficial for countries, customers and further economic growth. The objective of this research work is to shed more light on these kinds of experiments, especially in the relatively unknown sub-branches of logistics like railways, airports and sea container transports. In this research work we have selected companies having public listed status in some stock exchange, and have needed amount of financial scale to be considered as serious company rather than start-up phase venture. Our research results show that railways and airports usually need high fixed investments, but have showed in the last five years generally good financial performance, both in terms of profitability and cash flow. In contrary to common belief of prosperity in globally growing container transports, sea vessel operators of containers have not shown that impressive financial performance. Generally margins in this business are thin, and profitability has been sacrificed in front of high growth – this also concerns cash flow performance, which has been lower too. However, as we examine these three logistics sub-branches through shareholder value development angle during time period of 2002-2007, we were surprised to find out that all of these three have outperformed general stock market indexes in this period. More surprising is the result that financially a bit less performing sea container transportation sector shows highest shareholder value gain in the examination period. Thus, it should be remembered that provided analysis shows only limited picture, since e.g. dividends were not taken into consideration in this research work. Therefore, e.g. US railway operators have disadvantage to other in the analysis, since they have been able to provide dividends for shareholders in long period of time. Based on this research work we argue that investment on transportation/logistics sector seems to be safe alternative, which yields with relatively low risk high gain. Although global economy would face smaller growth period, this sector seems to provide opportunities in more demanding situation as well.

Helsinki hub – new traffic flows and business networks

This thesis is the Logistics Development Forum's assignment and the work dealing with the development of the Port of Helsinki as part of Helsinki hub. The Forum aims to develop logistics efficiency through public-private co-operation and development of the port is clearly dependent on both factors. Freight volumes in the Port of Helsinki are the biggest single factor in hub and, therefore, the role of the port of the entire hub development is strong. The aim is to look at how the port will develop as a result of changes in the foreign trade of Finland and the Northern European logistics trends in 25 years time period. Work includes the current state analysis and scenario work. The analyses are intended to find out, which trends are the most important in the port volume development. The change and effect of trends is examined through scenarios based on current state. Based on the work, the structure of Finnish export industry and international demand are in the key role in the port volume development. There is significant difference between demands of Finnish exporting products in different export markets and the development between the markets has different impacts on the port volumes by mass and cargo type. On the other hand, the Finnish economy is stuck in a prolonged recession and competition between ports has become a significant factor in the individual port's volume development. Ecological valuesand regulations have changed the competitive landscape and maritime transport emissions reductions has become an important competitive factor for short routes in the Baltic Sea, such as in the link between Helsinki and Tallinn.

Public and Private Sector Decision Makers Within the Rail Baltica Growth Corridor

Transport volumes have increased and will continue to increase in European Union. Even though the growth has not been equal between different transport modes. Most of the growth has been faced on road transport. European Union aims to balance the unbalanced market shares between the modes by gaining and supporting the competitiveness of railway and waterway transport. In EU railway transportation is seen as solution to increase safety in traffic and decrease the environmental impacts of transportation. The aim of this research is to figure out how it is possible to decrease the environmental impacts by the technology already in use. Main focus of this research is in intermodality and combining the road and railway transportation. This study aims also to figure out demands and expectations towards new Rail Baltica railway route connecting Tallinn and Berlin. The research is conducted by performing a literature review about decreasing environmental impacts and combining road and rail transport. Another viewpoint is taken from the possible effects of tourism to the passenger transport on rails. Knowledge gained by literature review is deepened by additional internet questionnaire study and expert interview study. In decreasing the environmental impacts of transportation electric trains are definitely the best option providing that the electricity is generated from renewable or carbon dioxide free sources. Decrease of environmental impacts has been reached also with acceptance of larger road transport vehicles. According to interviewed passenger transport experts, the whole route from Tallinn to Berlin may not be convenient to be used in passenger transport, just because the route is too long.. In EU freight is transported mainly with semi-trailer combinations, and that is why it could be logical if huckepack trains would be used on Rail Baltica. Huckepack train allows semi-trailers to be transported on rails with time efficient loading-unloading process. Overall, Rail Baltica project is experienced as a future-oriented one and new railway alignment is seen as great alternative option for transport modes using fossil fuels.

Finnish game developers’ perception on public and private funding sources: a survey analysis

The aim of this study is to find out how game companies perceive the three traditional funding sources and how well their opinions and needs are reflected on the choices they make. To accomplish this, 20 game companies were questioned about multiple topics with the help of Tekes and Neogames. The results of this study show that game developers clearly differentiate the three major funding sources and the public sector ends up being the most significant source of external funding. This study also points out that most game companies are indeed facing issues in acquiring funding as well as various other resources.

Public and private sector cooperative opportunities in the Finnish healthcare internationalization : views from the public sector’s perspective

Traditionally mostly publicly provided Finnish healthcare services are confronted today by the evident challenge of rising healthcare costs as the expenditure on health and social case has exceeded Finland’s national GDP growth significantly since the new millennium. While the opening of the traditional barriers through the EU’s new patient directive resulting in increasing international competition and the free flow of patients within the EU present opportunities for the Finnish healthcare services industry there are also several challenges for the existing healthcare system as proposed by the Ministry of Employment and the Economy in 2011. Due to the structure and nature of the current Finnish healthcare service system the greatest potential for internationalization is seen from a joint cooperation of the public and private sectors in an internationalization network for Finnish healthcare services. As its formation has recently also taken as a strategic initiative to be completed by the Ministry of Employment and the Economy and no earlier research exists on how this is seen in practice by the network actors, the purpose of this study is to examine the proposed solution of forming an internationalization network between the public and private sector actors in Finland in practice from the viewpoint of public sector actors. The research relied heavily on the reports by the Finnish Ministries in understanding the current situation of the Finnish healthcare services internationalization and its potential. Suitable theories were also used to build a more comprehensive view of the matter. The study applied a qualitative research approach on the explorative research problem. The data collection was achieved through expert interviews in two of the largest Finnish public healthcare service providers; the Turku and Helsinki Central University Hospitals. Expert interviews were considered as the most suitable method for data collection in order to create an in-depth understanding of the topic within the limitations of this thesis. In turn, two different public healthcare service providers were chosen to give a broader view of the field instead of focusing on a specific unit and also to allow a possible comparison between the two different organizations. The latter however was shown not to be suitable for the purposes of this study as the opinions of the respondents varied largely also within their own organizations. The conclusion is that while the actors agree on the evident internationalization of Finnish healthcare services, there are several large-scale structural challenges effectively preventing such activities while at the same time the opportunities within Finland vary, as there are several niches but no real large-scale advantages in the highly competitive industry. Interest towards cooperation between the sectors are seen especially in exploiting the advantages offered by the private sector in commercialization and marketization, yet however no clear views exist on how these activities should be governed or structured in the short-term as a larger reform of the entire Finnish healthcare service sector is needed in the long-term.

Co-opetition: Coexistence of cooperation and competition in public sector – A case study in one city’s public companies

Business actions do not take place in isolation. Complementary competencies and capabilities are the most important resources in the exponential knowledge growth. These resources are partially accessed via business partners. A company needs partners and the capability to cooperate, but also the awareness of the competitive tension, when operating in the market with multiple actors. The co-opetition research studies the occurrence and the forms of simultaneous cooperation and competition between companies or their units. Public sector’s governmental and municipal organs have been transformed into companies over the past years. Despite of their non-profit nature, public sector and public companies are adopting business doctrines from private sector towards efficient business operations. This case study aims to show, how co-opetition concept can be observed within public sector companies and in their operations with others, how public companies cooperate but also compete with others and why this happens. This thesis also explicates advantages and disadvantages of the co-opetition phenomenon.

Searching for keys to successful post-merger integration : a longitudinal case-study following a public sector merger

Unsuccessful mergers are unfortunately the rule rather than the exception. Therefore it is necessary to gain an enhanced understanding of mergers and post-merger integrations (PMI) as well as learning more about how mergers and PMIs of information systems (IS) and people can be facilitated. Studies on PMI of IS are scarce and public sector mergers are even less studied. There is nothing however to indicate that public sector mergers are any more successful than those in the private sector. This thesis covers five studies carried out between 2008 and 2011 in two organizations in higher education that merged in January 2010. The most recent study was carried out two years after the new university was established. The longitudinal case-study focused on the administrators and their opinions of the IS, the work situation and the merger in general. These issues were investigated before, during and after the merger. Both surveys and interviews were used to collect data, to which were added documents that both describe and guide the merger process; in this way we aimed at a triangulation of findings. Administrators were chosen as the focus of the study since public organizations are highly dependent on this staff category, forming the backbone of the organization and whose performance is a key success factor for the organization. Reliable and effective IS are also critical for maintaining a functional and effective organization, and this makes administrators highly dependent on their organizations’ IS for the ability to carry out their duties as intended. The case-study has confirmed the administrators’ dependency on IS that work well. A merger is likely to lead to changes in the IS and the routines associated with the administrators’ work. Hence it was especially interesting to study how the administrators viewed the merger and its consequences for IS and the work situation. The overall research objective is to find key issues for successful mergers and PMIs. The first explorative study in 2008 showed that the administrators were confident of their skills and knowledge of IS and had no fear of having to learn new IS due to the merger. Most administrators had an academic background and were not anxious about whether IS training would be given or not. Before the merger the administrators were positive and enthusiastic towards the merger and also to the changes that they expected. The studies carried out before the merger showed that these administrators were very satisfied with the information provided about the merger. This information was disseminated through various channels and even negative information and postponed decisions were quickly distributed. The study conflicts with the theories that have found that resistance to change is inevitable in a merger. Shortly after the merger the (third) study showed disappointment with the fact that fewer changes than expected had been implemented even if the changes that actually were carried out sometimes led to a more problematic work situation. This was seen to be more prominent for routine changes than IS changes. Still the administrators showed a clear willingness to change and to share their knowledge with new colleagues. This knowledge sharing (also tacit) worked well in the merger and the PMI. The majority reported that the most common way to learn to use new ISs and to apply new routines was by asking help from colleagues. They also needed to take responsibility for their own training and development. Five months after the merger (the fourth study) the administrators had become worried about the changes in communication strategy that had been implemented in the new university. This was perceived as being more anonymous. Furthermore, it was harder to get to know what was happening and to contact the new decision makers. The administrators found that decisions, and the authority to make decisions, had been moved to a higher administrative level than they were accustomed to. A directive management style is recommended in mergers in order to achieve a quick transition without distracting from the core business. A merger process may be tiresome and require considerable effort from the participants. In addition, not everyone can make their voice heard during a merger and consensus is not possible in every question. It is important to find out what is best for the new organization instead of simply claiming that the tried and tested methods of doing things should be implemented. A major problem turned out to be the lack of management continuity during the merger process. Especially problematic was the situation in the IS-department with many substitute managers during the whole merger process (even after the merger was carried out). This meant that no one was in charge of IS-issues and the PMI of IS. Moreover, the top managers were appointed very late in the process; in some cases after the merger was carried out. This led to missed opportunities for building trust and management credibility was heavily affected. The administrators felt neglected and that their competences and knowledge no longer counted. This, together with a reduced and altered information flow, led to rumours and distrust. Before the merger the administrators were convinced that their achievements contributed value to their organizations and that they worked effectively. After the merger they were less sure of their value contribution and effectiveness even if these factors were not totally discounted. The fifth study in November 2011 found that the administrators were still satisfied with their IS as they had been throughout the whole study. Furthermore, they believed that the IS department had done a good job despite challenging circumstances. Both the former organizations lacked IS strategies, which badly affected the IS strategizing during the merger and the PMI. IS strategies deal with issues like system ownership; namely who should pay and who is responsible for maintenance and system development, for organizing system training for new IS, and for effectively run IS even during changing circumstances (e.g. more users). A proactive approach is recommended for IS strategizing to work. This is particularly true during a merger and PMI for handling issues about what ISs should be adopted and implemented in the new organization, issues of integration and reengineering of IS-related processes. In the new university an ITstrategy had still not been decided 26 months after the new university was established. The study shows the importance of the decisive management of IS in a merger requiring that IS issues are addressed in the merger process and that IS decisions are made early. Moreover, the new management needs to be appointed early in order to work actively with the IS-strategizing. It is also necessary to build trust and to plan and make decisions about integration of IS and people.