Recovery and refining of manganese as by-product from hydrometallurgical processes

The consumption of manganese is increasing, but huge amounts of manganese still end up in waste in hydrometallurgical processes. The recovery of manganese from multi-metal solutions at low concentrations may not be economical. In addition, poor iron control typically prevents the production of high purity manganese. Separation of iron from manganese can be done with chemical precipitation or solvent extraction methods. Combined carbonate precipitation with air oxidation is a feasible method to separate iron and manganese due to the fast kinetics, good controllability and economical reagents. In addition the leaching of manganese carbonate is easier and less acid consuming than that of hydroxide or sulfide precipitates. Selective iron removal with great efficiency from MnSO4 solution is achieved by combined oxygen or air oxidation and CaCO3 precipitation at pH > 5.8 and at a redox potential of > 200 mV. In order to avoid gypsum formation, soda ash should be used instead of limestone. In such case, however, extra attention needs to be paid on the reagents mole ratios in order to avoid manganese coprecipitation. After iron removal, pure MnSO4 solution was obtained by solvent extraction using organophosphorus reagents, di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) and bis(2,4,4- trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid (CYANEX 272). The Mn/Ca and Mn/Mg selectivities can be increased by decreasing the temperature from the commonly used temperatures (40 –60oC) to 5oC. The extraction order of D2EHPA (Ca before Mn) at low temperature remains unchanged but the lowering of temperature causes an increase in viscosity and slower phase separation. Of these regents, CYANEX 272 is selective for Mn over Ca and, therefore, it would be the better choice if there is Ca present in solution. A three-stage Mn extraction followed by a two-stage scrubbing and two-stage sulfuric acid stripping is an effective method of producing a very pure MnSO4 intermediate solution for further processing. From the intermediate MnSO4 some special Mn- products for ion exchange applications were synthesized and studied. Three types of octahedrally coordinated manganese oxide materials as an alternative final product for manganese were chosen for synthesis: layer structured Nabirnessite, tunnel structured Mg-todorokite and K-kryptomelane. As an alternative source of pure MnSO4 intermediate, kryptomelane was synthesized by using a synthetic hydrometallurgical tailings. The results show that the studied OMS materials adsorb selectively Cu, Ni, Cd and K in the presence of Ca and Mg. It was also found that the exchange rates were reasonably high due to the small particle dimensions. Materials are stable in the studied conditions and their maximum Cu uptake capacity was 1.3 mmol/g. Competitive uptake of metals and acid was studied using equilibrium, batch kinetic and fixed-bed measurements. The experimental data was correlated with a dynamic model, which also accounts for the dissolution of the framework manganese. Manganese oxide micro-crystals were also bound onto silica to prepare a composite material having a particle size large enough to be used in column separation experiments. The MnOx/SiO2 ratio was found to affect significantly the properties of the composite. The higher the ratio, the lower is the specific surface area, the pore volume and the pore size. On the other hand, higher amount of silica binder gives composites better mechanical properties. Birnesite and todorokite can be aggregated successfully with colloidal silica at pH 4 and with MnO2/SiO2 weight ratio of 0.7. The best gelation and drying temperature was 110oC and sufficiently strong composites were obtained by additional heat-treatment at 250oC for 2 h. The results show that silica–supported MnO2 materials can be utilized to separate copper from nickel and cadmium. The behavior of the composites can be explained reasonably well with the presented model and the parameters estimated from the data of the unsupported oxides. The metal uptake capacities of the prepared materials were quite small. For example, the final copper loading was 0.14 mmol/gMnO2. According to the results the special MnO2 materials are potential for a specific environmental application to uptake harmful metal ions.

Sahan ohjausjärjestelmä myynti- ja toimitusketjun apuvälineenä sahan kannattavuuden kehittämisessä

Diplomityössä tarkasteltiin sahalaitokselle investoidun tuotannon ohjausjärjestelmän toimivuutta ja käytettävyyttä. Tutkimuksessa vertailtiin aikaisemmin suunnittelun apuna toimineita järjestelmiä uuteen ohjausjärjestelmään. Tavoitteena oli selvittää onko uuden järjestelmän sisäänajo onnistunut niin, että se tuottaisi oikeaa tietoa sahausprosessista. Tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin myös kuinka sahan uutta ohjausjärjestelmää voitaisiin hyödyntää yrityksen myynti- ja toimitusketjun kannalta parhaiten ja huomioiden erityisesti kannattavuuslaskennallinen näkökulma. Lisäksi pohdittiin integraatiomahdollisuuksia yrityksessä käytössä oleviin muihin suunnittelujärjestelmiin. Tutkimuksen taustalla on sahateollisuuden entisestäänkin kiristynyt tilanne ja toisaalta tarve tulevaisuuden suunnitelmallisuuden parantamiseen. Kilpailussa mukana pysyminen edellyttää sahausprosessista saatavan tietomäärän keräämistä, tallentamista ja ennen kaikkea tiedon parempaa hyväksikäyttöä. Tutkimuksen kohteena ollut sahalaitos vastasi tulevaisuuden tiukentuneisiin olosuhteisiin investoimalla uuteen ohjausjärjestelmään ja uskoi siitä saatavan hyödyn auttavan heitä parantamaan sekä yksittäisten tuotteiden että koko tuotevalikoiman kannattavuutta. Ohjausjärjestelmän toivottiin tuovan todenmukaisempaa ja monipuolisempaa tietoa yrityksen suunnittelutyölle. Sahalaitoksen kannattavuuden parempi seuraaminen ja tuotevalikoiman sekä suunnittelun parempi kohdentaminen helpottuu sähköisen ohjausjärjestelmän avulla huomattavasti. Ohjausjärjestelmän kautta kannattavuuden tunnusluvut saadaan nopeammin myynti- ja toimitusketjun tietoon, poikkeamiin pystytään puuttumaan ajoissa ja yleinen tietoisuus sahausprosessista paranee. Ohjausjärjestelmän avulla mahdollistetaan entistä joustavampi koesahaus ja reklamaatioeriin porautuminen onnistuu niin ikään vaivattomammin. Yksi hyödyllinen integraatiomahdollisuus olisi SAP:n ja uuden ohjausjärjestelmän yhdistäminen, jossa hinta- ja reklamaatiotieto saataisiin yhteneväksi. Kun ohjausjärjestelmä saadaan varmuudella tuottamaan oikeaa tietoa sahausprosessista, on siitä saatava hyöty myynti- ja toimitusketjulle todellinen. Kalliin raaka-aineen entistä tehokkaampi hyödyntäminen, tuotepaletin suunnittelu ja myynnin kohdentaminen kannattavimpiin tuotteisiin, ovat tärkeä osa niitä asioita joihin järjestelmä tuo helpotusta. Tulevaisuudessa ohjausjärjestelmän jatkokehitykseen tulisi kiinnittää erityistä huomiota, jotta voitaisiin taata asiakaslähtöisyys ja kannattava tuoterakenne osana menestyksekästä liiketoimintaa.

Network effects: Scale development and implications for new product performance

More and more innovations currently being commercialized exhibit network effects, in other words, the value of using the product increases as more and more people use the same or compatible products. Although this phenomenon has been the subject of much theoretical debate in economics, marketing researchers have been slow to respond to the growing importance of network effects in new product success. Despite an increase in interest in recent years, there is no comprehensive view on the phenomenon and, therefore, there is currently incomplete understanding of the dimensions it incorporates. Furthermore, there is wide dispersion in operationalization, in other words, the measurement of network effects, and currently available approaches have various shortcomings that limit their applicability, especially in marketing research. Consequently, little is known today about how these products fare on the marketplace and how they should be introduced in order to maximize their chances of success. Hence, the motivation for this study was driven by the need to increase our knowledge and understanding of the nature of network effects as a phenomenon, and of their role in the commercial success of new products. This thesis consists of two parts. The first part comprises a theoretical overview of the relevant literature, and presents the conclusions of the entire study. The second part comprises five complementary, empirical research publications. Quantitative research methods and two sets of quantitative data are utilized. The results of the study suggest that there is a need to update both the conceptualization and the operationalization of the phenomenon of network effects. Furthermore, there is a need for an augmented view on customers’ perceived value in the context of network effects, given that the nature of value composition has major implications for the viability of such products in the marketplace. The role of network effects in new product performance is not as straightforward as suggested in the existing theoretical literature. The overwhelming result of this study is that network effects do not directly influence product success, but rather enhance or suppress the influence of product introduction strategies. The major contribution of this study is in conceptualizing the phenomenon of network effects more comprehensively than has been attempted thus far. The study gives an augmented view of the nature of customer value in network markets, which helps in explaining why some products thrive on these markets whereas others never catch on. Second, the study discusses shortcomings in prior literature in the way it has operationalized network effects, suggesting that these limitations can be overcome in the research design. Third, the study provides some much-needed empirical evidence on how network effects, product introduction strategies, and new product performance are associated. In general terms, this thesis adds to our knowledge of how firms can successfully leverage network effects in product commercialization in order to improve market performance.

Marketing plan for a new service concept: case Taksipalvelu MPS Oy

Markkinointisuunnitelmatutkimukset koostuvat pääosin tuotantoalalle tai suurille yrityksille tehdyistä markkinointisuunitelmista. Vaikuttaa siltä, että pienet yritykset tekevät suunnitelmansa ilman nimenomaisesti heille suunniteltua mallia, jos tekevät suunnitelmaa ollenkaan. Kuten sanottu, sovellukset palveluyrityksille ja pk-yrityksille puuttuvat markkinointisuunnitelmiin kohdistuvasta tutkimuksesta, mikä lisää tämän tutkimuksen arvoa keskittyen juuri kyseisiin markkinointisuunnitelman osa-alueisiin. Tutkimusta sovelletaan uuteen palvelukonseptiin, jota case-yritys Taksipalvelu MPS Oy on lanseeraamassa. Palvelu on kohdistettu venäläisille matkailijoille sekä Lappeenrannan alueella eläville venäläisille, ja se perustuu ennen kaikkea korkeaan laatuun. Tutkimus on tärkeä, sillä taksiala on hyvin säännelty, mutta säännöstelyn piirissä on todennäköisesti paljon potentiaalia palveluiden differentaatioon. Segmentointi ja palveluiden kohdistus tiettyihin asiakasryhmiin on taksialalla myös hyvin minimaalista. Tutkimalla kohdistetun palvelun kysyntää ja arvoa saadaan selville olisiko tällainen toiminta kannattavaa vai ei. Venäläisten asiakkaiden määrä on kasvanut Lappeenrannan alueella paljon, minkä potentiaalia ei ole ehkä vielä täysin hyödynnetty. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on luoda hyödyllinen markkinointisuunnitelma case-yritykselle kiinnittäen erityisesti huomiota toimialaan ja kohdeasiakasryhmään. Tarkoituksena on antaa suuntaviivoja kuinka lähestyä kohdeasiakkaita ja kuinka markkinoida palvelua oikein. Tavoitteena on myös selvittää onko valitulla asiakassegmentillä kysyntää vai tulisiko kohdistaminen tehdä toisia määritteitä käyttäen.

Strike hard, strike sure - Operation Musketeer : British military planning during the Suez Crisis, 1956

Operation Musketeer, a combined joint Anglo-French operation aimed at regaining control of the Suez Canal in 1956, has received much attention from scholars. The most common approach to the crisis has been to examine the political dimension. The political events that led Prime Minister Anthony Eden’s cabinet to decide to use military force against the wishes of their superior American ally and in the face of American economic pressure and a Soviet threat to attack Paris and London with rockets have been analysed thoroughly. This is particularly the case because the ceasefire and eventual withdrawal were an indisputable defeat of British policy in the Middle East. The military operation not only ruined Prime Minister Eden’s career, but it also diminished the prestige of Britain. It was the beginning of the end, some claim. The British Empire would never be the same. As the consequences of using force are generally considered more important than the military operations themselves, very little attention has been paid to the military planning of Operation Musketeer. The difference between the number of publications on Operation Corporate of the Falklands War and Operation Musketeer is striking. Not only has there been little previous research on the military aspects of Musketeer, the conclusions drawn in the existing works have not reached a consensus. Some historians, such as Correlli Barnett, compare Musketeer to the utter failures of the Tudor landings and Gallipoli. Among significant politicians, Winston Churchill, who had retired from the prime ministership only a year before the Suez Crisis, described the operation as “the most ill-conceived and ill-executed imaginable”. Colin McInnes, a well-known author on British defence policy, represents the middle view when he describes the execution as “far from failure”. Finally, some, like Julian Thompson, the Commander of 3 Commando Brigade during the Falklands War, rate the military action itself as being successful. The interpretation of how successful the handling of the Suez Crisis was from the military point of view depends very much on the approach taken and the areas emphasised in the subject. Frequently, military operations are analysed in isolation from other events. The action of a country’s armed forces is separated from the wider context and evaluated without a solid point of comparison. Political consequences are often used as validated criteria, and complicated factors contributing to military performance are ignored. The lack of comprehensive research on the military action has left room for an analysis concentrating on the military side of the crisis.

Effects of Country of Origin on Consumer Product Evaluations: Finnish clothing products in the minds of Russian tourists

Companies operating in today’s highly internationalized markets consider product differentiation the key priority in pursue to attain a constant competitive advantage in challenging global environment (Baker and Ballington 2002, 158). The main driver affecting companies’ differentiation actions was described as early as 1912 by one of the marketing pioneers A. W. Shaw (1912, 710) as meeting human wants more accurate than the competition, and thus increasing customers’ perceived value and satisfaction. Dickson and Ginter (1987, 2) point out in their study based on earlier research by Chamberlin (1965) and Porter (1976) that differentiation can be based on either tangible characteristics of a product such as design or intangible characteristics such as a brand name and country of origin (hereafter referred to as COO). The concept of COO and its impact on consumers’ evaluation of a product as an extrinsic product cue has been one of the most noteworthy topics in international marketing, having been voluminously examined by over 780 authors in more than 750 academic publications in the past 40 years (Papadopoulos and Heslop 2002, 294). Many of these studies accentuate the significant effect the COO has on consumers’ product attribute evaluations. People routinely associate country images with products and services in order to judge and categorize them based on perceived quality and risk levels; thereby COO can influence the likelihood of a purchase (Peterson and Jolibert 1995, 883-884; Verlegh and Steenkamp 1999, 523). Based on the vast research related to COO in the field of international business, it is widely recognized that the country associated with a product can act in a similar way as the name of a brand and even become a part of product’s total image. Thereby depending on customer’s values and perceptions, the product-country image can either increase or decrease perceived value.

Innovaatioprosessin alkupään toimintamalli ja päätöksenteko

Työn tavoitteena oli tutkia innovaatioita ja organisaation innovaatiokyvykkyyttä, innovaatiokyvykkyyden taustatekijöitä sekä innovaatioprosessin alkupään (Fuzzy Front End, FFE) sekä siinä tapahtuvan päätöksenteon johtamista. Lisäksi tavoitteena oli suunnitella innovaatioprosessin alkupään toimintamalli selkeyttämään toimintaa prosessin alkupäässä sekä antaa toimenpide-ehdotuksia ja suosituksia. Tutkimuksen teoriaosuus tehtiin kirjallisuustutkimuksena. Tutkimuksen empiirinen osuus suoritettiin case -analyysinä yrityksen henkilöhaastattelu- ja toimintatutkimuksen muodossa. Innovaatioprosessin alkupäähän on tunnistettu toimintamalleja, joilla selkeytetään ja tehostetaan prosessin alkupään vaiheita. Vaiheet ovat mahdollisuuksien tunnistaminen, mahdollisuuksien analysointi, ideointi, ideoiden valitseminen ja konsepti- ja teknologiakehitys. Innovaatioprosessin rinnalla kulkee päätöksenteon prosessi, jonka suhteen tunnistetaan selkeät päätöksentekokohdat ja kriteerit prosessissa etenemiselle. Innovaatio- ja päätöksentekoprosessiin osallistuu eri vaiheissa sekä yrityksen sisäiset, kuten henkilöstö, että ulkoiset, kuten asiakkaat, toimittajat ja verkostokumppanit, sidosryhmät. Lisäksi innovaatioprosessin toimintaan vaikuttavat johdon tuki ja sitoutuminen, osallistujien kyky luovuuteen sekä muut innovaatiokyvykkyyden taustatekijät. Kaikki nämä tekijät tulee huomioida innovaatioprosessin alkupään mallia suunniteltaessa. Tutkimus tehtiin tietoliikennealan yrityksen tarpeisiin. Yrityksessä on käytössä aloitetoimintaa, mutta sen ei koeta tarjoavan riittävästi ideoita yrityksen tuotekehityksen tarpeisiin. Yrityksen henkilöstön innovaatiopotentiaali on suuri, mikä halutaan hyödyntää paremmin suunnittelemalla yrityksen käyttöön soveltuva, innovaatioprosessin alkupään toimintaan ohjaava, vakioitu ja henkilöstöä ja muita yhteistyötahoja, kuten asiakkaita, osallistava toimintamalli. Toimenpide-ehdotuksina ja suosituksina esitetään innovaatioprosessin alkupään johtamisen toimintamallia. Esitetyssä mallissa määritellään vaiheet, menetelmät, päätöksenteko ja vastuut. Toimintamalli esitetään soveltuen yhdistettäväksi yrityksessä käytössä olevaan innovaatioprosessin loppupään, tuotekehitysprojektien läpiviemisen, malliin.

Laadunhallinta uuden tuotteen tuotekehityksessä

Tämän diplomityön tavoitteena on uuden tuotteen laatusuunnittelun parantaminen Mantsi-nen Group Ltd Oy:n materiaalinkäsittelykoneiden ja -laitteiden tuotekehitysprosessissa, lopputuotteen valmistettavuuden ja laadun varmistamiseksi. Kirjallisuusosiossa on tutki-muksen kohteena tuotekehitysprosessi ja sen yhteydessä käytettävät soveltuvat laatutyöka-lut. Lisäksi työssä tutkitaan ja selvitetään ympäristö-, laadunhallinta- ja hitsausstandardien vaatimuksia tuotekehityksen yhteydessä. Tutkimusosiossa laatutyökaluja sovelletaan ja testataan aktiivisten tuotekehitysprojektin yhteydessä sekä niiden vaikuttavuutta arvioidaan laadun ja läpimenoajan parantamiseen. Ympäristöön, laadunhallintaan ja hitsaukseen liit-tyvien standardivaatimuksien täyttäminen tuotekehitysprosessissa tarkastetaan ja arvioi-daan uudelleen sekä tehdään tarvittavia lisäyksiä ja tarkennuksia. Tutkimuksen tuloksena on parannettu tuotekehitysprosessi, jossa hyödynnetään soveltuvia laatutyökaluja oikea-aikaisesti eri vaiheissa.

Streamlining Launch Support Operations in a Product Platform

The new product development process is a massive investment to a company that aims to reduce their products’ time-to-market. Capability to shorter time-to market allows longer life-cycle to products which are introduced to market earlier but also give advantage to start product launch later while simultaneously learning from customer behavior and competitors. The product launch support operations are the last ramp-up activities before the product launching. This study defines what these operations mean in a product platform and how they can be streamlined to be more efficient. The methodology includes interviews, innovative group brainstorming and regular working group meetings. The challenges concerning the current situation of product launch support operations are allocated into four categories: General, Process, Project Resources and Project Management including altogether ten sub challenges. The challenges include issues related to technology and marketing management, branding strategy, organizing the global platform structure, harmonizing processes and clarifying handovers between shareholders in the process. The study makes a suggestion of a new Product Launch Support organization and clarification of its roles, responsibilities and tasks. In addition a new project management tool and Lessons Learned are suggested to improve the project management. The study can be seen as a pre-study when having an aim at combining technological and marketing know-how in the product ramp-up process before actual production. The future proceedings are suggested to include more detailed specifications and implementation in order to reach the long range target, reduced the time-to-market.

Making Sense of Software Product Requirements

One of the most crucial tasks for a company offering a software product is to decide what new features should be implemented in the product’s forthcoming versions. Yet, existing studies show that this is also a task with which many companies are struggling. This problem has been claimed to be ambiguous and changing. There are better or worse solutions to the problem, but no optimal one. Furthermore, the criteria determining the success of the solution keeps changing due to continuously changing competition, technologies and market needs. This thesis seeks to gain a deeper understanding of the challenges that companies have reportedly faced in determining the requirements for their forthcoming product versions. To this end, product management related activities are explored in seven companies. Following grounded theory approach, the thesis conducts four iterations of data analysis, where each of the iterations goes beyond the previous one. The thesis results in a theory proposal intended to 1) describe the essential characteristics of organizations’ product management challenges, 2) explain the origins of the perceived challenges and 3) suggest strategies to alleviate the perceived challenges. The thesis concludes that current product management approaches are becoming inadequate to deal with challenges that have multiple and conflicting interpretations, different value orientations, unclear goals, contradictions and paradoxes. This inadequacy continues to increase until current beliefs and assumptions about the product management challenges are questioned and a new paradigm for dealing with the challenges is adopted.

A Case Study of Agile Software Engineering Methods and Practices in the MeeGo Harmattan Open Source and Product Context

The aim of this master’s thesis is to study how Agile method (Scrum) and open source software are utilized to produce software for a flagship product in a complex production environment. The empirical case and the used artefacts are taken from the Nokia MeeGo N9 product program, and from the related software program, called as the Harmattan. The single research case is analysed by using a qualitative method. The Grounded Theory principles are utilized, first, to find out all the related concepts from artefacts. Second, these concepts are analysed, and finally categorized to a core category and six supported categories. The result is formulated as the operation of software practices conceivable in circumstances, where the accountable software development teams and related context accepts a open source software nature as a part of business vision and the whole organization supports the Agile methods.

Generic Life Cycle Cost Model and Cost-effective Solutions

Life cycle costing (LCC) practices are spreading from military and construction sectors to wider area of industries. Suppliers as well as customers are demanding comprehensive cost knowledge that includes all relevant cost elements through the life cycle of products. The problem of total cost visibility is being acknowledged and the performance of suppliers is evaluated not just by low acquisition costs of their products, but by total value provided through the life time of their offerings. The main purpose of this thesis is to provide better understanding of product cost structure to the case company. Moreover, comprehensive theoretical body serves as a guideline or methodology for further LCC process. Research includes the constructive analysis of LCC related concepts and features as well as overview of life cycle support services in manufacturing industry. The case study aims to review the existing LCC practices within the case company and provide suggestions for improvements. It includes identification of most relevant life cycle cost elements, development of cost breakdown structure and generic cost model for data collection. Moreover, certain cost-effective suggestions are provided as well. This research should support decision making processes, assessment of economic viability of products, financial planning, sales and other processes within the case company.

Tuotannonohjausmuodon vaihtaminen tilausohjautuvasta varasto-ohjautuvaan

Diplomityössä tutkitaan tuotannonohjausmuodon vaihtamista tilausohjautuvasta varasto-ohjautuvaan. Tavoitteena on löytää kohdeyritykselle kustannustehokkain vaihtoehto tuotannonohjaukseen. Tutkimuksessa analysoidaan yrityksen tuotantoprosessi nykytila-analyysilla toiminnan tehokkuuden arvioimiseksi ja tuotannon pullonkaulojen löytämiseksi. Asiakastilauksen kytkentäpisteet ja taloudelliset tuotantoeräkoot määritellään yrityksen valmistamille tuotteille. Työn tuloksissa käydään tuotannon tunnuslukujen avulla läpi tuotannon tehokkuuden kehittymistä projektin aikana. Varasto-ohjautuva tuotannonohjausmuoto osoittautui kannattavimmaksi ohjausmuodoksi tarkasteltavana ajankohtana. Toimitusvarmuus ja kapasiteetin käyttöaste parantuivat ohjausmuodon vaihtamisen myötä. Asetuskustannuksia saatiin vähennettyä ja tuotantoprosessia kehitettyä. Tuotannon läpimenoaikojen lyhennyttyä tilausohjautuvuutta tulee tarkastella uudestaan.

Worker motivation in crowdsourcing new product development

In the study the recently appeared technology of crowdsourcing and its implications to new product development activities. The goal of the research is to figure out the motivating factors used in crowdsourcing projects related to new product development. The study is based on the theoretical backgrounds of crowdsourcing; new product development, and motivation, which resulted in the framework for the crowdsourcing cases assessment and the list of possible motivating factors used for the analysis. The research is based on 16 crowdsourcing projects divided in 4 sets according to the stage of new product development at which they are directed. The motivating factors present in the projects were distinguished and explained. Further analysis allowed making conclusions showing which of the motivating factors are suitable for the crowdsourcing projects related to the particular stage of new product development. The results can be used for creation or assessment of crowdsourcing projects for the companies because the main factor of success for crowdsourcing is motivation, and the work is answering how to motivate the workers.