Ford Motor Company of Finland Oy vuosikertomus

14 x 23 cm

Yritysjärjestelyn toteutuneeseen kauppahintaan vaikuttavat tekijät – empiirinen tutkimus ulkoisen neuvonantajan suoriutumisesta yritysjärjestelyissä

Tämän Pro Gradu -tutkielman tavoitteena on tutkia mitkä tekijät vaikuttavat yritysjärjestelyn toteutuneeseen kauppahintaan. Lisäksi tämä tutkimus pyrkii vastaamaan mikä on ulkoisen neuvonantajan rooli kauppahinnan muodostumisessa sekä miten ulkoinen neuvonantaja suoriutuu erilaisista yritysjärjestelyistä. Tutkimuksen syntyä motivoi vähäinen tutkimusten määrä pienten yritysten yritysjärjestelyistä; yritysjärjestelyt toteutetaan usein puutteellisilla resursseilla ja epäonnistuneet yritysjärjestelyt nähdään uhkana Euroopan unionin talouskasvulle. Empiirinen tutkimus koostuu 104 toteutuneesta pienen yrityksen yritysjärjestelyn tilastollisesta analyysistä. Pääsääntöisesti otosta on tutkittu keskiarvovertailulla (Ttesti ja Oneway Anova) sekä korrelaatiotestauksella. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat, että arvonmääritys on merkittävimmin kauppahintaan vaikuttava tekijä. Tämän lisäksi tilinpäätöstiedoilla on positiivinen yhteys kauppahintaan, kun taas myyntiajalla tai preemiolla ei ole yhteyttä kauppahintaan. Sekä osake- ja liiketoimintakaupan että sukupolvenvaihdosten ja yrityskauppojen välillä tehty keskiarvovertailu osoittaa, että ulkoinen neuvonantaja suoriutuu ammattitaitoisesti erilaisista yritysjärjestelytilanteista osaten huomioida näihin liittyviä erityispiirteitä.

The role of due diligence in cross-border acquisitions

Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) have become an important strategy for international expansion, even though numerous acquisitions fail to achieve their financial and strategic objectives. The risk associated with transactions partly depends on the extent to which the insight into the target company actually holds true. Due diligence is performed to eliminate this information asymmetry. Due diligence is an audit conducted prior to the planned transaction. It can be described as a purposeful and systematic investigation of business opportunity and risk during on-going sale negotiations. The importance of due diligence is emphasized widely in the academic literature as well as among M&A practitioners. On the other hand, researches and practitioners have differing views on what and how much is enough for a due diligence audit. Therefore, this study examines the role of due diligence in a cross-border acquisition process. The main objective of the research is fulfilled by examining the reasons for conducting due diligence, recognizing the elements affecting effective due diligence and analyzing the need and opportunities for enhancing the utilization of due diligence. For the empirical part of this qualitative study five expert interviews were conducted among experienced Finnish acquirers and advisors. In addition, five expert interviews conducted for a distinct study were utilized as a secondary source of data. The results of this study present fundamental reasons for conducting due diligence. However, conducting due diligence is not always self-evident. Doubtful attitude towards due diligence exists, though it is exceptional. Carefully planning the focus of due diligence and compiling and managing the team conducting due diligence are identified as the main elements affecting effective due diligence. Altogether, due diligence can have plural roles which in this study are categorized as the confirmatory, preparative, and cross-functional roles of due diligence. The older academic literature tends to emphasize the confirmatory role whereas the current academic discussion also supports the preparative role of due diligence. It can be argued that the roles of due diligence differ among experienced due diligence practitioners based on several factors. In attempt to increase the value of due diligence for acquirers, more than one role of due diligence is likely to exist. As a result of the different approaches and the controversy regarding the concept of due diligence, the demand for a new, wider definition of due diligence can be claimed to exist.

A Steel Company Entering the Market Area of St. Petersburg

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvittää tarkoituksenmukaisin etabloitumismenetelmä teräsyhtiön kansainvälistymisessä Pietarin markkinoille. Vaikka kansainvälistymistä onkin tutkittu paljon, kyseisen kontekstin erityispiirteisiin on aiemmissa tutkimuksissa kiinnitetty vain vähän huomiota. Kansainvälistymisteorioista työhön valittiin John Dunningin eklektinen paradigma sekä Uppsala-malli. Etabloitumismenetelmän valintaa puolestaan tarkastellaan eri vaihtoehtojen kautta, jotka kattavat viennin, suorat ulkomaan investoinnit, sopimusjärjestelyt sekä yhteisyrityksen. Valintaa selitetään taustalla vaikuttavien tekijöiden sekä kansainvälistymisprosessin kautta. Kohteena olevan markkina-alueen potentiaalin, ongelmien sekä yrityksen kilpailuetujen arvioinnin jälkeen ehdotetaan optimaalista ratkaisua. Omat haasteensa operaatiomuodon valintaan luovat potentiaalinen mutta haastava kohdemarkkina-alue sekä yrityksen sisäiset tekijät. Kontekstiin parhaiten sopivaksi etabloitumismenetelmäksi esitetään aloittamista välittömällä viennillä asiakkaiden etsimiseksi ja suhteiden luomiseksi. Kun asiakkuuksia alueella on riittävästi, myyntikonttorin perustaminen Pietarin lähelle nähdään tarkoituksenmukaisena paikallisen läsnäolon lisäämiseksi. Empiirinen data kattaa kahdeksan asiantuntijahaastattelua, jotka yhdessä muun lähdeaineiston kanssa rakentavat perustan empiirisille tuloksille. Tutkimuksen tulokset tarjoavat yritykselle perustellun ratkaisuehdotuksen siitä, kuinka Pietarin markkinoille tulisi etabloitua.

Customer Segmentation in Industrial Markets - CASE: Labelstock Company

The aim of this thesis is to study segmentation in industrial markets and develop a segmenting method proposal and criteria case study for a labelstock manufacturing company. An industrial company is facing many different customers with varying needs. Market segmentation is a process for dividing a market into smaller groups in which customers have the same or similar needs. Segmentation gives tools to the marketer to better match the product or service more closely to the needs of the target market. In this thesis a segmentation tool proposal and segmenting criteria is case studied for labelstock company’s Europe, Middle East and Africa business area customers and market. In the developed matrix tool different customers are planned to be evaluated based on customer characteristic variables. The criteria for the evaluating matrix are based on the customer’s buying organizations characteristics and buying behaviour. There are altogether 13 variables in the evaluating matrix. As an example of variables there are loyalty, size of the customer, estimated growth of the customer purchases and customer’s decision-making and buying behaviour. These characteristic variables will help to identify market segments to target and the customers belonging to those segments.

Local Embeddedness and Knowledge Acquisition and How They Affect Finnish Business Operations in Russia

This pilot project aims examine the factors of the Finnish subsidiaries local embeddedness, their knowledge creation capabilities and the transfer mechanisms of new practices in the context of the Russian market. The research is designed as a multiple case study conducted with a qualitative approach. The empirical data consists of the interviews of the four Finnish case companies operating in the Kaluga region and three local partner companies. The deductive and inductive approaches were employed to conduct the analysis of the data. The propositions for the future study were developed in the conclusive chapters of the research, where we propose that the factor of the economy growth and industrialization matters in terms of subsidiaries’ role dedication, their knowledge creation capabilities, and direction of the knowledge flow within the local environment.

Service Productization and Product Servitization in The Contract Manufacturing Company

The role of contract manufacturing and subcontracting has been seen in black and white in product and service point of view. It used to be seen either as a product or a service. In the thesis product-service system, offering combining products and services, was discussed. Theory was created from two perspectives; Service productization via Business Model generation and product servitization via New Service Development process. Target for the case study was to point out new ways of service thinking and ways for changing business environment in contract manufacturing, especially in customer satisfaction and profitability point of view. The case study is following the New Service Development process phases. First ideas were collected from literature and via sales management interviews. Service offering and tool for service requirement evaluation was created. Last financial results of example service scenarios were calculated. It is recommended to take service offering into internal use and further develop it into modular service model. It is also recommended to take created customer service requirement evaluation tool into use for capturing customer service needs but also for communicating those internally.

Viral marketing in a Finnish medium sized gaming company: discovering, analyzing and building an improved management process for viral marketing campaigns, case: Nitrogames

The goal of this thesis is to build a viral marketing management framework for a Finnish medium sized gaming company. This is achieved by first finding and building a theoretical five step management process framework based on literature, analyzing current model and giving recommendations for the case company to develop its own management process. In addition, viral marketing research is still in early stage resulting this study to propose its own take on the definition in the theory part. Empirical part is based on qualitative interviews, campaign material and secondary sources and is aimed to find out and analyze the case company’s current viral marketing state and to give recommendations to it. The final outcome of the study is a general, theoretical management framework for viral marketing campaigns and specified recommendations for the case company.

Customer knowledge processing in maintenance business: case study

The purpose of the study is to examine and increase knowledge on customer knowledge processing in B2B context from sales perspective. Further objectives include identifying possible inhibiting and enabling factors in each phase of the process. The theoretical framework is based on customer knowledge management literature. The study is a qualitative study, in which the research method utilized is a case study. The empirical part was implemented in a case company by conducting in-depth interviews with the company’s value-selling champions located internationally. Context was maintenance business. Altogether 17 interviews were conducted. The empirical findings indicate that customer knowledge processing has not been clearly defined within the maintenance business line. Main inhibiting factors in acquiring customer knowledge are lack of time and vast amount of customer knowledge received. Enabling factors recognized are good customer relationships and sales representatives’ communication skills. Internal dissemination of knowledge is mainly inhibited by lack of time and restrictions in customer relationship management systems. Enabling factors are composition of the sales team and updated customer knowledge. Inhibiting utilization is lack of goals to utilize the customer knowledge and a low quality of the knowledge. Moreover, customer knowledge is not systematically updated nor analysed. Management of customer knowledge is based on the CRM system. As implications of the study, it is suggested for the case company to define customer knowledge processing in order to support maintenance business process.

Työolosuhteiden vaikutus yrityksen menestykseen katsastusalalla

Tuottavuuden parantamistoimenpiteillä ja työtyytyväisyydellä on useita suotuisia vaikutuksia eri aloilla toimivien yritysten toimintaan. Katsastusalalla tuottavuutta ja työtyytyväisyyttä on mahdollista parantaa samanaikaisesti asemien suunnittelun ja laitevalintojen avulla. Nopeammat ja varmatoimisemmat laitteet yhdessä sujuvan toiminnan mahdollistavien tilaratkaisujen kanssa antavat mahdollisuuden tehokkaampaan katsastamiseen. Tuottavuuden parantuminen yhdessä kasvaneesta suoritemäärästä palkitsevan palkkausjärjestelmän avulla voi luoda edellytykset paremmalle henkilöstön työtyytyväisyydelle. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää tekijöitä, jotka vaikuttavat katsastusaseman tuottavuuteen ja henkilöstön työtyytyväisyyteen sekä vaihtuvuuteen. Näiden perusteella laadittiin toimintamalli, jonka avulla asemien laitehankintoja ja tilasuunnittelua voidaan johtaa siten, että henkilöstön vaihtuvuutta kasvattavat tekijät voidaan minimoida ja aseman toiminta on mahdollisimman tehokasta. Tutkimuksen teoria-aineiston perusteella pyrittiin hahmottamaan tekijöitä, jotka yleisesti vaikuttavat työtyytyväisyyteen ja suorituskyvyn johtamiseen. Näitä tekijöitä sovellettiin toimintamallissa. On huomionarvoista, että autoalalta ja erityisesti katsastusalalta on erittäin vähän toimialakohtaista materiaalia, joiden pohjalta voisi tehdä etukäteisolettamuksia. Teoria-aineisto perustuu siten lähes yksinomaan muilta toimialoilta saatuihin tutkimustuloksiin. Tutkimuksen empiirinen aineisto kerättiin analysoimalla erään suomalaisen katsastusyrityksen 16 eri katsastusasemaa ja 48 työntekijää. Asemat on rakennettu eri tarkoitusta varten suunniteltuihin tiloihin ja useat niistä ovat päätyneet yritykselle yritysostojen kautta. Täten mukana oli runsaasti toisistaan erottuvia tiloja, ratkaisuja ja henkilökohtaisia mielipiteitä, joiden pohjalta selvitettiin toimivimmat ratkaisut.

Kunnossapidon tietojärjestelmän määrittäminen ja hankinta prosessiyritykselle

Työn tavoitteena oli tutkia ja määrittää case-yrityksenä olleen prosessiyrityksen kunnossapitojärjestelmän vaatimusten määrittelyyn vaikuttavia tekijöitä sekä määrittää prosessiyrityksen toimintaympäristöön soveltuvan kunnossapitojärjestelmän rakenne. Teoreettisena taustana oli liikeyritysten strategian ja toiminnan suunnittelu kehitettäessä kunnossapidon palveluprosessia. Lisäksi teoriaosuudessa esiteltiin kunnossapidon keskeisimmät teoriat ja niiden soveltaminen kunnossapitotoiminnassa. Työn empiriaosuudessa esiteltiin case-yrityksen kunnossapitojärjestelmäprosessin hankinnan vaiheet, valinta ja kunnossapitojärjestelmän käytettävyyden varmistaminen workshopeissa sekä jatkotutkimusaiheet. Työn avulla case-yrityksenä olleelle prosessiyritykselle saatiin valittua toimiva kunnossapitojärjestelmä. Työtä on mahdollista hyödyntää vastaavissa projekteissa muissa yrityksissä.

Improving internal performance of a company - Introducing employee empowerment via job redesign in Finnish small and medium sized enterprises

This bachelor's thesis is about to find out to what extent Finnish managers and small and medium sized organizations are willing and able to put employee empowerment into practice and what experiences they have got from employee empowerment as an approach towards job redesign. Some of the top enterprises in the world are known for their empowered employees as a single most important factor for their success and this thesis focuses on introducing the subject to Finnish managers and organizations to find out what benefits, barriers and other thoughts they have about the whole idea of empowered employees in Finnish organization culture. Most notable findings in this thesis are that Finnish managers do think that their organization's employees are capable to work efficiently if their job is extended and the organizations would perform better when right person's job is enriched and he/she is given more power to solve problems.

Transfer pricing documentation differences in Finland and China - Case company study

This Master’s Thesis deals with the topic of transfer pricing documentation in Finland and China. The goal of the research is to find what kind of differences exist in a single case company’s transfer pricing documentation when following Chinese or Finnish transfer pricing regulations. The study is carried out as a case study research. The theoretical framework consists of information from different transfer pricing topics and transfer pricing documentation regulations in China and Finland. The main research material was the case company’s transfer pricing documents with the support of open discus-sion with one of the case company’s employees. The study compared the 2009 and 2010 documents. The 2009 document was done based on the Finnish method while the 2010 document was based on the Chinese documentation principles. The conclusion made is that the content of the documents was heavily similar, while the main differences come in the way the content is presented and the level of detail used in the documents.

Search advertising for small Finnish tourism company in Russian Internet – Experimental study: Google AdWords versus Yandex.Direct

Yandex is the dominant search engine in Russia, followed by the world leader Google. This study focuses on the performance differences between the two in search advertising in the context of tourism, by running two identical campaigns and measuring the KPI’s, such as CPA (cost-per-action), on both campaigns. Search engine advertising is a new and fast changing form of advertising, which should be studied frequently in order to keep up with the changes. Research was done as an experimental study in cooperation with a Finnish tourism company and the data is gathered from the clickstream and not from questionnaires, which is recommended method by the literature. The results of the study suggests that Yandex.Direct performed better in the selected niche and that the individual campaign planning for Yandex.Direct and Google AdWords is an important part of the optimization of search advertising in Russia.

Service paradox in a product oriented company: A service business development case

The master´s thesis had three aims; to develop a service portfolio, to support the management of services through the developed portfolio, and evaluate effects of service differentiation strategy on the future selection of services. The product oriented case company in service paradox is Hilti (Suomi) Oy, which is entering systematic service management era, supported by the late strategic change. Low return on service business investments is referred as service paradox. The project was carried out as a case study, where the primary information source was twenty-one conducted interviews. The theory part focuses on marketing logics, service strategies, and categorization of services. The empirical part contributes in solving the aim related research questions. As a result of the case study a service portfolio was created, next further steps in service management were suggested, and the effect on selection of services by service differentiation strategy was evaluated. The main goal of creating service portfolio contributes to systematic management of services, which required revising at the case company.