Effect of feed fat by-products with trans fatty acids and heated oil on cholesterol and oxycholesterols in chicken

Chicken is the most widely consumed meat all over the world due to chickens being easy to rear, their fast growth rate and the meat having good nutritional characteristics. The main objective of this paper was to study the effects of dietary fatty by-products in low, medium and high levels of oxidized lipids and trans fatty acids (TFAs) on the contents of cholesterol and oxycholesterols in meat, liver, and plasma of chickens. A palm fatty acid distillate, before and after hydrogenation, and a sunflower-olive oil blend (70/30, v/v) before and after use in a commercial frying process were used in feeding trials after adding 6% of the fats to the feeds. Highly oxidized lipid and TFA feeds significantly increased the contents of cholesterol and oxycholesterols in all tissues of chicken (0.01 < p <= 0.05). The contents of oxycholesterols in chicken meat, liver and plasma obtained from TFA feeding trials varied between 17 and 48 μg/100 g in meat, 19-42 μg/100 g in liver and 105-126 μg/dL in plasma. In contrast, in the oxidized lipid feeding trials, oxycholesterols varied between 13 and 75 μg/100 g in meat, 30-58 μg/100 g in liver and 66-209 μg/dL in plasma. Meat from chickens fed with feeds containing high levels of TFAs or oxidized lipids may contribute to higher ingestion of cholesterol and oxycholesterols by humans.

Cholesterol and Fatty Acids Regulate Dynamic Caveolin Trafficking through the Golgi Complex and between the Cell Surface and Lipid Bodies

Caveolins are a crucial component of plasma membrane (PM) caveolae but have also been localized to intracellular compartments, including the Golgi complex and lipid bodies. Mutant caveolins associated with human disease show aberrant trafficking to the PM and Golgi accumulation. We now show that the Golgi pool of mainly newly synthesized protein is detergent-soluble and predominantly in a monomeric state, in contrast to the surface pool. Caveolin at the PM is not recognized by specific caveolin antibodies unless PM cholesterol is depleted. Exit from the Golgi complex of wild-type caveolin-1 or -3, but not vesicular stomatitis virus-G protein, is modulated by changing cellular cholesterol levels. In contrast, a muscular dystrophy-associated mutant of caveolin-3, Cav3P104L, showed increased accumulation in the Golgi complex upon cholesterol treatment. In addition, we demonstrate that in response to fatty acid treatment caveolin can follow a previously undescribed pathway from the PM to lipid bodies and can move from lipid bodies to the PM in response to removal of fatty acids. The results suggest that cholesterol is a rate-limiting component for caveolin trafficking. Changes in caveolin flux through the exocytic pathway can therefore be an indicator of cellular cholesterol and fatty acid levels.

Fructose induces synthesis and reduces oxidation of liver fatty acids through ChREBP activation

Introduction and aims. During last few decades, the prevalence of obesity, metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance, among other metabolic disturbances, has raised considerably in many countries worldwide. Environmental factors (diet, physical activity), in tandem with predisposing genetic factors, may be responsible for this trend. Along with an increase in total energy consumption during recent decades, there has also been a shift in the type of nutrients, with an increased consumption of fructose, largely attributable to a greater intake of beverages containing high levels of fructose...

Fructose induces synthesis and reduces oxidation of liver fatty acids through ChREBP activation

Introduction and aims. During last few decades, the prevalence of obesity, metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance, among other metabolic disturbances, has raised considerably in many countries worldwide. Environmental factors (diet, physical activity), in tandem with predisposing genetic factors, may be responsible for this trend. Along with an increase in total energy consumption during recent decades, there has also been a shift in the type of nutrients, with an increased consumption of fructose, largely attributable to a greater intake of beverages containing high levels of fructose...

Contenidos de isomeros trans de los acidos grasos en productos carnicos (I). Embutidos

En este trabajo se determinan los contenidos de isómeros trans de la fracción de los ácidos grasos, en muestras de embutidos diversos (total 48 muestras), mediante extracción previa de la fracción grasa y posterior análisis por cromatografía de gases capilar, con columna CP Sil 88. Los resultados muestran una gran variabilidad, entre 0,14 y 1,63% de C18:1 t y entre 0,37 y 2,14% de formas trans totales.

Contenidos de isomeros trans de los acidos grasos en productos carnicos (II). Tejidos adiposo y grasa intramuscular del cerdo

Se presentan los resultados obtenidos en la determinación de ácidos grasos trans en una serie de muestras de tejidos subcutáneo y muscular, procedentes de canales de cerdo, mediante cromatografía en fase gaseosa. Ambos tipos de grasas presentan valores similares y relativamente bajos, con un valor medio del 0.6% de 018:1 t. Se detecta una marcada influencia de la alimentación, puesta de manifiesto por las diferencias significativas obtenidas para los contenidos de C18:1 trans, en función del origen de las muestras. Igualmente, se recogen las correlaciones obtenidas entre los contenidos de C18:1 t. y los de ácidos grasos saturados, monoinsaturados y poliinsaturados, así como con el contenido graso intramuscular.

Contenidos de isomeros trans de los acidos grasos en productos carnicos. (III) Tejido adiposo y grasa intramuscular de vacuno

Se presentan los resultados obtenidos para la determinación de ácidos grasos en una serie de muestras de tejidos subcutáneo y muscular, procedentes de canales de vacuno, por aplicación de la cromatografía en fase gaseosa, para los que se obtuvieron unos valores medios de 58.7% de ácidos saturados, 39.1 % de monoinsaturados y 2.7% de polinsaturados, en el tejido adiposo, y de 44.7% de saturados, 46.1% de monoinsaturados y 9.4% de polinsaturados, en el tejido muscular. Los contenidos de ácidos grasos trans muestran diferencias significativas entre ambos tejidos (medias del 7% de ácidos trans totales en grasa intramuscular y 10.5% en grasa de depósito). El C18: 1t presenta una distribución paralela a la del total de ácidos trans, mientras que para el C16: 1 trans se observa un comportamiento claramente diferente, ya que no se presentan estas diferencias significativas entre ambos tejidos. En cuanto a los factores estudiados que pueden influir en el contenido de isómeros trans, cabe destacar que la raza fue aquél que ofrecía más diferencias, mientras que entre los diversos orígenes (explotaciones ganaderas) y entre categorías de canal se presentaron menos diferencias en relación a los contenidos de estos isómeros. También es importante destacar que las correlaciones que se han observado entre los contenidos de ácidos trans y los totales de ácidos saturados, mono y polinsaturados presentan un signo contrario, según el tipo de tejido. Así, un aumento del % de ácidos trans va aparejado con un aumento de saturados y una disminución de polinsaturados en el tejido muscular, mientras que va aparejado con una disminución de saturados y un aumento de mono y polinsaturados en el tejido adiposo.

Metodologia analitica para la determinacion de oxiesteroles

El presente trabajo recoge los principales aspectos relacionados con el análisis de los derivados oxidados del colesterol. Este problema analítico es relativamente reciente y muchas cuestiones relacionadas con el mismo son controvertidas. Prueba de ello es la existencia de un número elevado de metodologías, que exigen aún, en muchos casos, una mejora y validación. Por ello, se ha creído interesante una discusión de los principales sistemas propuestos para su determinación (cromatografía de gases y cromatografía de alta eficacia), así como de las etapas previas de extracción y purificación de las muestras.

Formacion de derivados oxidados de colesterol en alimentos

Este trabajo constituye una revisión bibliográfica en donde se recogen los mecanismos de formación de los diferentes oxiesteroles, los factores que influyen en la formación de estos compuestos en alimentos y su contenido en los mismos. Aspectos de creciente interés debido a la gran cantidad de efectos biológicos descritos para estos derivados.

Changes in the phenolic content of low density lipoprotein after olive oil consumption in men. A randomized crossover controlled trial

Olive oil decreases the risk of CVD. This effect may be due to the fatty acid profile of the oil, but it may also be due to its antioxidant content which differs depending on the type of olive oil. In this study, the concentrations of oleic acid and antioxidants (phenolic compounds and vitamin E) in plasma and LDL were compared after consumption of three similar olive oils, but with differences in their phenolic content. Thirty healthy volunteers participated in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover, randomized supplementation trial. Virgin, common, and refined olive oils were administered during three periods of 3 weeks separated by a 2-week washout period. Participants were requested to ingest a daily dose of 25 ml raw olive oil, distributed over the three meals of the day, during intervention periods. All three olive oils caused an increase in plasma and LDL oleic acid (P,0·05) content. Olive oils rich in phenolic compounds led to an increase in phenolic compounds in LDL (P,0·005). The concentration of phenolic compounds in LDL was directly correlated with the phenolic concentration in the olive oils. The increase in the phenolic content of LDL could account for the increase of the resistance of LDL to oxidation, and the decrease of the in vivo oxidized LDL, observed in the frame of this trial. Our results support the hypothesis that a daily intake of virgin olive oil promotes protective LDL changes ahead of its oxidation.

Prediction of subcutaneous fatty acid composition from ham of CLA fed boars and gilts using a NIRS fiber optic probe

The aim of this work was the use of NIR technology by direct application of a fiber optic probe on back fat to analyze the fatty acid composition of CLA fed boars and gilts. 265 animals were fed 3 different diets and the fatty acid profile of back fat from Gluteus medius was analyzed using gas chromatography and FT-NIR. Spectra were acquired using a Bruker Optics Matrix-F duplex spectrometer equipped with a fiber optic probe (IN-268-2). Oleic and stearic fatty acids were predicted accurately; myristic, vaccenic and linoleic fatty acids were predicted with lower accuracy, while palmitic and α-linolenic fatty acids were poorly predicted. The relative percentage of fatty acids and NIR spectra showed differences in fatty acid composition of back fat from pigs fed CLA which increased the relative percentage of SFA and PUFA while MUFA decreased. Results suggest that a NIR fiber optic probe can be used to predict total saturated and unsaturated fatty acid composition, as well as the percentage of stearic and oleic. NIR showed potential as a rapid and easily implemented method to discriminate carcasses from animals fed different diets.

Comparison of fatty acid profiles of edible meat, adipose tissues and muscles between cocks and capons

The effect of caponisation on fat composition by parts (wing, breast, thigh, and drumstick) and tissues (skin, subcutaneous adipose tissue, intermuscular adipose tissue and muscle) was examined in the present study and fatty acid profiles of abdominal fat and edible meat by parts and tissue components were determined. The sample was made up of twenty-eight castrated and twenty male Penedesenca Negra chicks reared under free-range conditions and slaughtered at 28 wk of age; the birds were castrated at four or eight weeks. Caponisation significantly increased (P < 0.01) the chemical fat content in all parts (16.31% to 37.98% in breast; 21.98% to 34.13% in wing; 21.09% to 49.57% in thigh; 14.33% to 24.82% in drumstick) and led to minor modifications in fat haracteristics, particularly in the thigh and the drumstick, where the unsaturated vs. saturated fatty acid ratio increased from 1.31 to 1.76 ( P < 0.01) and from 1.48 to 2.07 (P < 0.01), respectively. Delaying the age of castration from 4 to 8 weeks increased this ratio by 0.35 in the edible meat. Even though the profile of the abdominal fat is less saturated in capons, all changes occurring on fat quality after caponisation indicate that increased fatness after castration does not imply worse fat nutritional properties.

Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Oxidation in Obesity

Significance: Current lifestyles with high-energy diets and little exercise are triggering an alarming growth in obesity. Excess of adiposity is leading to severe increases in associated pathologies, such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, cancer, arthritis, asthma, and hypertension. This, together with the lack of efficient obesity drugs, is the driving force behind much research. Recent Advances: Traditional anti-obesity strategies focused on reducing food intake and increasing physical activity. However, recent results suggest that enhancing cellular energy expenditure may be an attractive alternative therapy. Critical Issues: This review evaluates recent discoveries regarding mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and its potential as a therapy for obesity. We focus on the still controversial beneficial effects of increased FAO in liver and muscle, recent studies on how to potentiate adipose tissue energy expenditure, and the different hypotheses involving FAO and the reactive oxygen species production in the hypothalamic control of food intake. Future Directions: The present review aims to provide an overview of novel anti-obesity strategies that target mitochondrial FAO and that will definitively be of high interest in the future research to fight against obesity-related disorders. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 00, 000000.