A Obra “Faça-você-mesmo”: Estética da Participação nas Artes Digitais

A presente dissertação de doutoramento propõe-se a analisar criticamente a noção de obra de arte participativa, traduzida pela designação de obra “faça-você- -mesmo”, que apela à participação ativa e ao agenciamento do público que se tornam parte integrante do processo criativo engendrado pela obra. A nossa reflexão sobre a obra “faça-você-mesmo” insere-se no contexto da “cultura da participação” e da expansão dos media sociais e tem como principal objeto de estudo a obra participativa nas artes digitais. Esta tese postula uma análise das práticas participativas nas artes digitais à luz de uma genealogia artística e crítica que atravessa o século XX e é marcada pela experimentação com a ativação do público e a abertura da obra, traduzindo-se numa instabilização de limites entre arte, quotidiano e sociedade. A nossa abordagem metodológica enraíza-se numa tradição de pensamento crítico e interdisciplinar próprio das humanidades sendo que recorremos à articulação entre teoria crítica e análise de casos concretos. Assim, de modo a compreender a experiência do público com a obra participativa, elaborámos um conjunto de conceitos que nos permitem conceber uma estética da participação nas artes digitais. Paralelamente, de forma a conhecermos o universo temático das práticas participativas nas artes digitais, criámos uma proposta de três linhas temáticas no âmbito das quais analisámos múltiplas obras concretas, colocando-as em relação com os seus contextos sociais, culturais e políticos. As obras “faça-você-mesmo”, descritas nesta dissertação, tendem a situar-se numa posição intermédia entre os dois extremos das práticas artísticas autónomas “auto- -reflexivas” e dos projetos artísticos comunitários, que visam facilitar discussões e sugerir soluções para problemas concretos. Algumas das obras participativas discutidas neste estudo possuem caraterísticas em comum com a atitude “faça-você-mesmo” preconizada por determinadas formas de ativismo político, nomeadamente, a organização não-hierárquica, a autonomia e a participação direta dos voluntários. Ao convocar a participação do público, a obra “faça-você-mesmo” constitui-se como um projeto dialógico de experimentação criativa que se pode articular com uma dimensão política. Porém, este estudo salienta que a obra de arte participativa deve ser vista à luz de uma tensão entre disrupção e incorporação, liberdade e controlo que carateriza a dinâmica das redes digitais e do capitalismo contemporâneo. A presente dissertação propõe de modo fundamentado três linhas de investigação futura. Primeiramente, a exploração do campo das práticas curatoriais e museológicas em ambientes participativos. Seguidamente, a análise do modo como o campo da arte contemporânea e a condição do artista vão evoluir sob a influência do acesso generalizado aos meios de produção e distribuição artística nomeadamente através da World Wide Web. Por fim, o estudo dos novos regimes de interação e expressividade das imagens nas redes digitais.

Bits, Atoms, and Information Sharing: new opportunities for participation

The particular characteristics and affordances of technologies play a significant role in human experience by defining the realm of possibilities available to individuals and societies. Some technological configurations, such as the Internet, facilitate peer-to-peer communication and participatory behaviors. Others, like television broadcasting, tend to encourage centralization of creative processes and unidirectional communication. In other instances still, the affordances of technologies can be further constrained by social practices. That is the case, for example, of radio which, although technically allowing peer-to-peer communication, has effectively been converted into a broadcast medium through the legislation of the airwaves. How technologies acquire particular properties, meanings and uses, and who is involved in those decisions are the broader questions explored here. Although a long line of thought maintains that technologies evolve according to the logic of scientific rationality, recent studies demonstrated that technologies are, in fact, primarily shaped by social forces in specific historical contexts. In this view, adopted here, there is no one best way to design a technological artifact or system; the selection between alternative designs—which determine the affordances of each technology—is made by social actors according to their particular values, assumptions and goals. Thus, the arrangement of technical elements in any technological artifact is configured to conform to the views and interests of those involved in its development. Understanding how technologies assume particular shapes, who is involved in these decisions and how, in turn, they propitiate particular behaviors and modes of organization but not others, requires understanding the contexts in which they are developed. It is argued here that, throughout the last century, two distinct approaches to the development and dissemination of technologies have coexisted. In each of these models, based on fundamentally different ethoi, technologies are developed through different processes and by different participants—and therefore tend to assume different shapes and offer different possibilities. In the first of these approaches, the dominant model in Western societies, technologies are typically developed by firms, manufactured in large factories, and subsequently disseminated to the rest of the population for consumption. In this centralized model, the role of users is limited to selecting from the alternatives presented by professional producers. Thus, according to this approach, the technologies that are now so deeply woven into human experience, are primarily shaped by a relatively small number of producers. In recent years, however, a group of three interconnected interest groups—the makers, hackerspaces, and open source hardware communities—have increasingly challenged this dominant model by enacting an alternative approach in which technologies are both individually transformed and collectively shaped. Through a in-depth analysis of these phenomena, their practices and ethos, it is argued here that the distributed approach practiced by these communities offers a practical path towards a democratization of the technosphere by: 1) demystifying technologies, 2) providing the public with the tools and knowledge necessary to understand and shape technologies, and 3) encouraging citizen participation in the development of technologies.

Growing globally: Is it reasonable for Logoplaste to enter the Colombian rigid plastic packaging market?

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics

‘Wooden Man’? : Masculinities in the Work of J. M. Coetzee (Boyhood, Youth and Summertime)

In seeking to advance the possibility of justice, gender and postcolonial studies have argued for the importance of the study of masculinities, through the acknowledgment that a richer understanding of such gendered formations may provide the basis for recognition of the Other and that, left uncriticised, such formations may be continuously delineated by the reproduction of systems of domination. The current study finds as its object the representations of masculinities in J. M. Coetzee’s Boyhood (1997), Youth (2002) and Summertime (2009). As works of transition in terms of Coetzee’s oeuvre - post-apartheid and post-Disgrace - the trilogy provides an account of the development of a man through several stages of life. While portraying the tensions of different geographical and cultural locations, such as apartheid South Africa and the London of the Sixties, the trilogy articulates the various norms that impact in the formation of gender, particularly of masculinities, through a complex system of power relations. The adherence to such norms is never linear, as the trilogy provides imaginative accounts of the contradictions that assist in the formulation of gender, depicting both the allure and the terror that constitute hegemonic masculinity. Located in the intersection of gender and postcolonial studies, the present study is based on the works by Raewyn Connell on masculinities. Animated by such a critical framework, the main research question of the present study is whether the trilogy advances a notion of masculinity that differs from the traditional rigid model, that is, whether there is resistance to hegemonic masculinity and what the spaces inhabited by the subaltern are. It is suggested that the trilogy presents the reader with instances of resistance to normative formulations of masculinity, by contrasting domination with the possibility of justice, and advancing an understanding of the often fatal consequences of gender norms to one’s sense of being in the world.