Relatório de estágio e demonstrar em matemática. Um estudo sobre o raciocínio dedutivo dos alunos do 10.º ano do Ensino Secundário

A presente dissertação é composta por duas partes, sendo a primeira dedicada à prática pedagógica supervisionada e a segunda ao desenvolvimento do trabalho de investigação sobre o raciocínio dedutivo em matemática dos alunos de uma turma do 10.º ano do Ensino Secundário. O relatório de estágio traduz-se no registo da prática pedagógica acompanhada e engloba o descritivo das atividades desenvolvidas ao longo do ano letivo bem como uma reflexão sobre as mesmas. O trabalho de investigação relata o estudo efetuado sobre o desenvolvimento do raciocínio dedutivo de alunos do 10.º ano, procurando aferir sobre como estes alunos encaram a necessidade da demonstração, quais os conhecimentos empíricos que têm de algumas noções em matemática e por último se conseguem desenvolver um raciocínio dedutivo ou, pelo menos, lógico e coerente que lhes permita a realização de demonstrações matemáticas adequadas ao seu nível de escolaridade. Na repercussão dos objetivos acima definidos, a presente investigação centra-se na procura de respostas às seguintes questões: 1. Quais as dificuldades que os alunos manifestam na elaboração do raciocínio dedutivo? 2. Qual a influência da noção de definição, teorema, axioma e demonstração matemática, que os alunos formaram ao longo da sua escolaridade, sobre as dificuldades que sentem em desenvolver um raciocínio dedutivo? 3. Quais as diferenças, em termos de dificuldade, evidenciadas pelos alunos na realização de tarefas demonstrativas algébricas e geométricas? 4. Qual a relação entre as classificações obtidas na disciplina e a facilidade/dificuldade em desenvolver um raciocínio dedutivo? O estudo segue uma metodologia qualitativa desenvolvida em seis estudos de caso, utilizando técnicas de recolha de dados baseadas na observação de alunos, nomeadamente durante a resolução de tarefas, na aplicação de um questionário e na realização de uma entrevista. As conclusões alcançadas sugerem que os alunos conseguem desenvolver um raciocínio abstrato, apesar de maioritariamente não sentirem a necessidade de tal. Os participantes no estudo manifestaram possuir conhecimentos empíricos reduzidos das noções matemáticas apresentadas, aspeto que não os impediu de desenvolver o raciocínio dedutivo necessário à realização das tarefas. As principais dificuldades que registámos prendem-se com a não compreensão da natureza da tarefa, a falta de domínio dos conteúdos lecionados, a dificuldade de abstração e as resistências devido a convicções previamente formadas, fenómeno que Brown (2014) denomina de empirismo. Assim, as dificuldades dos alunos não parecem estar relacionadas com o tipo de tarefa, geometria ou algébrica, mas com o grau de complexidade das mesmas. O estudo sugere ainda que o nível de abstração matemática que estes alunos revelam, não está diretamente relacionada com o rendimento na disciplina.

Relatório de estágio curricular no Centro de Arbitragem Comercial da Câmara de Comércio e Indústria portuguesa

This report is the outcome of an internship that took place in Centro de Arbitragem Comercial da Câmara de Comércio e Indústria Portuguesa and its completion is an essential part of the path towards obtaining the Master’s Degree in Faculdade de Direito da Universidade Nova de Lisboa. This report has been structured in two stages – firstly, the presentation of the Centro de Arbitragem Comercial, focusing on its field of expertise, organic structure, principles and advantages. Then, the description of the activities developed within the Secretariat over the several stages of the arbitration procedure – since the reception of the arbitration requirement in institutional proceedings, terms of reference in ad hoc procedures, through the monitoring of the arbitral tribunal sessions (preliminary hearings, submission of evidence and final allegations) and the notification of the arbitration award. The second stage of this report is related to the description of the functions and powers of the President of Centro de Arbitragem Comercial. Firstly, it defines those powers by analyzing the statutes and rules of proceedings of the Centro de Arbitragem, drawing comparisons between the above mention and the rules of proceedings of others arbitral institutional centres, some of them are international references. The report assesses and describes the presidential powers, such as: configuration and composition of the arbitral tribunal (including arbitrator’s replacements, excuses and refusals); deadline extensions; determination of procedural rules and decision-making on any procedural incidents which arise before the constitution of the arbitral tribunal; definition of arbitration costs and fees; joinder of parties and consolidation of proceedings admission; and appointment of an emergency arbitrator. Lastly, this report analyzes some decisions delivered by the President in the respective institutional procedures which took place in the Centre.

Relatório de estágio curricular realizado na Câmara Municipal de Lisboa

The experience of an internship is always considered an experience that should be enriching, a first contact with the employment world. The intention is to build a bridge between the theory and practice - applying what has been learnt throughout the course. Therefore, it was started a new learning phase that seeks to take advantage and obtain experiences useful for a professional life based in efficiency and efficacy. The curricular internship was carried out within the Masters in Public Law and held by Faculdade de Direito da Universidade Nova de Lisboa (FDUNL)(Law School Of University New Of Lisbon) in the Câmara Municipal de Lisboa (CML) (Lisbon's Town Hall), in the Departamento de Política de Solos e Valorização Patrimonial (DPSVP) (Soil Politics and Patrimonial Valuation Department) of the Direção Municipal de Planeamento, Reabilitação e Gestão Urbanística (Municipal Direction of Planning, Rehabilitation and Urban Management) between September and December 2013. Throughout this internship, several activities within the DPSVP were developed. In an early stage, there was a presentation of the organic structure of Lisbon's Town Hall, and the Department where I was going to do the internship, and its competencies. Therefore I acquired key concepts and researched jurisprudence and legislation needed to the analysis and understanding of the activities done in the internship. In a second stage, it was done the analysis and understanding of the division into lots administrative procedures, as well as the solving of the problems occurred throughout that analysis. Besides that, there was the need to help preparing some procedural acts to be applied regarding the Department competencies, namely within the alienation, procurement, encumbrance and rental of immovable assets owned by the Municipality of Lisbon.

Relatório de estágio na AXA Portugal

The present report has the goal of enunciating and exposing some of the main judicial subjects that were developed during the period of internship, coming forth in the form of answers to questions properly reformulated as not to injure the confidentiality of data available while in the process of making said report, they deal with different branches of the law, although with a special focus on the field of Insurance Law. It being an academic piece, it was of the utmost importance to focus more sharply on a specific theme, in casu, medical-civil responsibility, causing the interest in this matter due to the curricular internship and a case law research on the subject. The last chapter of this paper focuses mainly on the problematic of seizure by insurance intermediary’s commissions, credits from occupational accidents and illnesses and Retirement and Education Savings Plans (PPR/Es), this being one problematic with which I dealt directly in the early stages of the internship.

Relatório de estágio curricular Federação Portuguesa de Futebol

This report aims to present the work that has been developed throughout the internship in the Portuguese Football Federation. First it is presented a characterization of the host institution, not only on its legal framework, but also on how it works. Then it´s revealed the work done during the internship, which consisted mainly in the preparation of a study about the opened / litigated cases in season 2012/2013 in what football concerns, that is to say, those cases where the Portuguese Football Federation Disciplinary Board, which is always the decision-making body, had direct intervention. The study is separated into two sections (one regards the professional football and the other the non-professional football) because each one have their own competence, and the processes obey to different formalities in the two sections. Within each section are defined all process forms, and it’s made an evaluation about their decisions and the timing of each procedural stage. What is expected with this work is that it can clarify and promote some aspects of the functioning of the sports justice in what football concerns.

Contrato de abertura de crédito bancário

La recherche que nous avons mené à bien avait pour but, dans un premier temps de comprendre la notion de contrat, ses caractéristiques, fonctions et les garanties qui en peuvent être fournies. Nous invoquerons le contenu du contrat, c'est à dire, les effets de celui-ci en essayant de montrer les droits et obligations auxquels les parties seront liées. Bien qu'étant un contrat assez requérant dans la pratique bancaire, celui-ci n'a pas encore attiré l'attention du législateur de façon à établir un régime qui pourrait lui être appliqué au lieu de s'appuyer sur d'autres contrats lui étant similaires. Nous proposons l'analyse de la cessation du contrat, en se concentrant sur les moyens de la dissolution, survenue suite à la conclusion de l'accord comme la plainte, l'abrogation, l'expiration et la résolution du contrat, en laissant de côté la dissolution du contrat pour des raisons survenues avant la conclusion du contrat, comme la nullité et l'annulation.

Relatório de estágio curricular realizado na Comissão Nacional de Protecção de Dados

The personal data protection is presented as an indisputably complex and transversal subject and gives an account of this report, a result of curricular internship at the Portuguese Commission for Data Protection. The Commission is the competent authority for the control and supervision of personal data processing. The subject around which this report was prepared is the protection of personal data, analyzed in several aspects. The protection of personal data is, for some time, a topic that raises many concerns, because it is closely linked to fundamental rights constitutionally protected. Fundamental rights inherent in each of us are a result of Article 1 of the Constitution of the Portuguese Republic, in the sense that the dignity of the human person is affirmed as the first value around which the Portuguese legal system will have to be based. In other words, is the dignity of the human person the highest value in the Portuguese legal system. Was the development of societies to the point that we know today that has led to the importance to the personal data of citizens. In modern societies, it is possible to know everything about everyone and the curiosity of others seems not to worry about the injuries that affect the rights of citizens. Where new technologies make excuses for the excessive processing of personal data and where subjects do not seem to bother about their personal data crossing the world, it is important that jurisdictions give value the protection of personal data and the implications of its misuse, in that as these are the mirror of identity each of us and can be used against their owners, causing irreparable damage to the their fundamental rights. Being understood as protection of personal data the possibility of each citizen to decide the use of their data and how they can be used, we can say that its protection depends essentially on each of us, as holders of personal data. Therefore, the protection of our data begins in ourselves.

Kixikila - um contrato de financiamento informal

The purpose of the present work is to analyse and provide kixikila legal framework under Angolan law. Kixikila, despite being a legally atypical agreement, is a socially typical contract, governed essentially by the practices and customs in Angola and concluded throughout the country. With the above purpose in mind, this thesis is structured in five chapters: the first one aims at better understanding its features and, therefore, it describes the kixikila in accordance with oral research, direct observation and the contributions of scholars that have examined this matter. The second chapter aims at qualifying the kixikila as a legal transaction. For this purpose, we have analysed its requirements, formation stages, content and form, characteristics, rights and obligations of the parties, effects and compliance. We have also covered the reasons that explain why this type of agreement shall be legally protected in line with the protection conferred upon other legal agreements, taking into account its economic and social function. The third chapter covers the vicissitudes which may occur during the term of the kixikila agreement, as well as the enforcement mechanisms in face of breach and its termination. The fourth chapter aims at qualifying this agreement by comparing its most relevant characteristics with those of typical agreements, with a view to determining its legal nature based upon the similarity with other contractual types. This chapter further makes a comparative synthesis between the contracts in analysis. The fifth chapter analyses the legal nature and legal framework applicable to kixikila taking into account mixed-purpose contracts and sui generis contracts. We conclude that practices and customs in Angola take precedence as regards kixikila. Lastly, we attach additional information, such as excerpts of interviews with some individuals intervening in kixikila, the functional structure of kixikila and examples of kixikila, as well as demonstrative lists of countries where this type of agreement takes place and the obligations arising therefrom.

O contrato de transporte aéreo

The international conventions and agreements on civil liability emerged with the purpose of regulating the liability of the air carrier, bearing in mind two essential factors: i) the need to protect passengers interests, and ii) to ensure the continuous development of an incipient activity by limiting the compensation amounts. This research will focus on the analysis of the nature of the contract of air carriage, as well as the air carrier's liability regime regarding damages endured by passengers that may result from the non-performance of the contract.