A Voltage Limiter Circuit for Indoor Light Energy Harvesting Applications

A voltage limiter circuit for indoor light energy harvesting applications is presented. This circuit is a part of a bigger system, whose function is to harvest indoor light energy, process it and store it, so that it can be used at a later time. This processing consists on maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and stepping-up, of the voltage from the photovoltaic (PV) harvester cell. The circuit here described, ensures that even under strong illumination, the generated voltage will not exceed the limit allowed by the technology, avoiding the degradation, or destruction, of the integrated die. A prototype of the limiter circuit was designed in a 130 nm CMOS technology. The layout of the circuit has a total area of 23414 mu m(2). Simulation results, using Spectre, are presented.

Projecto de um conversor redutor CC-CC comutado para SoC

A evolução da tecnologia CMOS tem possibilitado uma maior densidade de integração de circuitos tornando possível o aumento da complexidade dos sistemas. No entanto, a integração de circuitos de gestão de potência continua ainda em estudo devido à dificuldade de integrar todos os componentes. Esta solução apresenta elevadas vantagens, especialmente em aplicações electrónicas portáteis alimentadas a baterias, onde a autonomia é das principais características. No âmbito dos conversores redutores existem várias topologias de circuitos que são estudadas na área de integração. Na categoria dos conversores lineares utiliza-se o LDO (Low Dropout Regulator), apresentando no entanto baixa eficiência para relações de conversão elevadas. Os conversores comutados são elaborados através do recurso a circuitos de comutação abrupta, em que a eficiência deste tipo de conversores não depende do rácio de transformação entre a tensão de entrada e a de saída. A diminuição física dos processos CMOS tem como consequência a redução da tensão máxima que os transístores suportam, impondo o estudo de soluções tolerantes a “altatensão”, com o intuito de manter compatibilidade com tensões superiores que existam na placa onde o circuito é incluído. Os sistemas de gestão de energia são os primeiros a acompanhar esta evolução, tendo de estar aptos a fornecer a tensão que os restantes circuitos requerem. Neste trabalho é abordada uma metodologia de projecto para conversores redutores CCCC comutados em tecnologia CMOS, tendo-se maximizado a frequência com vista à integração dos componentes de filtragem em circuito integrado. A metodologia incide sobre a optimização das perdas totais inerentes à comutação e condução, dos transístores de potência e respectivos circuitos auxiliares. É apresentada uma nova metodologia para o desenvolvimento de conversores tolerantes a “alta-tensão”.

Solid-state Marx based two-switch voltage modulator for the On-Line Isotope Mass Separator accelerator at the European Organization for Nuclear Research

A new circuit topology is proposed to replace the actual pulse transformer and thyratron based resonant modulator that supplies the 60 kV target potential for the ion acceleration of the On-Line Isotope Mass Separator accelerator, the stability of which is critical for the mass resolution downstream separator, at the European Organization for Nuclear Research. The improved modulator uses two solid-state switches working together, each one based on the Marx generator concept, operating as series and parallel switches, reducing the stress on the series stacked semiconductors, and also as auxiliary pulse generator in order to fulfill the target requirements. Preliminary results of a 10 kV prototype, using 1200 V insulated gate bipolar transistors and capacitors in the solid-state Marx circuits, ten stages each, with an electrical equivalent circuit of the target, are presented, demonstrating both the improved voltage stability and pulse flexibility potential wanted for this new modulator.

Repetitive Solid State Pulse Modulator Based on a DC Voltage Multiplier

A newly developed solid-state repetitive high-voltage (HV) pulse modulator topology created from the mature concept of the d.c. voltage multiplier (VM) is described. The proposed circuit is based in a voltage multiplier type circuit, where a number of d.c. capacitors share a common connection with different voltage rating in each one. Hence, besides the standard VM rectifier and coupling diodes, two solid-state on/off switches are used, in each stage, to switch from the typical charging VM mode to a pulse mode with the d.c. capacitors connected in series with the load. Due to the on/off semiconductor configuration, in half-bridge structures, the maximum voltage blocked by each one is the d.c. capacitor voltage in each stage. A 2 kV prototype is described and the results are compared with PSPICE simulations.

A DC-DC Step-Up mu-Power Converter for Energy Harvesting Applications, Using Maximum Power PointTracking, Based on Fractional Open Circuit Voltage

A DC-DC step-up micro power converter for solar energy harvesting applications is presented. The circuit is based on a switched-capacitorvoltage tripler architecture with MOSFET capacitors, which results in an, area approximately eight times smaller than using MiM capacitors for the 0.131mu m CMOS technology. In order to compensate for the loss of efficiency, due to the larger parasitic capacitances, a charge reutilization scheme is employed. The circuit is self-clocked, using a phase controller designed specifically to work with an amorphous silicon solar cell, in order to obtain themaximum available power from the cell. This will be done by tracking its maximum power point (MPPT) using the fractional open circuit voltage method. Electrical simulations of the circuit, together with an equivalent electrical model of an amorphous silicon solar cell, show that the circuit can deliver apower of 1132 mu W to the load, corresponding to a maximum efficiency of 66.81%.

Design and evaluation of multi-band RF energy harvesting circuits and antennas for WSNs

Radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting is an emerging technology that will enable to drive the next generation of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) without the need of using batteries. In this paper, we present RF energy harvesting circuits specifically developed for GSM bands (900/1800) and a wearable dual-band antenna suitable for possible implementation within clothes for body worn applications. Besides, we address the development and experimental characterization of three different prototypes of a five-stage Dickson voltage multiplier (with match impedance circuit) responsible for harvesting the RF energy. Different printed circuit board (PCB) fabrication techniques to produce the prototypes result in different values of conversion efficiency. Therefore, we conclude that if the PCB fabrication is achieved by means of a rigorous control in the photo-positive method and chemical bath procedure applied to the PCB it allows for attaining better values for the conversion efficiency. All three prototypes (1, 2 and 3) can power supply the IRIS sensor node for RF received powers of -4 dBm, -6 dBm and -5 dBm, and conversion efficiencies of 20, 32 and 26%, respectively. © 2014 IEEE.

Marx-Type solid-state bipolar modulator topologies: Performance comparison

The operation of generalized Marx-type solid-state bipolar modulators is discussed and compared with simplified Marx-derived circuits, to evaluate their capability to deal with various load conditions. A comparative analysis on the number of switches per cell, fiber optic trigger count, losses, and switch hold-off voltages has been made. A circuit topology is obtained as a compromise in terms of operating performance, trigger simplicity, and switching losses. A five-stage laboratory prototype of this circuit has been assembled using 1200 V insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) and diodes, operating with 1000 V dc input voltage and 1 kHz frequency, giving 5 kV bipolar pulses, with 2.5 mu s pulse width and 5 mu s relaxation time into resistive, capacitive, and inductive loads.

A DC Voltage-Multiplier Circuit Working as a High-Voltage Pulse Generator

The intensive use of semiconductor devices enabled the development of a repetitive high-voltage pulse-generator topology from the dc voltage-multiplier (VM) concept. The proposed circuit is based on an odd VM-type circuit, where a number of dc capacitors share a common connection with different voltage ratings in each one, and the output voltage comes from a single capacitor. Standard VM rectifier and coupling diodes are used for charging the energy-storing capacitors, from an ac power supply, and two additional on/off semiconductors in each stage, to switch from the typical charging VM mode to a pulse mode with the dc energy-storing capacitors connected in series with the load. Results from a 2-kV experimental prototype with three stages, delivering a 10-mu s pulse with a 5-kHz repetition rate into a resistive load, are discussed. Additionally, the proposed circuit is compared against the solid-state Marx generator topology for the same peak input and output voltages.

On the Problem of Balancing the DC Capacitor Voltage Divider in Back-to-Back Multilevel Converters

This paper presents a new generalized solution for DC bus capacitors voltage balancing in back-to-back m level diode-clamped multilevel converters connecting AC networks. The solution is based on the DC bus average power flow and exploits the switching configuration redundancies. The proposed balancing solution is particularized for the back-to-back multilevel structure with m=5 levels. This back-to-back converter is studied working with bidirectional power flow, connecting an induction machine to the power grid.

Predictive Optimal Matrix Converter Control for a Dynamic Voltage Restorer with Flywheel Energy Storage

This paper presents a predictive optimal matrix converter controller for a flywheel energy storage system used as Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR). The flywheel energy storage device is based on a steel seamless tube mounted as a vertical axis flywheel to store kinetic energy. The motor/generator is a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine driven by the AC-AC Matrix Converter. The matrix control method uses a discrete-time model of the converter system to predict the expected values of the input and output currents for all the 27 possible vectors generated by the matrix converter. An optimal controller minimizes control errors using a weighted cost functional. The flywheel and control process was tested as a DVR to mitigate voltage sags and swells. Simulation results show that the DVR is able to compensate the critical load voltage without delays, voltage undershoots or overshoots, overcoming the input/output coupling of matrix converters.

Field effect and light-assisted a-Si:H sensors for detection of ions in solution

In this paper we present an amorphous silicon device that can be used in two operation modes to measure the concentration of ions in solution. While crystalline devices present a higher sensitivity, their amorphous counterpart present a much lower fabrication cost, thus enabling the production of cheap disposable sensors for use, for example, in the food industry. The devices were fabricated on glass substrates by the PECVD technique in the top gate configuration, where the metallic gate is replaced by an electrolytic solution with an immersed Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Silicon nitride is used as gate dielectric enhancing the sensitivity and passivation layer used to avoid leakage and electrochemical reactions. In this article we report on the semiconductor unit, showing that the device can be operated in a light-assisted mode, where changes in the pH produce changes on the measured ac photocurrent. In alternative the device can be operated as a conventional ion selective field effect device where changes in the pH induce changes in the transistor's threshold voltage.

Limiting Internal Supply Voltage Spikes in DC-DC Converters

Implementing monolithic DC-DC converters for low power portable applications with a standard low voltage CMOS technology leads to lower production costs and higher reliability. Moreover, it allows miniaturization by the integration of two units in the same die: the power management unit that regulates the supply voltage for the second unit, a dedicated signal processor, that performs the functions required. This paper presents original techniques that limit spikes in the internal supply voltage on a monolithic DC-DC converter, extending the use of the same technology for both units. These spikes are mainly caused by fast current variations in the path connecting the external power supply to the internal pads of the converter power block. This path includes two parasitic inductances inbuilt in bond wires and in package pins. Although these parasitic inductances present relative low values when compared with the typical external inductances of DC-DC converters, their effects can not be neglected when switching high currents at high switching frequency. The associated overvoltage frequently causes destruction, reliability problems and/or control malfunction. Different spike reduction techniques are presented and compared. The proposed techniques were used in the design of the gate driver of a DC-DC converter included in a power management unit implemented in a standard 0.35 mu m CMOS technology.

Prevalence of fungi in indoor air with reference to gymnasiums with swimming pools

Fungal contamination of air in 10 gymnasiums with swimming pools was monitored. Fifty air samples of 200 L each were collected, using a Millipore air tester, from the area surrounding the pool, in training studios, in showers and changing rooms for both sexes, and also, outside premises, since these are the places regarded as reference. Simultaneously, environmental parameters – temperature and humidity – were also monitored. Some 25 different species of fungi were identified. The six most commonly isolated genera were the following: Cladosporium sp. (36.6%), Penicillium sp. (19.0%), Aspergillus sp. (10.2%), Mucor sp. (7%), Phoma sp. and Chrysonilia sp. (3.3%). For yeasts, three different genera were identified, namely, Rhodotorula sp. (70%), Trichosporon mucoides and Cryptococcus uniguttulattus (10%).

Power Electronics Didactic Modules for Direct Current Machine Control

Several didactic modules for an electric machinery laboratory are presented. The modules are dedicated for DC machinery control and get their characteristic curves. The didactic modules have a front panel with power and signal connectors and can be configurable for any DC motor type. The three-phase bridge inverter proposed is one of the most popular topologies and is commercially available in power package modules. The control techniques and power drives were designed to satisfy static and dynamic performance of DC machines. Each power section is internally self-protected against misconnections and short-circuits. Isolated output signals of current and voltage measurements are also provided, adding versatility for use either in didactic or research applications. The implementation of such modules allowed experimental confirmation of the expected performance.

Projecto de um regulador linear de tensão: LDO

Os reguladores de tensão LDO são utilizados intensivamente na actual indústria de electrónica, são uma parte essencial de um bloco de gestão de potência para um SoC. O aumento de produtos portáteis alimentados por baterias levou ao crescimento de soluções totalmente integradas, o que degrada o rendimento dos blocos analógicos que o constituem face às perturbações introduzidas na alimentação. Desta forma, surge a necessidade de procurar soluções cada vez mais optimizadas, impondo assim novas soluções, e/ou melhoramentos dos circuitos de gestão de potência, tendo como objectivo final o aumento do desempenho e da autonomia dos dispositivos electrónicos. Normalmente este tipo de reguladores tem a corrente de saída limitada, devido a problemas de estabilidade associados. Numa tentativa de evitar a instabilidade para as correntes de carga definidas e aumentar o PSRR do mesmo, é apresentado um método de implementação que tem como objectivo melhorar estas características, em que se pretende aumentar o rendimento e melhorar a resposta à variação da carga. No entanto, a técnica apresentada utiliza polarização adaptativa do estágio de potência, o que implica um aumento da corrente de consumo. O regulador LDO foi implementado na tecnologia CMOS UMC 0.18μm e ocupa uma área inferior a 0,2mm2. Os resultados da simulação mostram que o mesmo suporta uma transição de corrente 10μA para 100mA, com uma queda de tensão entre a tensão de alimentação e a tensão de saída inferior a 200mV. A estabilidade é assegurada para todas as correntes de carga. O tempo de estabelecimento é inferior a 6μs e as variações da tensão de saída relativamente a seu valor nominal são inferiores a 5mV. A corrente de consumo varia entre os 140μA até 200μA, o que permite atingir as especificações proposta para um PSRR de 40dB@10kHz.