Avalia����o in vitro da efic��cia de desinfetantes comerciais utilizados no pr�� e p��s-dippingfrente amostras de Staphylococcus spp. isoladas de mastite bovina

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a sensibilidade in vitro de Staphylococcus spp.frente a alguns desinfetantes comerciais utilizados no pr�� e p��s-dipping em vacas leiteiras. Foram testados um total de 60 isolados de Staphylococcus spp. identificados como S. aureus (50) e Staphylococcus coagulase positiva (10) recuperados de gl��ndulas mam��rias de vacas com mastite subcl��nica procedentes das regi��es Metropolitana do Recife, Agreste e Zona da Mata do Estado de Pernambuco. O estudo da efic��cia dos desinfetantes utilizados no pr�� e p��s-dipping foi realizado utilizando-se os seguintes princ��pios ativos: cloro (2,5%), iodo (0,57%), clorexidine (2,0%), am��nia quatern��ria (4,0%) e ��cido l��tico (2,0%) em quatro tempos distintos (15", 30", 60" e 300"). Observou-se que 100% de S. aureus foram sens��veis ao iodo, 93,3% sens��veis a clorexidine, 80% sens��veis a am��nia, 35,6% sens��veis ao ��cido l��tico e 97,8% resistentes ao cloro no tempo de 60". Com rela����o a Staphylococcus coagulase positiva (SCP), 100% dos isolados foram sens��veis ao iodo, 81,8% sens��veis a am��nia quatern��ria, 99,9% sens��veis ao ��cido l��tico, 72,7% sens��veis a clorexidine e 100% resistentes ao cloro no tempo de 60". Conclui-se que a maior atividade desinfetante in vitro foi verificada para o iodo e clorexidine frente a S. aureus e do iodo e ��cido l��tico frente aos SCP e que h�� necessidade de avalia����o peri��dica dos desinfetantes utilizados nas propriedades leiteiras nas regi��es estudadas, pois, existem varia����es no perfil de sensibilidade e resist��ncia aos desinfetantes que podem comprometer os programas de controle da mastite bovina causada por Staphylococcus spp.

Antimicrobial activity of the extract and isolated compounds from Baccharis dracunculifolia D. C. (Asteraceae)

Baccharis dracunculifolia D. C. (Asteraceae) is the most important plant source of the Brazilian green propolis. Since propolis is known for its antimicrobial activity, the aim of this work was to evaluate the showed that the leaves extract of B. dracunculifolia (BdE) presents antifungal and antibacterial activities, especially against Candida krusei and Cryptococcus neoformans, for which the BdE showed IC50 values of 65 mu g mL(-1) and 40 mu g mL(-1), respectively In comparison to the BdE, it was observed that the green propolis extract (GPE) showed better antimicrobial activity, displaying an IC50 value of 9 mu g mL(-1) against C krusei. Also, a phytochemical study of the BdE was carried out, affording the isolation of ursolic acid (1), 2 alpha-hydroxy-ursolic acid (2), isosakuranetin (3), aromadendrin-4`-methylether (4), baccharin (5), viscidone (6), hautriwaic acid lactone (7), and the clerodane diterpene 8. This is the first time that the presence of compounds 1, 2, and 8 in B. dracunculifolia has been reported. Among the isolated compounds, 1 and 2 showed antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, displaying IC50 values of 65 mu g mL(-1) and 40 mu g mL(-1), respectively. 3 was active against C neoformans, showing an IC50 value of 15 mu g mL(-1) and a MIC value of 40 mu g mL(-1), while compounds 4-8 were inactive against all tested microorganisms. The results showed that the BdE, similar to the GPE, displays antimicrobial activity, which may be related to the effect of several compounds present in the crude extract.

Essential Oil of Thymus vulgaris: Preparation of Pharmaceutical Mouthwash Formulation and In Vitro Evaluation of the Bacterial Plaque-Inhibiting Properties.

Essential Oil of Thymus vulgaris: Preparation of Pharmaceutical Mouthwash Formulation and In Vitro Evaluation of the Bacterial Plaque-Inhibiting Properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effect of the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris (thyme) pure or incorporate in a alcohol-free pharmaceutical mouthwash formulation, against Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175), being determined the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the effect in the bacterial plate formation. The MIC value obtained for the essential oil was 100 mu g/mL (1 %). The mouthwash pharmaceutical formulation containing commercial essential oil of T. vulgaris was preparated. Microbiological and macroscopic analysis as well as analyses for MEV confirmed the effectiveness of this new alcohol-free mouthwash formulation containing essential oil of T. vulgaris as agent with plaque-inhibiting properties and possible application in the preventive dentistry. The chemical characterization of the bioactive essential oil was accomplished by CG-MS, being verified the presence of carvacrol, p-cimene and alpha-pinene as major constituents.

Effect of phosphate binders on oxidative stress and inflammation markers in hemodialysis patients

It has been suggested that phosphate binders may reduce the inflammatory state of hemodialysis (HD) patients. However, it is not clear whether it has any effect on oxidative stress. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of sevelamer hydrochloride (SH) and calcium acetate (CA) on oxidative stress and inflammation markers in HD patients. Hemodialysis patients were randomly assigned to therapy with SH (n=17) or CA (n=14) for 1 year. Before the initiation of therapy (baseline) and at 12 months, we measured in vitro reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by stimulated and unstimulated polymorphonuclear neutrophils and serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-10, C-reactive protein, and albumin. There was a significant reduction of spontaneous ROS production in both groups after 12 months of therapy. There was a significant decrease of Staphylococcus aureus stimulated ROS production in the SH group. There was a significant increase in albumin serum levels only in the SH group. In the SH group, there was also a decrease in the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha and C-reactive protein. Our results suggest that compared with CA treatment, SH may lead to a reduction in oxidative stress and inflammation. Therefore, it is possible that phosphate binders exert pleiotropic effects on oxidative stress and inflammation, which could contribute toward decreasing endothelial injury in patients in HD.

Antibacterial activity of root canal filling materials for primary teeth: zinc oxide and eugenol cement, Calen paste thickened with zinc oxide, Sealapex and EndoREZ

This study evaluated in vitro the antibacterial activity of 4 root canal filling materials for primary teeth - zinc oxide and eugenol cement (ZOE), Calen paste thickened with zinc oxide (Calen/ZO), Sealapex sealer and EndoREZ sealer - against 5 bacterial strains commonly found in endodontic infections (Kocuria rhizophila, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) using the agar diffusion test (agar-well technique). Calen paste, 1% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) and distilled water served as controls. Seven wells per dish were made at equidistant points and immediately filled with the test and control materials. After incubation of the plates at 37oC for 24 h, the diameter of the zones of bacterial growth inhibition produced around the wells was measured (in mm) with a digital caliper under reflected light. Data were analyzed statistically by analysis of variance and Tukey's post-hoc test (?=0.05). There were statistically significant differences (p<0.0001) among the zones of bacterial growth inhibition produced by the different materials against all target microorganisms. K. rhizophila was inhibited more effectively (p<0.05) by ZOE, while Calen/ZO had its highest antibacterial activity against E. faecalis (p<0.05). S. mutans was inhibited by Calen/ZO, Sealapex and ZOE in the same intensity (p>0.05). E. coli was inhibited more effectively (p<0.05) by ZOE, followed by Calen/ZO and Sealapex. Calen/ZO and ZOE were equally effective (p>0.05) against S. aureus, while Sealapex had the lowest antibacterial efficacy (p<0.05) against this microorganism. EndoREZ presented antibacterial activity only against K. rhizophila and S. aureus. The Calen paste and Calen/ZO produced larger zones of inhibition than 1% CHX when the marker microorganism was E faecalis. In conclusion, the in vitro antibacterial activity of the 4 root canal filling materials for primary teeth against bacterial strains commonly found in endodontic infections can be presented in a decreasing order of efficacy as follows: ZOE>Calen/ZO>Sealapex>EndoREZ.

Estabilidade oxidativa e microbiol��gica em carne de galinha mecanicamente separada e adicionada de antioxidantes durante per��odo de armazenamento a -18 &deg;C

Com o objetivo de acompanhar a estabilidade f��sico-qu��mica e microbiol��gica da carne mecanicamente separada (CMS) de diferentes origens e estocada durante 99 dias a -18 &deg;C, foi realizada pr��via mistura de conservante (nitrito de s��dio) e antioxidante (eritorbato de s��dio) em CMS obtida de duas linhagens de aves: galinhas matrizes de corte e galinhas poedeiras comerciais brancas. Na CMS de cada linhagem foram realizados tr��s diferentes tratamentos: 1) controle (sem aditivos); 2) adi����o de 150 ppm de nitrito; e 3) adi����o de 150 ppm de nitrito e 500 ppm de eritorbato. Os resultados encontrados demonstraram que a adi����o de nitrito isoladamente n��o impediu a oxida����o lip��dica, avaliada atrav��s do ��ndice de TBARS, nem a altera����o na cor, avaliada em color��metro. Por outro lado, a adi����o de nitrito juntamente com eritorbato foi efetiva na redu����o dos problemas de oxida����o lip��dica na CMS de galinhas matrizes, e em menor grau, na CMS de poedeiras. A adi����o de nitrito e eritorbato na CMS tamb��m melhorou a preserva����o da cor vermelha desej��vel (a*) ao longo do tempo. A avalia����o da estabilidade microbiol��gica da CMS, realizada no primeiro e ��ltimo dia de estocagem congelada, para microrganismos mes��filos, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens e Pseudomonas spp., e quinzenalmente para microrganismos psicrotr��ficos, indicou que n��o houve uma varia����o significativa nas contagens em fun����o do tratamento utilizado (diferentes aditivos adicionados). N��o foi detectada Salmonella spp. em nenhuma das amostras analisadas. Em fun����o da melhoria da estabilidade oxidativa, recomenda-se a adi����o de nitrito (150 ppm) e eritorbato (500 ppm) em CMS de galinhas matrizes a ser estocada congelada por um per��odo prolongado.

Constituintes qu��micos e atividade antimicrobiana dos extratos de Dilodendron bipinnatum (sapindaceae)

The phytochemical investigation of ethanolic extracts from leaves, branches and stems of D. bipinnatum afforded the steroids &#946;-sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, sitostenone and sitosterol-3-O-&#946;-D-glycopyranoside, along with two cycloartane triterpenes: cycloeucalenol and 24-methylenecycloartenol. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6623), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 15442), Micrococcus luteus (ATCC 9341) and Candida albicans (ATCC 10231). The extracts of the leaves and branches showed moderate activity against Candida albicans. The extract of the branches was active against Micrococcus luteus. This is the first report on the phytochemical study of D. bipinnatum.

Doen��a granulomatosa cr��nica: diagn��stico no primeiro epis��dio infeccioso

OBJETIVO: Relatar caso ilustrativo de doen��a granulomatosa cr��nica cujo diagn��stico ocorreu durante o aparecimento do primeiro epis��dio infeccioso, colaborando com a iniciativa do Brazilian Group for Immunodeficiency para a sensibiliza����o do pediatra geral em rela����o ao diagn��stico precoce das imunodefici��ncias prim��rias, o que est�� associado a melhor qualidade de vida e maior sobrevida desses indiv��duos. DESCRI����O DE CASO: Paciente do sexo masculino, 39 dias de vida, admitido em pronto-socorro pedi��trico por febre alta h�� cinco dias e irritabilidade. No dia seguinte, observou-se abscesso cervical, isolando-se Staphylococcus aureus comunit��rio. Durante a interna����o, ocorreram outros abscessos superficiais e em cadeias ganglionares profundas, al��m de resposta lenta aos antimicrobianos. Solicitou-se investiga����o para imunodefici��ncias, que confirmou a hip��tese de doen��a granulomatosa cr��nica por quantifica����o dos ��nions super��xido e teste de redu����o do nitrobluetetrazolio. Paciente foi encaminhado a servi��o especializado, no qual identificou-se doador de medula ��ssea compat��vel, realizando-se o transplante seis meses ap��s o diagn��stico. Quatro meses ap��s o transplante, ocorreu normaliza����o do burst oxidativo, indicando sucesso. COMENT��RIOS: O paciente mostrou apresenta����o t��pica da doen��a, o que permitiu seu diagn��stico por pediatras gerais j�� na primeira infec����o, tendo como consequ��ncia o acompanhamento por especialistas em imunodefici��ncias prim��rias, a introdu����o da profilaxia antimicrobiana e a procura bem sucedida de doador de medula HLA-compat��vel.

Rates of antimicrobial resistance in latin america (2004-2007) and in vitro activity of the glycylcycline tigecycline and of other antibiotics

As a part of the Tigecycline Evaluation and Surveillance Trial (T.E.S.T.), Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial isolates were collected from 33 centers in Latin America (centers in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico, and Venezuela) from January 2004 to September 2007. Argentina and Mexico were the greatest contributors of isolates to this study. Susceptibilities were determined according to Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Resistance levels were high for most key organisms across Latin America: 48.3% of Staphylococcus aureus isolates were methicillin-resistant while 21.4% of Acinetobacter spp. isolates were imipenem-resistant. Extended-spectrum &#946;-lactamase were reported in 36.7% of Klebsiella pneumoniae and 20.8% of E. coli isolates. Tigecycline was the most active agent against Gram-positive isolates. Tigecycline was also highly active against all Gram-negative organisms, with the exception of Pseuodomonas aeruginosa, against which piperacillin-tazobactam was the most active agent tested (79.3% of isolates susceptible). The in vitro activity of tigecycline against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative isolates indicates that it may be an useful tool for the treatment of nosocomial infections, even those caused by organisms that are resistant to other antibacterial agents.

Effect of cyhalothrin on Ehrlich tumor growth and macrophage activity in mice

Cyhalothrin, a pyrethroid insecticide, induces stress-like symptoms, increases c-fos immunoreactivity in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, and decreases innate immune responses in laboratory animals. Macrophages are key elements in cellular immune responses and operate at the tumor-host interface. This study investigated the relationship among cyhalothrin effects on Ehrlich tumor growth, serum corticosterone levels and peritoneal macrophage activity in mice. Three experiments were done with 10 experimental (single gavage administration of 3.0 mg/kg cyhalothrin daily for 7 days) and 10 control (single gavage administration of 1.0 mL/kg vehicle of cyhalothrin preparation daily for 7 days) isogenic BALB/c mice in each experiment. Cyhalothrin i) increased Ehrlich ascitic tumor growth after ip administration of 5.0 x 106 tumor cells, i.e., ascitic fluid volume (control = 1.97 �� 0.39 mL and experimental = 2.71 �� 0.92 mL; P < 0.05), concentration of tumor cells/mL in the ascitic fluid (control = 111.95 �� 16.73 x 106 and experimental = 144.60 �� 33.18 x 106; P < 0.05), and total number of tumor cells in the ascitic fluid (control = 226.91 �� 43.22 x 106 and experimental = 349.40 �� 106.38 x 106; P < 0.05); ii) increased serum corticosterone levels (control = 200.0 �� 48.3 ng/mL and experimental = 420.0 �� 75.5 ng/mL; P < 0.05), and iii) decreased the intensity of macrophage phagocytosis (control = 132.3 �� 19.7 and experimental = 116.2 �� 4.6; P < 0.05) and oxidative burst (control = 173.7 �� 40.8 and experimental= 99.58 �� 41.7; P < 0.05) in vitro in the presence of Staphylococcus aureus. These data provide evidence that cyhalothrin simultaneously alters host resistance to Ehrlich tumor growth, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis function, and peritoneal macrophage activity. The results are discussed in terms of data suggesting a link between stress, HPA axis activation and resistance to tumor growth.

Effects of stingless bee and honey bee propolis on four species of bacteria

We examined the antibacterial activities of several types of propolis, including Africanized honey bee green propolis and propolis produced by meliponini bees. The antibacterial activity of green propolis against Micrococcus luteus and Staphylococcus aureus was superior to that of Melipona quadrifasciata and Scaptotrigona sp propolis. Only two samples of propolis (green propolis and Scaptotrigona sp propolis) were efficient against Escherichia coli. Melipona quadrifasciata propolis was better than green propolis and Scaptotrigona sp propolis against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We concluded that these resins have potential for human and veterinary medicine.

Antimicrobial mechanisms behind photodynamic effect in the presence of hydrogen peroxide

This study describes the use of methylene blue (MB) plus light (photodynamic inactivation, PDI) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) to kill Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. When H(2)O(2) was added to MB plus light there was an increased antimicrobial effect, which could be due to a change in the type of ROS generated or increased microbial uptake of MB. To clarify the mechanism, the production of ROS was investigated in the presence and absence of H(2)O(2). It was observed that ROS production was almost inhibited by the presence of H(2)O(2) when cells were not present. In addition, experiments using different sequence combinations of MB and H(2)O(2) were performed and MB optical properties inside the cell were analyzed. Spectroscopy experiments suggested that the amount of MB was higher inside the cells when H(2)O(2) was used before or simultaneously with PDI, and ROS formation inside C. albicans cells confirmed that ROS production is higher in the presence of H(2)O(2). Moreover enzymatic reduction of MB by E. coli during photosensitizer uptake to the photochemically inactive leucoMB could be reversed by the oxidative effects of hydrogen peroxide, increasing ROS formation inside the microorganism. Therefore, the combination of a photosensitizer such as MB and H(2)O(2) is an interesting approach to improve PDI efficiency.

Purification and characterization of an antimicrobial peptide produced by Pseudomonas sp strain 4B

An antimicrobial peptide produced by a bacterium isolated from the effluent pond of a bovine abattoir was purified and characterized. The strain was characterized by biochemical profiling and 16S rDNA sequencing as Pseudomonas sp. The antimicrobial peptide was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration, and ion exchange chromatography. Direct activity on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was observed. A major band on SDS-PAGE suggested that the antimicrobial peptide has a molecular mass of about 30 kDa. The substance was inhibitory to a broad range of indicator strains, including pathogenic and food spoilage bacteria such as Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, among other. The partially purified antimicrobial substance remained active over a wide temperature range and was resistant to all proteases tested. This substance showed different properties than other antimicrobials from Pseudomonas species, suggesting a novel antimicrobial peptide was characterized.

Identification of a bioactive compound isolated from Brazilian propolis type 6

A prenylated benzophenone, hyperibone A, was isolated from the hexane fraction of Brazilian propolis type 6. Its structure was determined by spectral analysis including 2D NMR. This compound exhibited cytotoxic activity against HeLa tumor cells (IC(50) = 0.1756 mu M), strong antimicrobial activity (MIC range-0.73-6.6 mu g/mL; MBC range-2.92-106 mu g/mL) against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus oralis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Actinomyces naeslundii, and the results of its cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities were considered good. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Microencapsulation of propolis extract by complex coacervation

The propolis has potential to be a natural food additive However its application is limited because It is alcohol-soluble and has strong flavour Microencapsulation may be an alternative for reducing these problems The aim of this study was to encapsulate propolis extract by complex coacervation using isolated soy protein and pectin as encapsulant agents The coacervation was studied as a function of pH (5 0 4 5 4 0 and 3 5) and the concentration of encapsulants and core (2 5 and 5 0 g/100 mL) Samples obtained at pH 4 0 in both concentrations were lyophilized and analyzed for hygroscopicity encapsulation efficiency particle size morphology thermal behavior stability of phenolic and flavonoids during storage as well as antioxidant and antimicrobial activities It was possible to encapsulate propolis extract by complex coacervation and to obtain it in the form of powder alcohol-free stable with antioxidant property antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and with the possibility of controlled release in foods (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved