Controversy over the Taxation of Recogidas in the Philippines in the mid- 18th Century. The Case of Santa Rita de Pasig���s Spiritual Absorption

This article studies the house of seclusion established for devout Indian and mestizo laywomen in the town of Pasig in 1740, and the dispute over tribute obligations that affected retreated or ���pious��� women. Founded outside of the Royal Patronato, this house of seclusion was extraordinarily attractive as a place for voluntary retreat and as an educational center. The dispute over tribute payments brought to light misgivings and conflicts of interest between the parties involved, while revealing the fundamental problem: the traditionally undefined juridical status of this type of establishment on the Islands. The solution given to the problem (tribute exemption) was to be extended to other similar centers in the Philippines. This article, realized with the use of unpublished documentation from the General Archives of the Indies, contributes therefore to our knowledge of the world of women in the Philippine archipelago; an ambit of great complexity that, as of yet, has been insufficiently studied.

"Unha esp��a no Reino de Galicia" de Manuel Rivas: O humor e a construci��n da identidade nacional galega

Este estudo analiza como Manuel Rivas aproveita a ambig��idade do concepto de estereotipo para crear una identidade cultural galega. En Unha esp��a no Reino de Galicia (2004), Rivas prop��n que a imaxe par��dica do galego e o conxunto de trazos estereotipados que se lle asignan non son un elemento alleo a cultura galega, sen��n que �� un trazo integral da dial��ctica da s��a identidade nacional. Desta maneira, �� feito diferencial galego, ademais da lingua, a unidade territorial, o celtismo, ou a emigraci��n, haber��a que engadir a capacidade do galego de parodiar o seu propio discurso nacional.

Las familias "Baeomycetaceae" e I"Icmadophilaceae" en la Pen��nsula Ib��rica

Se aportan datos morfol��gicos, qu��micos y de distribuci��n de seis especies de las familias Baeomycetaceae (Baeomyces) e Icmadophilaceae (Dibaeis, Icmadophila, Thamnolia) presentes en la Pen��nsula Ib��rica. Se publican numerosas nuevas citas de Baeomyces rufus y de Dibaeis baeomyces, que constituyen las especies m��s frecuentes y abundantes en la pen��nsula.

Contributions to the bryological flora of the tropical and subtropical forests from the Argentina (Bryophyta, Musci).

The authors present here a list of 32 mosses belonging to 15 families: Brachytheciaceae, Cryphaeaceae, Entodontaceae, Hedwigiaceae, Hypnaceae, Leptodontaceae, Meteoriaceae, Neckeraceae, Pilotrichaceae, Polytrichaceae, Pterobryaceae, Racopilaceae, Rigodiaceae, Stereophyllaceae, and Trachypodaceae, all collected in the mountainous forests of the Yungas of the NW of the Argentina (Jujuy, Salta, Catamarca and Tucum��n provinces), and also in the rainforests from the NE of the country (Misiones province). Eight species: Atrichum polycarpum, Chrysohypnum elegantulum, Pilosium chlorophyllum, Pilotrichella flexilis, Porotrichodendron lindigii, Pseudotrachypus martinicensis, Steerecleus scariosus, and Thamnobryum fasciculatum are new records for the bryologic flora from Argentina. Braunia imberbis and Squamidium brasiliense are two new records for the bryophytic flora of the Catamarca province; Porotrichodendron superbum is new for the Salta province, while Forsstroemia coronata is the first record for the Catamarca and Jujuy provinces. Aerolindigia capillacea, Braunia reflexifolia, Chryso-hypnum diminutivum, Meteorium deppei and Meteoridium remotifolium are five new citations for the Jujuy province, and Schoenobryum concavifolium is new for the bryophytic flora of the Misiones province. Many studied species occur more frequently in the Yungas than in the NE rainforests; others show separated distribution but live in both areas, the Yungas and Paranaense area, and others are more or less restricted to the Paranaense rainforest of the NE of Argentina. The taxonomy of species is updated, and comments are included on bibliographical precedents, ecology and chorology of each taxon.

Botany origin and protein content of homemade honeys from Galicia hives (NW Spain)

The botanic origin and the protein content of 15 honeys from small bee farms exploitations of Galicia, for family consume, were studied; the aim is to check if the protein wealth and the pollen wealth are dependent parameters. Seven honeys resulted to be Rhamnus frangula unifloral (pollen patterns with low diversity), two Castanea sativa Miller unifloral, other one heather unifloral, and five was multifloral honeys of various pollen patterns (four Castanea predominant and one Rhamnus frangula predominant). Their pollen wealth was low; eight honeys classified in the Maurizio Class I, 3 in Class II, 2 in Class III, and one in Maurizio Class IV. There has been a wide variability in its protein content (0.09- 4.83 mg prot./g honey). The relative amount of pollen from different taxa has a direct or inverse proportionality to wealth protein.

Datos sobre las comunidades de cam��fitos espinosos en los macizos meridionales galaicos (NW Espa��a)

Se describen las comunidades de matorral dominadas por Echinospartum ibericum RivasMart��nez, S��nchez-Mata & Sancho subsp. pulviniforinis (Rivas-Mart��nez) Rivas-Mart��nez, que colonizan medios rup��colas en los macizos meridionales del noroeste peninsular. Se discute su posici��n sin��axon��mica y se propone su inclusi��n en la nueva asociaci��n Festuco graniticolae-Echinospartetum pulviniformis. Se realizan tambi��n algunas consideraciones biogeogr��ficas.

11. La homonimia de Carici sylvaticae-Fagetum

El nombre Carici sylvaticae-Fagetum (sylvaticae) (Rivas-Mart��nez 1965) C. Navarro 1982 [Contribuci��n al estudio de la flora y la vegetaci��n del Duranguesado y la Busturia (Vizcaya): 81-82. Ed. Univ. Complutense, Madrid] fue propuesto para designar los hayedos bas��filos de territorios orocant��bricos y c��ntabro-euskaldunes, en sustituci��n del ileg��timo (Art. 34) Melico (uniflorae)-Fagetum cantabricum Rivas-Mart��nez 1965 [Anales Inst. Bot. Cavanilles 22: 383].

12. On the nomenclature of the western Orocantabrian evergreen-oak forests

The syntaxonomical separation of two associations of evergreen-oak forests in the Cantabrian mountain range (Orocantabrian and Cantabrian-Atlantic biogeographical Provinces) has recently been contemplated.

13. Arnicetum atlanticae BeIIot 1968

Sobre los aspectos nomenclaturales de este sintaxon, especialmente sobre su autor��a, ha habido cierta confusi��n.

Nomenclature and syntaxonomic notes on some high-rank syntaxa of the European grassland vegetation

We present descriptions of a new order (Ranunculo cortusifolii-Geranietalia reuteri and of a new alliance (Stachyo lusitanicae-Cheirolophion sempervirentis) for the herbaceous fringe communities of Macaronesia and of the southwestern Iberian Peninsula, respectively. A new alliance, the Polygalo mediterraneae-Bromion erecti (mesophilous post-cultural grasslands), was introduced for the Peninsular Italy. We further validate and typify the Armerietalia rumelicae (perennial grasslands supported by nutrient-poor on siliceous bedrocks at altitudes characterized by the submediterranean climate of central-southern Balkan Peninsula), the Securigero-Dasypyrion villosae (lawn and fallow-land tall-grass annual vegetation of Italy), and the Cirsio vallis-demoni-Nardion (acidophilous grasslands on siliceous substrates of the Southern Italy). Nomenclatural issues (validity, legitimacy, synonymy, formal corrections) have been discussed and clarified for the following names: Brachypodio-Brometalia, Bromo pannonici-Festucion csikhegyensis, Corynephoro-Plantaginion radicatae, Heleochloion, Hieracio-Plantaginion radicatae, Nardetea strictae, Nardetalia strictae, Nardo-Callunetea, Nardo-Galion saxatilis, Oligo-Bromion, Paspalo-Heleochloetalia, Plantagini-Corynephorion and Scorzoneret alia villosae.��

Estudio de la incidencia de ampollas en el "trekking" y sus factores asociados

Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados con la presencia de ampollas durante el senderismo. M��todo: La poblaci��n de estudio fueron 1155 peregrinos que recibieron asistencia podol��gica. La informaci��n fue obtenida mediante una anamnesis y una exploraci��n podol��gica. Los factores analizados fueron: edad, sexo, entrenamiento previo, nacionalidad, tipo de calzado, antig��edad del mismo y kil��metros realizados. Resultados: Las ampollas se encontraron en el 71,9 % de los peregrinos y se distribuyeron de manera similar en ambos pies, afectando principalmente el tal��n (20%) y el quinto dedo (14,6 %). Se encontr�� asociaci��n con el sexo (p < 0,05). Las deportivas fueron las menos asociadas con ampollas (p = 0,03). No hubo relaci��n significativa con el entrenamiento previo y el uso de calzado nuevo. Conclusiones: La incidencia de ampollas entre los senderistas fue del 80 %, y se asoci�� con el sexo (mayor en la mujer) y el tipo de calzado.

Second Metatarsophalangeal joint Synovitis: Update

In podiatric clinics is very common to find inflamatory process in metatarsophalangeal joint capsule , plantar plate and collateral ligaments damage, but it is not clearly recognized. Many authors hipotetized with joint instability of multiple aetiology and his concomitant evolution in different stages with own joint disease. This pathology has more incidence in second metatarsophalangeal joint than third and others and it is a common etiology of metatarsal pain. Bad biomechanics alters forefoot function and can produce overload in capsular joint, decreasing mobility and getting worse the pathology.

Sign language in Spanish television. Study on reception

The present article analyses the preferences of the deaf who use sign language and are users of the TV interpretation service to sign language, as well as the characteristics with which TV channels provide that service in television in Spain. The objective is to establish whether the way in which the aforementioned accessibility service is provided matches the preferences of users or differ from them. The analysis presents the opinion on this service of the deaf that use the Spanish sign language as their first language for communication. A study has also been conducted on the programmes broadcast with sign language during week 10-16/03/2014. The main data collected reveal that the deaf are dissatisfied with broadcasting times. They ask for news programmes with sign language, they would rather have the interpretation carried out by deaf people who use sign language and they prefer that the interpreter is the main image on screen. Concerning the analysis of the programmes broadcast, the study shows that the majority of programmes with sign language are broadcast at night, they are entertainment programmes, the interpretation is carried out by hearing people who use sign language and that their image is displayed in a corner of the screen.

El hombre metrosexual como Narciso contempor��neo: el papel del discurso publicitario actual en la construcci��n de la masculinidad

Existen diferentes definiciones del concepto de masculinidad. Por un lado est��n las normativas, que la entienden como lo que los hombres deber��an ser y, por otro, los enfoques semi��ticos, que la definen como no-feminidad. Partiendo de este ��ltimo enfoque y teniendo en cuenta que la feminidad ha evolucionado en los ��ltimos a��os junto con la sociedad desdibujando la frontera entre lo que forma parte del rol femenino y lo que no, se puede afirmar que han surgido a partir de los renovados modelos de feminidad, diferentes y nuevas masculinidades entre las que se encuentra la del hombre metrosexual. Es en este tipo de masculinidad en concreto en la que se centra la presente investigaci��n y en c��mo se construye la narraci��n de dicha masculinidad en el discurso publicitario actual recurriendo a la figura m��tica de Narciso. As��, a partir de una revisi��n bibliogr��fica y de un an��lisis de contenido, se pretende analizar la influencia de la publicidad en la aparici��n del hombre metrosexual como nueva masculinidad en respuesta a la transformaci��n de la feminidad, a la par que confirmar la presencia de la figura de Narciso como recurso en la construcci��n de la masculinidad en la publicidad actual.

Journalistic genres in teaching of journalism in Spain. A historical review

This article shows the influence that journalistic genres had on the first organisation of communication studies in Spain as well as the role they remain to play in the teaching of journalism. A review is done starting from the origins of the didactics of genres, continuing with the role of genres in the beginning of regulated studies of journalism, and finalising with an analysis of their place in present education programmes which reveals that practical and theoretical knowledge of the genres are still a main objective in the training of future journalists in Spain.