Englanniksiko maailmanmaineeseen? : Suomalaisen proosakaunokirjallisuuden kääntäminen englanniksi Isossa-Britanniassa vuosina 1945 2003

This doctoral thesis focuses on the translation of Finnish prose literature into English in the United Kingdom between 1945 and 2003. The subject is approached using translation archaeology, interviews, archival material, detailed text analysis and reception material. The main theoretical framework is Descriptive Translation Studies, and certain sociological theories (Bourdieu s field theory, actor-network theory) are also used. After charting the published translations, two periods of time are selected for closer analysis: an earlier period from 1955 to 1959, involving eight translations, and a later one from 1990 to 2003, with a total of six translations. While these translation numbers may appear low, they are actually rather high in proportion to the total number of 28 one-author literary prose translations published in the UK over the approximately 60 years being studied. The two periods of time, the 1950s and 1990s, are compared in terms of the sociological context of translation activity, the reception of translations and their textual features. The comparisons show that the main changes in translation practice between these two periods are increased completeness (translations in the 1950s group often being shortened by hundreds of pages) and lesser use of indirect translation via an intermediary language (about half of the 1950s translations having been translated via Swedish). Otherwise, translation practices have not changed much: except for large omissions, which are far more frequent in the 1950s, variation within each group is larger than between groups. As to the sociological context, the main changes are an increase in long-term institution-level contacts and an increase in the promotion of foreign translation rights by Finnish publishing houses. This is in contrast to the 1950s when translation rights were mainly sold through personal contacts by individual authors and translators. The reception of translations is difficult to study because of scarce material. However, the 1950s translations were aggressively marketed and therefore obtained far more reviews and reprints than the 1990s translations. Several of the 1950s books, mostly historical novels by Mika Waltari, were mainstream bestsellers at the time, while current translations are frequently made for niche markets. The thesis introduces ample new material on the translation of Finnish prose literature into English in the UK. The results are also relevant to translation from a minority literature into a majority one. As to translation theory, they lead us to question the social nature of translation norms and the assumption of a static target culture. The translations analysed here are located in a very fragmented interculture and gain a stronger position in the Finnish culture than in the British one.

Musiikkifestivaalin toiminnanjohtajan ammattikuva

Tutkimuksen pääkysymyksenä on selvittää, millainen musiikkifestivaalien toiminnanjohtajien ammattikuva on. Asiaa tutkitaan haastattelemalla Kuhmon Kamarimusiikin, Sysmän Suvisoiton ja Tuusulanjärven Kamarimusiikin toiminnanjohtajia sekä tekemällä verkkokysely, joka lähetettiin kaikille Finland Festivals -järjestön jäsenfestivaalien käytännön järjestelyistä vastaaville, olipa heidän työnimekkeenään toiminnanjohtaja, pääsihteeri tms. Työn teoreettisessa osassa (Luku 2) esitellään aiheeseen liittyvät teoreettiset näkökulmat ja Arto Kallioniemen määrittelemät viisi ammattikuvan osa-aluetta. Tutkimuksessa näitä osa-alueita käytetään soveltamalla ne festivaalitoiminnanjohtajien työhön sopiviksi ja liittämällä niihin Timo Rädyn objektiivinen, subjektiivinen ja funktionaalinen ammattikäsitys. Luvussa 3 tutustutaan tutkimuksessa haastateltaviin toiminnanjohtajiin ja heidän johtamiinsa festivaaleihin. Luku 4 alkaa verkkokyselyn tulosten käsittelyllä ja jatkuu perehtymällä toiminnanjohtajien ammattikuvan osa-alueisiin haastattelujen pohjalta. Molempien osien lopussa on yhteenveto. Lisäksi luvun 4 lopussa yhdistetään verkkokyselyn ja haastattelujen tulokset. Viimeisessä luvussa (Luku 5) tutkimustulokset liitetään työn teoreettisiin lähtökohtiin. Verkkokyselyn mukaan keskimääräinen suomalainen musiikkifestivaalin toiminnanjohtaja on akateemisesti koulutettu, noin 45-vuotias nainen, jolla on päätoiminen työsuhde ja joka ansaitsee 2001-2500e/kk. Lisäksi verkkokyselyssä ja haastatteluissa paljastui, että nykyiset toiminnanjohtajat pitävät työhön sopivimpana koulutuksena taiteellista ja taloudellista korkeakoulukoulutusta. Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin myös toiminnanjohtajien työtehtävät, ammattirooli, tietopohja, ammatilliset arvot ja käsitys festivaalijohtajuudesta. Tutkimuksessa laajennetaan musiikkitieteellistä tutkimusta yhteiskunnallisen ja organisatorisen tutkimuksen puolelle. Siinä selvitetään ensi kertaa Suomessa kattavasti, millaisia ihmisiä suomalaisten musiikkifestivaalien johdossa toimii ja tutkitaan millainen koulutus toiminnanjohtajalle parhaiten sopisi. Työstä käy myös ilmi, että musiikkifestivaalin johtaminen vertautuu läheisesti muiden taiteenalojen tapahtumien johtamiseen, mutta myös hieman laajentaen muihinkin kulttuurijohtajuuden aloihin. Samalla tutkimus hahmottelee festivaalijohtajien ammattiyhteisöä.

Kestävä kehitys globaalin ajan hyvinvointiyhteiskunnan haasteena

The objective of the dissertation was to determine the concept of sustainable development according to current understanding and to analyze the structuration of sustainable daily life and how it varies between different groups. The present dissertation is both a literature-based theoretical study and data-based empirical research. The theoretical framework of the study was a greated model of the Structuration of Sustainability in Everyday Life. The model is based on a synthesis of Giddens Theory of Structuration (1984), Spaargaren JA van Vliet's Theory of Consumption as Social Practices (2000) and principles of sustainable development. According to the model created, sustainable everyday life is generated in a context of internal and external factors compromising the interests of ecosystems, society and business. The literature used in the thesis included international and national statements on sustainable development and research into sustainability and the transition to sustainable societies. The data were collected at Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences. The discretionary sample consisted of students of social services (n = 210) and were collected using the semantic differential technique. The data were analyzed using quantitative and qualitative methods. The results showed that the value placed on ecological, economic and social sustainability increased with age. Activity in non governmental organizations was associated with the acceptance of sustainable development as a whole and especially with global responsibility. Women's everyday life promoted sustainability more than men´s. People living in Helsinki had more sustainable ways of living than those living in the surrounding municipalities because of greater recycling and the low importance given to ownership. Prefering vegetarian food turned out to be a real opportunity for a more sustainable way of living because there were few barriers identified. Contradictory human behavior occurred when advanced sustainable consumer were ready to risk their health. The importance of communality was high and it was considered an aspect of health. The most significant obstacles to sustainable development in daily life were high costs, lack of knowledge and busyness. Similar attitudes towards sustainable development translate into different people´s behavior, which indicates complexities of the behaviour change in the context of sustainable development. The role of non governmental organizations is significant in increasing global responsibility. Education presents an opportunity to increase sustainability, but there are challenges to face from system thinking and in understanding entities in a state of transition towards sustainable everyday life. The responsibility of policy makers is paramount because high costs create a barrier to a sustainable way of living. The implementation of the concept of sustainable development should be focused on the planetary ethics which cover humans, animals, plants and ecosystems. Keywords: Sustainable development, sustainable thinking, behaviour change  

Concentrate feeding strategies for growing and finishing dairy bulls offered grass silage-based diets

The first aim of this thesis was to produce data for evaluating, developing and recommending biologically and economically efficient energy and protein feeding strategies for growing and finishing dairy bulls offered grass silage-based diets. The second aim was to calculate the energy and protein supplies of the dairy bulls fed different grass silage-cereal-based diets and, based on this, to estimate the possible need to revise the current Finnish energy and protein recommendations for growing dairy bulls. The third aim was to demonstrate the phosphorus supply of dairy bulls fed grass silage-cereal-based diets with or without protein supplementation in relation to current feeding recommendations for phosphorus. The results indicate that protein supplement is not needed for finishing dairy bulls (live weight more than 250 kg) when they are fed good-quality grass silage (digestible organic matter more than 650 g/kg dry matter, restricted fermentation with low concentrations of fermentation acids and ammonia N) and grain-based concentrate with a moderate (300-700 g/kg dry matter) concentrate level. The results also suggest that with total mixed ration feeding it is possible to use rather high concentrate proportions (700 g/kg dry matter) in feeding dairy bulls. According to this study, barley fibre is a suitable energy supplement with good-quality silage for growing dairy bulls. The results suggest that 50% of barley grain can be replaced with barley fibre without affecting growth. Also oats is a suitable energy supplement for dairy bulls. However, as a consequence of decreased energy intake, the gain and feed conversion of the bulls were slightly reduced in this study when barley grain was replaced by oats in the diet. Ultimately, the rationality of the use of barley fibre and oats in the future will depend on the price in relation to other concentrates. During the feeding experiments the calculated supply of energy was 10% higher than in the Finnish feeding recommendations for the present growth rate. This indicates that there is a need to update the Finnish feeding recommendations for dairy-breed growing bulls, and further calculations are needed for the energy supply of growing dairy bulls. The calculated supply of AAT (amino acids absorbed from the small intestine) was 38% higher than in the Finnish feeding recommendations for the present growth. Possibly, the present AAT-PBV system is not an optimal protein evaluation system for growing dairy bulls more than 250 kg live weight. The calculations based on the feeding experiments and the Finnish feeding recommendations indicate that in most cases the dairy bulls (live weight more than 250 kg) received enough P from the basic grass silage cereal-based diets without additional mineral feeds. Therefore there is no need to add P in the form of mineral mixtures.

Shokkikiihdytys Auringon koronassa

Planeettainvälisessä avaruudessa havaitaan runsaasti Auringosta peräisin olevia korkeaenergiaisia hiukkasia. Havainnot voidaan jakaa karkeasti lyhyt- ja pitkäkestoisiin. Yleisin selitys jälkimmäisille on diffusiivinen shokkikiihdytys koronan massapurkausten edellään työntämissä shokkiaalloissa. Hiukkaset siroavat shokin turbulentista sähkömagneettisesta kentästä ja saavat lisää energiaa ylittäessään shokkirintaman monta kertaa. Kiihdytys alkaa koronassa ja jatkuu useiden päivien ajan massapurkauksen liikkuessa poispäin Auringosta. Havaintojen mukaan koronassa tapahtuva kiihdytys, jossa protonit voivat saavuttaa jopa 1 GeV suuruusluokkaa olevan energian, tapahtuu minuuttien aikaskaaloissa. Korkeaenergiaisten hiukkasten energiaspektri on tyypillisesti potenssilaki dN/dE ~ E^{-sigma}, missä sigma on lähellä ykköstä oleva vakio. Opinnäytteessä esitellään diffusiivisen shokkikiihdytyksen teoria ja tutkitaan kiihdytystä testihiukkassimulaatiolla. Koronan aktiivista aluetta mallinnetaan yksinkertaistetulla magneettikentällä. Simulaatiossa lasketaan tasomaisen shokin eteen injektoitujen protonien ratoja siihen asti, kun ne joko osuvat Auringon pintaan tai karkaavat planeettainväliseen avaruuteen. Lopputuloksista lasketuista statistiikoista etsitään kiihdytykseen vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Saatujen tuloksien perusteella koronan magneettikentän geometrialla on suuri merkitys saavutettavaan energiaan. Tehokkainta kiihdytys on geometrioissa, joissa shokki on lähes poikittainen. Erityisesti sironnan ei tarvitse olla voimakasta suurten energioiden saavuttamiseksi. Sen vaikutus näyttäisi olevan enneminkin jakaumafunktion isotropisointi, jolloin energiaspektristä tulee potenssilakimuotoinen.

LLVM-kääntäjäarkkitehtuuri ja sen soveltuvuus Java-virtuaalikoneen toteutuspohjaksi

Low Level Virtual Machine (LLVM) on moderni koko ohjelman elinkaaren optimointeihin keskittyvä kääntäjäarkkitehtuuri. Java-virtuaalikone on puolestaan suosittu korkean tason virtuaalikone, johon monien ohjelmointikielten toteutus nykyään perustuu. Tutkielmassa esitellään alun perin suorituskykyisen C- ja C++-kääntäjän toteuttamiseksi luotu LLVM-järjestelmä ja arvioidaan, miten hyvin LLVM-infrastruktuuri tukee Java-virtuaalikoneen toteuttamista. Tämän lisäksi tutkielmassa pohditaan, miten dynaamisten kielten usein tarvitsemaa suoritusaikaista ja lähdekieliriippuvaista optimointia voidaan tukea lähdekieliriippumattomassa LLVM-järjestelmässä. Lopuksi tutkielmassa esitellään kehitysehdotelma yleisen roskienkeruuinfrastruktuurin toteuttamiseksi LLVM:ssä, mikä tukisi dynaamista muistia automaattisesti hallitsevien kielten, kuten Javan ja sen virtuaalikoneen toteuttamista.

Rwanda Crisis and Genocide in Case Law of Rwanda Tribunal

After the Second World War the public was shocked to learn about the horrors perpetrated. As a response to the Holocaust, the newly established United Nations adopted the Genocide Convention of 1948 to prevent future genocides and to punish the perpetrators. The Convention remained, however, almost dead letter until the present day. In 1994, the long-lasted tension between the major groups of Hutu and Tutsi in Rwanda erupted in mass scale violence towards the Tutsi ethnic group. The purpose was to eradicate the Tutsi population of Rwanda. The international community did not halt the genocide. It stood by idle, failing to follow the swearing-in of the past. The United Nations established the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (the ICTR) to bring to justice persons responsible for the genocide. Ever since its creation the ICTR has delivered a wealth of judgements elucidating the legal ingredients of the crime of genocide. The case law on determining the membership of national, ethnic, racial or religious groups has gradually shifted from the objective to subjective position. The membership of a group is seen as a subjective rather than objective concept. However, a totally subjective approach is not accepted. Therefore, it is necessary to determine some objective existence of a group. The provision on the underlying offences is not so difficult to interpret compared to the corresponding one on the protected groups and the mental element of genocide. The case law examined, e.g., whether there is any difference between the words killing and meurtre, the nature of mental harm caused by the perpetrator and sexual violence in the conflict. The mental element of genocide or dolus specialis of genocide is not thoroughly examined in the case law of the ICTR. In this regard, reference in made, in addition, to the case law of the other ad hoc Tribunal. The ICTR has made a significant contribution to the law of genocide and international criminal justice in general. The corpus of procedural and substantive law constitutes a basis for subsequent trials in international and hybrid tribunals. For national jurisdictions the jurisprudence on substantive law is useful while prosecuting international crimes.

The Impact of Lifestyle and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Midlife on the Health-Related Quality of Life among Old Men

Prevention of cardiovascular diseases is known to postpone death, but in an aging society it is important to ensure that those who live longer are neither disabled nor suffering an inferior quality of life. It is essential both from the point of view of the aging individual as well as that of society that any individual should enjoy a good physical, mental and social quality of life during these additional years. The studies presented in this thesis investigated the impact of modifiable risk factors, all of which affect cardiovascular health in the long term, on mortality and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The data is based on the all male cohort of the Helsinki Businessmen Study. This cohort, originally of 3.490 men born between 1919 and 1934 has been followed since the 1960s. The socioeconomic status of the participants is similar, since all the men were working in leading positions. Extensive baseline examinations were conducted among 2.375 of the men in 1974 when their mean age was 48 and at this time the health, medication and cardiovascular risk factors of the participants were observed. In 2000, at the mean age of 73, the HRQoL of the survivors of the original cohort was examined using the RAND-36 mailed questionnaire (n=1.864). RAND-36, along with the equivalent SF-36, is the world s most widely used means of assessing generic health. The response rate was generally over 90%. Mortality was retrieved from national registers in 2000 and 2002. For the six substudies of this thesis, the impact of four different modifiable cardiovascular risk factors (weight gain, cholesterol, alcohol and smoking) on the HRQoL in old age was studied both independently and in combination. The follow-up time for these studies varies from 26 up to 39 years. Mortality is reported separately or included in the RAND-36 scores for HRQoL. Elevated levels of all the risk factors examined among the participants in midlife led to a diminished life expectancy. Among survivors, lower weight gain in midlife was associated with better HRQoL, both physically and mentally. Higher levels of serum cholesterol in middle age indicated both an earlier mortality and a decline in the physical component of HRQoL in a dose-response manner during the 39-year follow-up. Mortality was significantly higher in the highest baseline category of reported mean alcohol consumption (≥ 5 drinks/day), but fairly comparable in abstainers and moderate drinkers during the 29-year follow-up. When HRQoL in old age was accounted for mortality, the men with the highest alcohol consumption in midlife clearly had poorer physical and mental health in old age, but the HRQoL of abstainers and those who drank alcohol in moderation were comparatively similar. The amount of cigarette smoking in midlife was shown to have had a dose-response effect on both mortality and HRQoL in old age during the 26 year follow-up. The men smoking over 20 cigarettes daily in middle age lost about 10 years of their life-expectancy. Meanwhile, the physical functioning of surviving heavy smokers in old age was similar to men 10 years older in the general population. The impact of clustered cardiovascular risk factors was examined by comparing two subcohorts of men who were healthy in 1974, but with different baseline risk factor status. The men with low risk had a 50 % lower mortality during the 29-years follow-up. Their RAND-36 scores for the physical quality of life in old age were significantly better, and the 2002 questionnaire examining psychological well-being indicated also significantly better mental health among the low-risk group. The results indicate that different risk factor levels in midlife have a meaningful impact on life-expectancy and the quality of these extra years. Leading a healthy lifestyle improves both survival and the quality of life.

Primary polyestradiol phosphate versus orchiectomy for advanced prostate cancer : Studies on the efficacy, cardiovascular complications and prognostic factors

Paikallisesti levinnyttä (T3-4 M0) ja luustoon levinnyttä (T1-4 M1) eturauhassyöpää sairastaneet potilaat satunnaistettiin kirurgiseen kastraatioon (orkiektomia) tai lääkkeelliseen kastraatioon lihaksensisäisellä polyestradiolifosfaatilla (PEP) annoksella 240 mg/kk. Verrattiin hoitojen kliinistä tehoa sekä sydän- ja verisuonikomplikaatioita (SV-komplikaatioita). Verrattiin myös hoitoa edeltäviä plasman testosteroni (T) ja estradioli (E2) pitoisuuksia T3-4 M0 ja T1-4 M1 potilaiden välillä sekä selvitettiin potilaiden yleistilan vaikutusta näihin hormonitasoihin. Lopuksi luotiin T1-4 M1 potilaille eturauhassyövän aiheuttaman kuoleman ennusteellinen riskiluokittelu kolmeen riskiryhmään käyttämällä hoitoa edeltäviä ennustetekijöitä. Kliinisessä tehossa ei orkiektomian ja PEP-hoidon välillä todettu tilastollisesti merkitsevää eroa. Odotetusti T1-4 M1 potilaiden ennuste oli huonompi kuin T3-4 M0 potilaiden. T1-4 M1 potilailla ei ollut SV-kuolemissa hoitoryhmien välillä tilastollista eroa, mutta ei-tappavia SV-komplikaatioita oli PEP ryhmässä (5.9%) enemmän kuin orkiektomia ryhmässä (2.0%). T3-4 M0 potilailla PEP-hoitoon liittyi tilastollisesti merkitsevä SV-kuolleisuus riski orkiektomiaan verrattuna (p = 0.001). PEP ryhmässä 67% kuolemista oli akuutteja sydäninfarkteja. Tämä PEP hoitoon liittyvä sydäninfarktiriski (mukaan lukien myös ei-tappavat sydäninfarktit) oli merkitsevästi pienempi potilailla, joiden hoitoa edeltävä E2 taso oli vähintään 93 pmol/l (p = 0.022). E2 taso oli merkitsevästi matalampi T1-4 M1 potilailla (74.7 pmol/l) kuin T3-4 M0 potilailla (87.9 pmol/l), mutta vastaavaa eroa ei ollut T tasoissa. Sekä T3-4 M0 että T1-4 M1 potilailla yleistilan lasku osittain selitti yksilöllisen T ja E2 tasojen laskun. Eturauhassyövän aiheuttaman kuoleman riskiryhmäluokittelu (Rg) kolmeen ryhmään luotiin käyttämällä alkalista fosfataasia (AFOS), prostata spesifistä antigeenia (PSA), laskoa (La) ja potilaan ikää. Yksi riskipiste annettiin, jos AFOS > 180 U/l (tällä hetkellä käytössä olevalla menetelmällä AFOS > 83 U/l), PSA > 35 µg/l, La > 80 mm/h ja ikä < 60 vuotta. Lopuksi pisteet laskettiin yhteen. Muodostettiin seuraavat ryhmät: Rg-a (0 -1 riskipistettä), Rg-b (2 riskipistettä) ja Rg-c (3 – 4 riskipistettä). Eturauhassyövän aiheuttama kuoleman riski lisääntyi merkitsevästi siirryttäessä riskiryhmästä seuraavaan (p < 0.001). Rg-luokittelu oli kliinisesti käytännöllinen ja hyvä havaitsemaan huonon ennusteen potilaat.

Shock acceleration in the solar corona

In this thesis acceleration of energetic particles at collisionless shock waves in space plasmas is studied using numerical simulations, with an emphasis on physical conditions applicable to the solar corona. The thesis consists of four research articles and an introductory part that summarises the main findings reached in the articles and discusses them with respect to theory of diffusive shock acceleration and observations. This thesis gives a brief review of observational properties of solar energetic particles and discusses a few open questions that are currently under active research. For example, in a few large gradual solar energetic particle events the heavy ion abundance ratios and average charge states show characteristics at high energies that are typically associated with flare-accelerated particles, i.e. impulsive events. The role of flare-accelerated particles in these and other gradual events has been discussed a lot in the scientific community, and it has been questioned if and how the observed features can be explained in terms of diffusive shock acceleration at shock waves driven by coronal mass ejections. The most extreme solar energetic particle events are the so-called ground level enhancements where particle receive so high energies that they can penetrate all the way through Earth's atmosphere and increase radiation levels at the surface. It is not known what conditions are required for acceleration into GeV/nuc energies, and the presence of both very fast coronal mass ejections and X-class solar flares makes it difficult to determine what is the role of these two accelerators in ground level enhancements. The theory of diffusive shock acceleration is reviewed and its predictions discussed with respect to the observed particle characteristics. We discuss how shock waves can be modeled and describe in detail the numerical model developed by the author. The main part of this thesis consists of the four scientific articles that are based on results of the numerical shock acceleration model developed by the author. The novel feature of this model is that it can handle complex magnetic geometries which are found, for example, near active regions in the solar corona. We show that, according to our simulations, diffusive shock acceleration can explain the observed variations in abundance ratios and average charge states, provided that suitable seed particles and magnetic geometry are available for the acceleration process in the solar corona. We also derive an injection threshold for diffusive shock acceleration that agrees with our simulation results very well, and which is valid under weakly turbulent conditions. Finally, we show that diffusive shock acceleration can produce GeV/nuc energies under suitable coronal conditions, which include the presence of energetic seed particles, a favourable magnetic geometry, and an enhanced level of ambient turbulence.

Sanat kivettyvät kaupungiksi

Tutkimuksessa selvitetään, mitkä ovat Helsingin kaupunkisuunnittelua koskevat tärkeimmät puhetavat, miten kaupunkisuunnittelijat ymmärtävät ne ja miten ne konkretisoituvat kaupunkisuunnitteluksi. Tarkoituksena on tuottaa ajankohtaista tietoa Helsingin kaupunkisuunnittelun toimintaympäristöstä, kuvata suunnittelun prosessia siihen osallistuvien henkilöiden näkökulmasta sekä analysoida vallitsevia suunnitteluideologioita ja -ihanteita. Tutkimusta varten haastateltiin 15 kaupunkisuunnitteluun osallistuvaa keskeistä henkilöä.

Validiusargumentin rakentuminen suullisen kielitaidon arviointiprojektissa

Artikkelissa kuvataan aluksi kielitaidon arvioinnin validiustutkimuksen keskeisiä suuntauksia, joilla kehystetään käynnissä olevan suullisen kielitaidon arviointihankkeen tutkimustehtävä. Tutkimustehtävä kohdentuu kansallisiin opetussuunnitelmaperusteisiin sisältyvän taitotasoasteikon validiuteen, jota tarkastellaan validiusargumentin rakentumisen näkökulmasta. Väitettä asteikon ja sen pohjalta laadittujen puhetehtävien pätevyydestä suullisen taidon mittareina koetellaan Toulminin mallin avulla asettamalla tätä johtopäätöstä tukevat empiiriset lähtötiedot ja niitä tukevat perusteet vastakkain väitettä horjuttavan näytön kanssa. Perusteet ja varaukset koskevat väitetyn johtopäätöksen relevanssia, hyödyllisyyttä, tarkoitettuja seurauksia ja riittävyyttä. Hankkeen tutkijoiden spesifit tutkimusongelmat kohdentuvat johonkin mainituista piirteistä. Validiusargumenttia sovelletaan suullisen kielitaidon arviointihankkeen, Hy-Talkin, kontekstissa. Ongelmanasettelussa ja menetelmävalinnoissa hyödynnetään validiustutkimuksen perinteisempiä sisältö- ja kriteeriperustaisia lähestymistapoja, mutta tehdään myös uusia avauksia tiedon syventämiseksi niistä tulkinnoista ja näkemyksistä, joita suullisten tehtävien suorittajilla ja arvioijilla ilmenee.