Kirkko, Kekkonen ja kommunismi poliittisina kriisivuosina 1958-1962

This study explores the relationship of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland to communism and political power during the period of crises in Finnish foreign relations with the Soviet Union from 1958 to 1962. During this period the USSR repeatedly interfered in Finland´s domestic affairs and limited her foreign political freedom of action. The research subjects for this dissertation are the bishops of the Church of Finland and the newspaper Kotimaa, which can be regarded as the unofficial organ of the church at the time. A typical characteristic of the Church of Finland from the beginning of the twentieth century was patriotism. During the interwar years the church was strongly anti-communist and against the Soviet Union. This tendency was also evident during the Second World War. After the war the Finnish Church feared that the rise of the extreme left would jeopardize its position. The church, however, succeeded in maintaining its status as a state church throughout the critical years immediately following the war. This study indicates that, although the manner of expression altered, the political attitude of the church did not substantially change during the postwar period. In the late 1950s and early 1960s the church was still patriotic and fear of the extreme left was also evident among the leaders of the church. The victory of the Finnish People's Democratic League in the general election of 1958 was an unwelcome surprise to the church. This generated fear in the church that, with Soviet support, the Finnish communists might return to governmental power and the nation could become a people's democracy. Accordingly, the church tried to encourage other parties to set aside their disagreements and act together against the extreme left throughout the period under study. The main characteristics of the church´s political agenda during this period of crisis were to support the Finnish foreign policy led by the president of the republic, Urho Kekkonen, and to resist Finnish communism. The attitude of Finnish bishops and the newspaper Kotimaa to the Cold War in general was generally in agreement with the majority of western Christians. They feared communism, were afraid of the USSR, but supported peaceful co-existence because they did not want an open conflict with the Soviets. Because of uncertainties in Finland's international position the Finnish Church regarded it as necessary to support the Finnish policy of friendship towards the USSR. The Finnish Church considerer it unwise to openly criticize the Soviet Union, tried resist the spread of communism in Finnish domestic policy. This period of foreign policy crises was principally seen by the church as a time when there was a need to strengthen Finland's unstable national position.

Christianity and Christian Identity in the Gospel of Philip (NHC II,3)

Previous scholarship has often maintained that the Gospel of Philip is a collection of Valentinian teachings. In the present study, however, the text is read as a whole and placed into a broader context by searching for parallels from other early Christian texts. Although the Valentinian Christian identity of the Gospel of Philip is not questioned, it is read alongside those texts traditionally labelled as "mainstream Christian". It is obvious from the account of Irenaeus that the boundaries between the Valentinians and other Christians were not as clear or fixed as he probably would have hoped. This study analyzes the Valentinian Christian Gospel of Philip from two points of view: how the text constructs the Christian identity and what kind of Christianity it exemplifies. Firstly, it is observed how the author of the Gospel of Philip places himself and his Christian readers among the early Christianities of the period by emphasizing the common history and Christian features but building especially on particular texts and traditions. Secondly, it is noted how the Christian nature of an individual develops according to the Gospel of Philip. The identity of an individual is built and strengthened through rituals, experiences and teaching. Thirdly, the categorizations, attributes, beliefs and behaviour associated on the one hand with the "insiders", the true Christians, and, on the other, with outsiders in the Gospel of Philip, are analyzed using social identity theory the insiders and outsiders are described through stereotyping in the text. Overall, the study implies that the Gospel of Philip strongly emphasizes spiritual progress and transformation. Rather than depicting the Valentinians as the perfect Christians, it underlines their need for constant change and improvement. Although the author seeks to clearly distinguish the insiders from the outsiders, the boundaries of the categories are in fact fluid in the Gospel of Philip. Outsiders can become insiders and the insiders are also in danger of falling out again.

Ohjailusta kilpailuun : Suomen hallitusten kasvu- ja rakennepolitiikka vuosina 1962-1999

The study examines the contents, changes and the causes of changes of the growth and structural policy exercised by Finnish governments in 1962-1999. The policy is evaluated e.g. on the basis of government programmes. It is divided in the study into three phases: the phase of guided economy 1962-77, the transition period 1977-91 and the phase of competitive economy 1991-99. The opening of the economy has been the central factor influencing the contents of the growth and structural policy. When dividing the policy into ten sectors, it was found that the sectors losing weight during the study period are agricultural and forest policies and welfare policy and the sectors increasing weight are labour policy and environmental policy. Though impacts of the changes in the general line of the growth and structural policy could be seen in sector policies, the breaks in sector policies did not necessarily coincide with the breaks in the general line of the policy. In the study, in particular, the impacts of the factors affecting growth and structural policy thinking (political changes, foreign influences and changes in economics) are evaluated. The policy was influenced more by the prevailing ideological climate ("the spirit of time") than by political changes. Until the 1970s foreign influences mainly came from those individual Western European countries, where the role of government planning was important and where the economic development was favourable. Some impacts from socialist countries could be seen at the end of the 1960s and at the beginning of the 1970s. Since the 1980s the role of international organisations became emphasised. Also the impacts of the changes in economics could be seen in the changes in the general line of the growth and structural policy.

Vesistöjen veden laadun muutoksista vuosina 1962-1973

Engl. summary: Changes in water quality in Finnish lakes and rivers 1962-1973

Emergenssi tieteessä ja teologiassa : Huomioita Philip Claytonin emergenssiteoriasta

Tässä työssä tarkastellaan emergenssiä luonnontieteellisenä, metafyysisenä ja teologisena käsitteenä, ja erityisesti Philip Claytonin emergenssiteoriaa. Tutkimuskohteena on Philip Claytonin kirja Mind and Emergence From Quantum to Consciousness ja tutkimusmetodina käsitteellinen analyysi. Kun emergenssiä tarkastellaan metafyysisenä teoriana, se on mahdollista nähdä fysikalismille ja dualismille vaihtoehtoisena filosofisena katsantokantana todellisuuteen. Fysikalismi on havaittavaa todellisuutta koskeva näkemys, jonka mukaan kaikki ilmiöt ovat lopulta palautettavissa fysiikkaan ja selitettävissä fysiikan käsittein. Dualismi taas on näkemys, että erityisesti ihmisen mieli ja tietoisuus ovat jotain fysikaaliseen maailmaan nähden täysin erilaista ja siitä riippumatonta. Emergenssiteoriassa maailman nähdään kehittyvänä kokonaisuutena, jossa kompleksisuuden kasvun myötä syntyy jatkuvasti uusia ominaisuuksia. Nämä ominaisuudet eivät ole palautettavissa niihin rakenteisiin, joiden pohjalta ne ovat syntyneet. Niiden syntymistä ei ole mahdollista luonnontieteellisin tai muinkaan menetelmin ennakoida. Emergenssin heikossa muodossa tämä ennakoimattomuus on vain episteeminen, tiedon mahdollisuuksiin liittyvä rajoitus, ja kausaalisia vaikutuksia esiintyy ainoastaan fysikaalisten objektien tasolla. Metafyysinen teoria edellyttää kuitenkin vahvaa emergenssiä, jossa syntyvillä ominaisuuksilla on fysikaalisesta perustastaan riippumatonta kausaalista vaikutusta. Tätä kutsutaan alaspäin -kausaalisuudeksi. Käsitys todellisuudesta on monistinen ja holistinen. Kaikki olemassa oleva on kehittynyt samasta aineksesta, mutta ei ole palautettavissa siihen. Maailmassa on ontologisesti toisistaan poikkeavia todellisuuden tasoja. Todellisuus on enemmän kuin osiensa summa. Emergenssille on tarjottu myös teologisia sovelluksia. Kun fysikalismissa uskonnolliselle uskolle ei jää tilaa ja dualismi on luonnontieteen näkökulmasta ongelmallinen, emergenssistä on etsitty filosofista viitekehystä, jossa luonnontiede ja uskonto olisivat sovitettavissa yhteen. Ensimmäisessä luvussa käsitellään fysikalismia ja dualismia ja erityisesti filosofista ja luonnontieteellistä kritiikkiä, jota niitä vastaan voidaan esittää. Toisessa luvussa tarkastellaan erilaisia mahdollisuuksia määritellä emergenssin käsite ja esitellään erityisesti Philip Claytonin käsityksiä heikosta ja vahvasta emergenssistä, emergenssistä luonnontieteissä sekä ihmismielestä fysikaaliseen maailmaan nähden emergenttinä ilmiönä. Emergenssi mainitaan monien sellaisten ilmiöiden yhteydessä, joita on pyritty tutkimaan kaaosteorian ja kompleksisuuden tutkimuksen keinoin. Työn kolmannessa luvussa pyritään antamaan kuva emergenssin suhteesta näihin teorioihin ja ylipäätään moderniin fysiikkaan. Philip Clayton on luonut emergenssiteorian pohjalta myös teologisen teorian, jossa käsitys Jumalasta luojana ja Jumalan vaikutus maailmassa pyritään sovittamaan yhteen emergentin todellisuuskäsityksen kanssa. Tätä teologista teoriaa esitellään ja arvioidaan työn neljännessä luvussa.