18 resultados para 1930-1955
em Helda - Digital Repository of University of Helsinki
Resumo:
This work examines the urban modernization of San José, Costa Rica, between 1880 and 1930, using a cultural approach to trace the emergence of the bourgeois city in a small Central American capital, within the context of order and progress. As proposed by Henri Lefebvre, Manuel Castells and Edward Soja, space is given its rightful place as protagonist. The city, subject of this study, is explored as a seat of social power and as the embodiment of a cultural transformation that took shape in that space, a transformation spearheaded by the dominant social group, the Liberal elite. An analysis of the product built environment allows us to understand why the city grew in a determined manner: how the urban space became organized and how its infrastructure and services distributed. Although the emphasis is on the Liberal heyday from 1880-1930, this study also examines the history of the city since its origins in the late colonial period through its consolidation as a capital during the independent era, in order to characterize the nineteenth century colonial city that prevailed up to 1890 s. A diverse array of primary sources including official acts, memoirs, newspaper sources, maps and plans, photographs, and travelogues are used to study the initial phase of San Jose s urban growth. The investigation places the first period of modern urban growth at the turn of the nineteenth century within the prevailing ideological and political context of Positivism and Liberalism. The ideas of the city s elite regarding progress were translated into and reflected in the physical transformation of the city and in the social construction of space. Not only the transformations but also the limits and contradictions of the process of urban change are examined. At the same time, the reorganization of the city s physical space and the beginnings of the ensanche are studied. Hygiene as an engine of urban renovation is explored by studying the period s new public infrastructure (including pipelines, sewer systems, and the use of asphalt pavement) as part of the Saneamiento of San José. The modernization of public space is analyzed through a study of the first parks, boulevards and monuments and the emergence of a new urban culture prominently displayed in these green spaces. Parks and boulevards were new public and secular places of power within the modern city, used by the elite to display and educate the urban population into the new civic and secular traditions. The study goes on to explore the idealized image of the modern city through an analysis of European and North American travelogues and photography. The new esthetic of theatrical-spectacular representation of the modern city constructed a visual guide of how to understand and come to know the city. A partial and selective image of generalized urban change presented only the bourgeois facade and excluded everything that challenged the idea of progress. The enduring patterns of spatial and symbolic exclusion built into Costa Rica s capital city at the dawn of the twentieth century shed important light on the long-term political social and cultural processes that have created the troubled urban landscapes of contemporary Latin America.
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The theme of this doctoral thesis is the Finnish printmaking in the years 1930-1939. During this decade, there were approximately 100 artists making prints in Finland. Indeed, the period was an especially important one for printmaking. Associations for printmakers were founded in Helsinki and Turku, training in the field was launched, and the number of printmaking exhibitions increased considerably. Through their national organisations, Finnish printmakers participated in many exhibitions abroad, interaction with Nordic printmakers being especially intense. Thus, a firm basis for post-war developments was created. However, printmakers' activity- which had continued throughout the 1930s - declined notably after the Winter War broke out in the autumn of 1939. As a result, the period 1930-1939 forms a coherent and distinct unity in Finnish printmaking history. The study consists of two parts: the main text and an appendix in which the production of each printmaking artist active in the 1930s is examined separately. The study also includes a comprehensive list of the prints made in the course of the decade. One of the central themes is the printmakers' relationship to "Finnish nationalist" art and concepts of art in the 1930s. I analyse the various manifestations of this way of thinking in the visual arts of the period. Finnish fine art in the period between the world wars has usually been characterised as conservative, introverted and spiritually isolated from the modern European trends of the time. On the basis of this study, such a view is too simple. Many artists and printmakers adopted a modernistic notion of art that approached the newest in European modernism, including such trends as avant-garde classicism and general European new Objective Realism (Die neue Sachlichkeit). On the other hand, choosing Finnish nationalist motifs did not necessarily mean that the artist was opposed to modernism: modernist artists could still be interested in national themes. The relationship of 1930s printmaking to the world of nationalist ideas is examined in this doctoral thesis from several perspectives. Towards the end of the main text, I examine the issue from the point of view of selected artists. Another feature that emerged during the study and turned out to be surprisingly widespread was the close relationship of many artists to religious, theosophical and pantheistic views. I deal with this issue in greater detail through a few representative printmakers.
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From Steely Nation-State Superman to Conciliator of Economical Global Empire – A Psychohistory of Finnish Police Culture 1930-1997 My study concerns the way police culture has changed within the societal changes in Finnish society between 1930 and 1997. The method of my study was psycho-historical and post-structural analysis. The research was conducted by examining the psycho-historical plateaus traceable within Finnish police culture. I made a social diagnosis of the autopoietic relationship between the power-holders of Finnish society and the police (at various levels of hierarchical organization). According to police researcher John P. Crank, police culture should be understood as the cognitive processes behind the actions of the police. Among these processes are the values, beliefs, rituals, customs and advice which standardize their work and the common sense of policemen. According to Crank, police culture is defined by a mindset which thinks, judges and acts according to its evaluations filtered by its own preliminary comprehension. Police culture consists of all the unsaid assumptions of being a policeman, the organizational structures of police, official policies, unofficial ways of behaviour, forms of arrest, procedures of practice and different kinds of training habits, attitudes towards suspects and citizens, and also possible corruption. Police culture channels its members’ feelings and emotions. Crank says that police culture can be seen in how policemen express their feelings. He advises police researchers to ask themselves how it feels to be a member of the police. Ethos has been described as a communal frame for thought that guides one’s actions. According to sociologist Martti Grönfors, the Finnish mentality of the Protestant ethic is accentuated among Finnish policemen. The concept of ethos expresses very well the self-made mentality as an ethical tension which prevails in police work between communal belonging and individual freedom of choice. However, it is significant that it is a matter of the quality of relationships, and that the relationship is always tied to the context of the cultural history of dealing with one’s anxiety. According to criminologist Clifford Shearing, the values of police culture act as subterranean processes of the maintenance of social power in society. Policemen have been called microcosmic mediators, or street corner politicians. Robert Reiner argues that at the level of self-comprehension, policemen disparage the dimension of politics in their work. Reiner points out that all relationships which hold a dimension of power are political. Police culture has also been called a canteen culture. This idea expresses the day-to-day basis of the mentality of taking care of business which policing produces as a necessity for dealing with everyday hardships. According to police researcher Timo Korander, this figurative expression embodies the nature of police culture as a crew culture which is partly hidden from police chiefs who are at a different level. This multitude of standpoints depicts the diversity of police cultures. According to Reiner, one should not see police culture as one monolithic whole; instead one should assess it as the interplay of individuals negotiating with their environment and societal power networks. The cases analyzed formed different plateaus of study. The first plateau was the so-called ‘Rovaniemi arson’ case in the summer of 1930. The second plateau consisted of the examinations of alleged police assaults towards the Communists during the Finnish Continuation War of 1941 to 1944 and the threats that societal change after the war posed to Finnish Society. The third plateau was thematic. Here I investigated how using force towards police clients has changed culturally from the 1930s to the 1980s. The fourth plateau concerned with the material produced by the Security Police detectives traced the interaction between Soviet KGB agents and Finnish politicians during the long 1970s. The fifth plateau of larger changes in Finnish police culture then occurred during the 1980s as an aftermath of the former decade. The last, sixth plateau of changing relationships between policing and the national logic of action can be seen in the murder of two policemen in the autumn of 1997. My study shows that police culture has transformed from a “stone cold” steely fixed identity towards a more relational identity that tries to solve problems by negotiating with clients instead of using excessive force. However, in this process of change there is a traceable paradox in Finnish policing and police culture. On the one hand, policemen have, at the practical level, constructed their policing identity by protecting their inner self in their organizational role at work against the projections of anger and fear in society. On the other hand, however, they have had to safeguard themselves at the emotional level against the predominance of this same organizational role. Because of this dilemma they must simultaneously construct both a distance from their own role as police officers and the role of the police itself. This makes the task of policing susceptible to the political pressures of society. In an era of globalization, and after the heyday of the welfare state, this can produce heightened challenges for Finnish police culture.
Resumo:
Tove Jansson (1914--2001) was a Finnish illustrator, author, artist, caricaturist and comic artist. She is best known for her Moomin Books, written in Swedish, which she illustrated herself, and published between 1945 and 1977. My study focuses on the interweaving of images and words in Jansson s picturebooks, novels and short stories situated in the fantasy world of Moomin Valley. In particular, it concentrates on Jansson s development of a special kind of aesthetics of movement and stasis, based upon both illustration and text. The conventions of picturebook art and illustration are significant to both Jansson s visual art and her writing, and she was acutely conscious of them. My analysis of Jansson s work begins by discussing her first published picturebooks and less familiar illustrations (before she began her Moomin books) and I then proceed to discuss her three Moomin picturebooks, The Book about Moomin, Mymble and Little My; Who Will Comfort Toffle?, and The Dangerous Journey. The discussion moves from images to words and from words to images: Barthes s (1982) concept of anchoring and, in particular, what he calls relaying , form a point of reading and viewing Moomin texts and illustrations in a complementary relation, in which the message s unity occurs on a higher level: that of the story, the anecdote, the diegesis . The eight illustrated Moomin novels and one collection of short stories are analysed in a similar manner, taking into account the academic discourse about picturebooks which was developed in the last decade of the 20th century and beginning of the 21st century by, among others, scholars such as Nodelman, Rhedin, Doonan, Thiele, Stephens, Lewis, Nikolajeva and Scott. In her Moomin books, Jansson uses a wide variety of narrative and illustrative styles which are complementary to each other. Each book is different and unique in its own way, but a certain development or progression of mood and representation can be seen when assessing the series as a whole. Jansson s early stories are happy and adventurous but her later Moomin novels, beginning from Moominland Midwinter, focus more on the interiority of the characters, placing them in difficult situations which approximate social reality. This orientation is also reflected in the representation of movement and space. The books which were published first include more obviously descriptive passages, exemplifying the tradition of literary pictorialism. Whereas in Jansson s later work, the space develops into something that is alive which can have an enduring effect on the characters personalities and behaviour. This study shows how the idea of an image a dynamic image -- forms a holistic foundation for Jansson s imagination and work. The idea of central perspective, or frame, for instance, provided inspiration for whole stories or in the way that she developed her characters, as in the case of the Fillyjonk, who is a complex female figure, simultaneously frantic and prim. The idea of movement is central to the narrative art of picturebooks and illustrated texts, particularly in relation to the way that action is depicted. Jansson, however, also develops a specific choreography of characters in which poses and postures signify action, feelings and relationships. Here, I use two ideas from modern dance, contraction and release (Graham), to characterise the language of movement which is evident in Jansson s words and images. In Jansson s final Moomin novels and short stories, the idea of space becomes more and more dynamic and closely linked with characterisation. My study also examines a number of Jansson s early sketches for her Moomin novels, in which movement is performed much more dramatically than in those illustrations which appeared in the last novels to be published.
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The aim of this research is to define what kind of characters and images of teachers appear in Finnish school novels describing social changes and educational political reform from the 1930s to the 1990s written by teachers, particularly grammar school teachers. As comparison material, I use school novels written by Swedish school teachers, in which the changes in Swedish society and educational system and their expressions in the characters of teachers of the school novels are studied. The main focus of my study is centred particularly on school novels in which the images of grammar school teachers are described during times of school reform. From these starting points, the main objectives of the study are novels written by Finnish school teachers Anneli Toijala and Sampo Haahtela and Swedish school teacher Hugo Swensson, who was inspired by Haahtela. The research is qualitative multidisciplinary case analysis. The research method is content analysis, and the approach is hermeneutic. The research is divided into eight main chapters. After the introduction I introduce the essential concepts of my research. In the third main chapter I define the research function. In that context, besides the research objectives, I introduce former research on character description in literature, I define the methodological solutions with grounds and present the research material. Both literary research methods and sociological terminology are applied in the research alongside with pedagogical research. The research results show that images of teachers are diverse. At one end of the spectrum these represent immature pictures of teachers withdrawn into the routines of everyday life; at the other, they advance and reflect the reformist teacher. This becomes clearly evident when comparing the teacher "monsters" of the classic authors to the educational optimists at the end of the 20th century. The results show that the images of teachers in school novels are almost without exception coherent, psychologically credible and consistent, and hardly any different from the images of teachers in the Swedish school novels used as comparison material. On the contrary, plenty of similarities are found. The comprehensive school reform, educational political discourse and teachers' feelings are realistically clarified in the school novels that describe the period. Keywords: literature image, school reform, school novel, teacher image, reflection, internal co-operation in school
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On the material level of poverty, the work shows how the Great Depression forced rural women and children to enhance their work input and find new ways of coping. The most serious impact of the Depression was poor nutrition, as well as scarcity of food and clothes. Women's and men's ways to make a living started to resemble each other; men had also to consent to wages in form of foodstuff. The research also focuses on immaterial poverty by means of exploring experiences of otherness: shame, hatred and expressions of protest. Substantial humiliation was induced by poor relief and begging. A clear gap prevailed between the poor and the better off people in school, work and at leisure. The economic crisis deepened this gap even further. The dissertation specifies the poor people s every day experiences by taking into account the different worlds of men and women. The analysis of four different memory-based sources is the core in the micro-historical research design. The narrators of the research were survivors, unlike many others, who experienced the Great Depression. Moralization and humiliation of the poor have not ceased in contemporary society. Therefore, the historical perspective of both the material and the immaterial side of poverty could increase the understanding of the multifaceted phenomenon of today s poverty.
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Gentlemen, Lads and the Art of War The Construction of Citizen Soldier- and Professional Soldier Armies into the Miracle of the Winter War During the 1920s and 1930s The Miracle of the Winter War was not a myth - at least according to them, who were making that miracle to happen. This study is not just about the Armed Forces and society, but moreover a study about civil society inside the organization of armed forces. Conscription kept Finnish military organization (and is still keeping) very closely connected with civil society and therefore there is no need to locate the possible critical misunderstandings brought by two different identity-based approaches. The great performance of the Armed Forces during the Second World War was not made of superior art of war. It was not the high level of discipline either. Art of war is basically a (deep level) cultural level equation that has more to do with culturally absorbed schemes of meaning making than rational decision-making. Naturally attrition based approach to effect-making directed the organizational methods in attrition based organisational practices, where there were only minor possibilities to practice any manoeuvre-based organisational behaviour. The practice and method of leadership lent similarly to the attrition-based thinking, which directed the organisational cultural thoughts towards composition that confirmed antagonism between gentlemen and lads . This setting has been absorbed and learned through cultural socialisation and was therefore not a product of the military organisation itself. The Finnish Armed Forces included two different communities (gentlemen and lads) within the same organisation as there were both the official and the unofficial organisations presented. This caused problems as they both made meaning-making processes simultaneously. These organisations had their own overlapping and in most cases also contradictory social meanings. The unofficial organisation has been overshadowed by the vast number of studies concerning the official organisation. The main reason for this systematic neglect is based on the reality of the attitudes and living conditions of the micro-level organisation which produced (perhaps) too realistic and repulsive viewpoints that are presenting a picture of a national level identity process in a way that is separating it from the ideals made to verify the ethos of national values. Complaining, griping, grumbling and moaning are usually situated in a category of abnormal and unwanted behaviour. However, within the context of a citizen soldier army community this was more of a characteristic feature of that organisation (in Finland) and therefore it was crucially important to locate the context of that abnormal behaviour. According to this study, it was not a malicious act but moreover seriously formed efforts in trying to use common sense in the chaos citizen soldiers faced when they were uniformed and placed in an unfamiliar process of disciplinary measures and frictions and competition between different ranks. There is much evidence that reinforces the argument that what seemed to be the most unconventional behaviour was finally the most efficient in a sense of military performance.
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Suomessa vuosina 1901-1930 julkaistun eläintieteellisen kirjallisuuden bibliografia.
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Helsingin Kulttuuritalo rakennettiin vuosina 1955–1958 vastaamaan Suomen kommunistisen puolueen ja muiden kansandemokraattisten järjestöjen toimitilojen puutteeseen. Kulttuuritalo oli myös kommunistien vastaus Helsingissä jo 1900-luvun alusta lähtien käytyyn konserttisali keskusteluun. Kulttuuritalo rakennettiin SKP:n päämajaksi, mutta sinne asettui myös lukuisia muita kansandemokraattisia järjestöjä. Kulttuuritalon suunnitteli professori Alvar Aalto. Pro gradu -tutkielmassani olen tarkastellut Helsingin Kulttuuritalon rakentamista ja paikan hengen muodostumista vuosien 1955–1959 välillä. Aikarajaus kattaa Kulttuuritalon rakennusvuodet sekä sen ensimmäisen kokonaisen toimintavuoden. Tutkielman ensisijaiset tutkimuskysymykset ovat: Miksi Helsingin Kulttuuritalo rakennettiin, millainen rakennusprosessi oli ja millainen paikan henki Kulttuuritalolle muodostui vuosien 1955–1959 aikana? Teoreettisen viitekehyksen tutkielmalle muodostaa paikan hengen käsite. Primäärilähteinä tutkielmassa ovat Kansan Arkistosta löytyvät Kulttuuritalo Oy:n ja Kulttuurityö ry:n kokoelmat sekä sanomalehdet. Sanomalehtiä käytetään Kulttuuritalon paikan hengen ilmentämiseen. Kulttuuritalo rakennettiin pääasiassa talkoovoimin. Talkoisiin osallistui runsaasti ihmisiä niin pääkaupunkiseudulta kuin ulkopaikkakunnilta. Suurin osa Kulttuuritalon rakentamisen rahoituksesta tuli kommunistisilta poliittisilta järjestöiltä ja ammattijärjestöiltä. Pyynnöistä huolimatta Helsingin kaupungilta tai Suomen valtiolta ei tippunut tukea kommunistien hankkeelle. NKP osallistui Kulttuuritalon rakennuskustannuksiin sekä suorin tavaralahjoituksia että epäsuoraan Bukarestissa sijainneen kansainvälisen rahaston kautta, joka toimi SKP:n rahoittajana. Kulttuuritalon paikan hengen luominen liittyi tiiviisti Kulttuuritalon rakentamiseen, sillä paikan henki alkoi muodostua jo talon rakennusvaiheessa. Kulttuuritalon paikan hengen rakentamiseen osallistuivat niin kommunistit ja kansandemokraatit kuin kommunismin vastustajat. Kommunismin vastustajilla tarkoitan tutkielmassa oikeistoa ja sosiaalidemokraatteja. Kommunismin vastustajat vastustivat tavallisesti myös Kulttuuritaloa, mikä kytkee 1950-luvun suomalaisen antikommunismin Kulttuuritalon paikan hengen muodostamiseen. Kun kommunistit rakensivat Kulttuuritalon paikan hengen positiivista puolta, sosiaalidemokraatit ja oikeistolaiset lehdet osallistuivat sen negatiivisen puolen muodostamiseen. Kulttuuritalon paikan hengestä muodostui vuosien 1955–1959 aikana voimakkaan punainen. Kulttuuritalon punaisuus sai kuitenkin kaksi merkitystä: Kommunisteille ja kansandemokraateille se merkitsi työväenliikkeen solidaarisuutta, tasa-arvoa ja voimaa. Kulttuuritalo oli heille osoitus työväen voimasta, ja he toivoivat sen auttavan kommunisteja saavuttamaan laajemman kannatuksen ja hyväksytyn aseman yhteiskunnassa. Kommunismin vastustajille Kulttuuritalo puolestaan merkitsi perinteistä yhteiskuntaa uhkaavaa tekijää. Kulttuuritalon oli heidän mielestään vaarallinen paikka, jonka avulla kommunistit pyrkivät vahvistamaan asemiaan yhteiskunnassa. Kulttuuritalon paikan henki heijasti näin suomalaisen yhteiskunnan kahtiajakautuneisuutta. Kulttuuritalon paikan henki vaikutti myös talon käyttöön. Kulttuuritalon ottivat innolla omakseen kommunistit ja kansandemokraatit, mutta sosiaalidemokraatit ja oikeistolaiset eivät halunneet sitä käyttää, vaikka Kulttuuritalon juhlasali olikin Helsingissä ainoa, joka täytti kansainvälisestikin tasokkaan akustiikan vaatimukset.
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Opinnäytetyössäni tarkastelen kerjuun kontrollin muotoja Helsingissä 1930-luvun laman aikana. Kontrollitoimenpiteiden lisäksi tutkin kerjuun määrittelemistä ongelmaksi ja ilmiön tuomitsemista. Poimin moniäänisestä diskurssista keskeisiä argumentteja, jotka määrittivät kerjäämistä ja sen kitkemiseksi valittuja keinoja. Diskursseja analysoimalla pyrin paljastamaan sosiaalisiin ongelmiin ja poikkeavuuden kontrolloimiseen liittyneitä pyrkimyksiä ja valtarakenteita. 1930-luvun lama saattoi Suomessa kymmenet tuhannet henkilöt työttömiksi ja köyhäinhoidon varaan. Köyhäinhoidossa ja irtolaishuollossa työnteon rooli oli ensisijainen ja tilannetta pyrittiin lievittämään varatyöjärjestelmin. Kerjuu oli tarkasteluajanjaksolla kielletty vuoden 1879 vaivaishoitoasetuksella. Kerjuu kuitenkin lisääntyi huomattavasti. Maanteillä liikkuvat kulkurit ja ovilla pyytävät kerjäläiset herättivät virkamiesten, papiston ja kansalaisten huomion ja köyhyydestä tuli paitsi sosiaalinen, myös hyvin poliittinen ongelma. Helsingissä poliisi pidätti pahimpina aikoina yhdeksän kertaa enemmän kerjäläisiä kuin normaaliaikana. Useimmiten pidätetyt lähetettiin kotipaikkakunnalleen, heille annettiin köyhäinhoitoviranomaisten varoitus tai heidät alistettiin maaherran kuulusteluihin. Kerjäämisestä myös tuomittiin yleiseen pakkotyöhön. Seurakunnat ryhtyivät valtion työttömyyskomitean sihteerin pyynnöstä organisoimaan pula-ajan avustustoimenpiteitä ja vastustamaan kerjuuta Helsingissä. Vuonna 1931 perustettiin Diakoniakeskus johtamaan tätä työtä. Propagandallaan Diakoniakeskus pyrki lopettamaan almujen antamisen ovilla, keskittämään avustustoimintaa ja saamaan myös yleisöstä kannattavia jäseniä toiminnalleen. Diakoniakeskuksen toiminta perustui hätäapuaseman ja yösuojan ylläpitämiseen ja se asettui yhteistyöhön myös köyhäinhoitoviranomaisten kanssa. Vallitsevissa diskursseissa kerjääminen esitettiin paheksuttavana ja demoralisoivana toimintana ja sen katsottiin kulkevan käsi kädessä valehtelemisen ja rikollisuuden kanssa. Myös viittaukset nälkävuosiin ja sisällissotaan nousivat esiin viranomaisten esittämissä vaatimuksissa kerjäämisen hillitsemiseksi. Diskursseista ja toiminnasta paljastui voimakkaita kerjäläisten seulomiseen ja laitostamiseen tähdänneitä pyrkimyksiä. Sopeutumattomiksi määritellyt yksilöt tuli alistaa holhouksen ja kontrollin alaisiksi, ja heidät tuli siivota arkipäivän yhteiskunnasta jopa pakkotyölaitoksiin. Diakoniakeskus, viranomaiset ja yleisö olivat kaikki osapuolia siinä kerjuun yhteiskunnalle vahingollisena määrittelevässä diskurssissa, joka heijasteli myös ajan henkeä. Diskursseista nousevatkin esiin ajan hengen mukaiset medikalisoituneen moralismin diskurssit sekä vallanpitäjien moraalinen paniikki köyhyyden äärellä. Vuonna 1937 astuivat voimaan uudet huoltolait, jolloin kerjääminen muuttui köyhäinhoidollisesta kysymyksestä järjestyskysymykseksi ja osaksi irtolaisuutta. Kerjuun vähetessä myös Diakoniakeskuksen toiminnan kannattavuus väheni ja se siirsikin propagandansa painopistettä pois kerjäämisen vastustamisesta. Tutkielman lopussa tarkastelen vielä lyhyesti 2000-luvun romanikerjäläisdiskurssia ja sen yhteneväisyyksiä 1930-luvun keskusteluun ja toimenpiteisiin. Keskeisen lähdeaineiston tutkielmalle muodostavat Helsingin seurakuntayhtymän arkistossa säilytettävät Diakoniakeskuksen lentolehtiset, pöytäkirjat, kirjeet ja lehtileikekokoelma, virallisjulkaisut sekä Huoltaja- ja Poliisimies-lehdissä sekä Suomen Kuvalehdessä julkaistu aikalaiskirjallisuus. Muun lähdeaineiston hankkimisessa olen käyttänyt aineistoja huoltoviraston arkistosta, Helsingin poliisilaitoksen arkistosta sekä Helsingin yliopiston kirjaston käsikirjoituskokoelmista.
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This dissertation is an onomastic study of variation in women s name phrases in official documents in Finland during the period 1780−1930. The aim is to discuss from a socio-onomastic perspective both the changeover from patronymics to inherited family names and the use of surnames after marriage (i.e. whether women adopted their husbands family names or retained their maiden names), before new laws in this area entered into force in Finland in the early 20th century. In 1920, a law on family names that required fixed names put an end to the use of the patronymic as a person s only surname. After 1929, it was no longer possible for a married woman to retain her maiden name. Methodologically, to explain this development from a socio-onomastic perspective, I have based my study on a syntactic-semantic analysis of the actual name phrases. To be able to demonstrate the extensive material, I have elaborated a scheme to divide the 115 different types of name phrases into 13 main categories. The analysis of the material for Helsinki is based on frequency calculations of the different types of name phrases every thirtieth year, as well as on describing variation in the structure and semantic content of the name phrases, e.g. social variation in the use of titles and epithets. In addition to this, by applying a biographic-genealogical method, I have conducted two case studies of the usage of women s name phrases in the two chosen families. The study is based on parish registers from the period 1780−1929, estate inventory documents from the period 1780−1928, registration forms for liberty of trade from the period 1880−1908, family announcements on newspapers from the period 1829−1888, gravestones from the period 1796−1929 and diaries from the periods 1799−1801 and 1818−1820 providing a corpus of 5 950 name phrases. The syntactic-semantic analysis has revealed the overall picture of various ways of denoting women in official documents. In Helsinki, towards the end of the 19th century, the use of inherited family names seems to be almost fully developed in official contexts. At the late 19th century, a patronymic still appears as the only surname of some working-class women whereas in the early 20th century patronymics were only entered in the parish register as a kind of middle name. In the beginning of the 19th century, most married women were still registered under their maiden names, with a few exceptions among the bourgeoisie and upper class. The comparative analysis of name phrases in diaries, however, indicates that the use of the husband s family name by married women was a much earlier phenomenon in private contexts than in official documents. Keywords: socio-onomastics, syntactic-semantic analysis, name phrase, patronymic, maiden name, husband s family name
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Tutkimuksessa lähestytään oikeusvaltion paradoksia tarkastelemalla sen ilmenemistä valtiopäiväkeskusteluissa, joita käytiin hallituksen esityksistä tasavallan suojelulaiksi vuosina 1930 ja 1936. Oikeusvaltion paradoksin ytimessä on kysymys siitä, miten yksityisen oikeussubjektin myös valtion harjoittamalta mielivallalta nauttima suoja voidaan taata, kun eduskunta on ylin lainsäätäjä ja voi muuttaa myös perustuslakia, jossa tuo suoja taataan. Tämä kysymys korostuu etenkin poikkeusoloissa, jolloin toimeenpanovallalla tulisi olla riittävät valtuudet vaikean tilanteen ratkaisemiseksi. Oikeusvaltion paradoksin kannalta keskeisiä ovat muodollinen, laillisuutta ja muotoja painottava sekä materiaalinen, oikeusjärjestyksen sisällöllisiä periaatteita, kuten perusoikeuksia painottava oikeusvaltiotulkinta. Nämä kaksi tulkintaa ovat vaikeissa tilanteissa toistensa kanssa ristiriidassa ja päättäjät joutuvat tasapainoilemaan niiden välillä: toimiako tehokkaasti yhteiskuntajärjestyksen turvaamiseksi, jolloin on riski valtion sisältä käsin tapahtuvasta oikeusvaltion murenemisesta, vai kunnioittaako perusoikeuksia ja altistaa valtakunta ulkoiselle vallankaappaukselle tai muille järjestyshäiriöille. Tutkimuskysymystä tarkastellaan vuosina 1930 ja 1936 eduskunnalle annettujen hallituksen tasavallan suojelulakiesitysten myötä. Esitykset tasavallan suojelulaiksi antoivat presidentille oikeuden, mikäli valtakuntaa uhkasi vaara tai yleinen järjestys ja turvallisuus olivat uhattuina, rajoittaa tiettyjä hallitusmuodon toisessa luvussa taattuja perusoikeuksia. Vuonna 1930 lapuanliikkeen aiheuttama vallankaappauksen uhka oli todellinen ja hallituksen oli pakko antaa sen vaatimia säädöksiä kommunistisen toiminnan tukahduttamiseksi. Paradoksaalisesti laki oli samanaikaisesti lapuanliikkeen painostuksen tulos että yritys ottaa tilanne haltuun poikkeuslailla. Vuonna 1936 tilanne oli huomattavasti rauhallisempi. Lakia perusteltiin sekä maailmanpoliittisen tilanteen epävakaudella että tarpeella säätää poikkeustilanteista etukäteen osana pysyvää lainsäädäntöä. Valtuuksia ei kuitenkaan haluttu säätää osaksi valtiosääntöä, vaan säädös annettiin erillisenä poikkeuslakina. Eduskuntakeskustelussa kannat jakautuivat yleisesti ottaen siten, että lakien vastustajat esittivät materiaaliseen oikeusvaltiotulkintaan ja kannattajat muodolliseen oikeusvaltiotulkintaan lukeutuvia argumentteja. Vastustajien mielestä oli tärkeää kunnioittaa kansalaisten perusoikeuksia ja perustuslakien pysyvyyttä. He myös pelkäsivät lakien mahdollistamaa hallinnollista mielivaltaa. Lakien kannattajat puolestaan korostivat demokratian itsepuolustuksen tärkeyttä: oli yksilön kannalta parasta oikeusturvaa, että kumoukselliset voimat voitiin pitää kurissa. Vuoden 1930 laki jätettiin lepäämään yli vaalien ja hyväksyttiin lopullisesti syksyllä 1930. Se oli osa kommunistilakipakettia, mutta sitä käytettiin lapuanliikkeen hillitsemiseksi ja Mäntsälän kapinan kukistamiseksi vuonna 1932. Vuoden 1936 laki hylättiin eduskunnassa. Vuonna 1939 annettiin vielä kolmas hallituksen esitys tasavallan suojelulaiksi. Se jätettiin lepäämään yli vaalien ja hyväksyttiin syksyllä 1939. Hallituksen laajennettuja valtuuksia tarvittiin tällä kertaa sellaisia henkilöitä vastaan, joista voisi olla uhkaa Suomen ulkoiselle turvallisuudelle. Lain nojalla tehtiin satoja poliittiseen vasemmistoon kohdistuneita turvasäilöpidätyksiä sodan aikana. Tämä laki on kuitenkin rajattu tutkimuksen ulkopuolelle.
Resumo:
Landscape is shaped by natural environment and increasingly by human activity. In landscape ecology, the concept of landscape can be defined as a kilometre-scale mosaic formed by different land-use types. In Helsinki Metropolitan Region, the landscape change caused by urbanization has accelerated after the 1950s. Prior to that, the landscape of the region was mainly only shaped by agriculture. The goal of this study was in addition to describing the landscape change to discuss the factors impacting the landscape change and evaluate thelandscape ecological impacts of the change. Three study areas at different distances from Helsinki city centre were chosen in order to look at the landscape change. Study areas were Malmi, Espoo and Mäntsälä regions representing different parts of the urban-to-rural gradient in 1955, 1975, 1990 and 2009. Land-use of the maps was then digitized into five classes: agricultural lands, semi-natural grasslands, built areas, waters and others using GIS methods. First, landscape change was studied using landscape ecological indices. Indices used were PLAND i.e. the proportions of the different land-use types in the landscape; MPS, SHEI and SHDI which describe fragmentation and heterogeneity of the landscape; and MSI and ED which are measures of patch shape. Second, landscape change was studied statistically in relation to topography, soil and urban structure of the study areas. Indicators used concerning urban structure were number of residents, car ownership and travel-related zones of urban form which indicate the degree of urban sprawl within the study areas. For the statistical analyses, each of the 9.25 x 9.25 km sized study areas was further divided into grids with resolution of 0.25 x 0.25 kilometres. Third, the changes in the green structure of the study areas were evaluated. The landscape change reflected by the proportions of the land-use types was the most notable in Malmi area where a large amount of agricultural land was developed from 1955 to 2009. The proportion of semi-natural grasslands also showed an interesting pattern in relation to urbanization. When urbanization started, a great number of agricultural lands were abandoned and turned into semi-natural grasslands but as the urbanization accelerated, the number of semi-natural grasslands started to decline because of urban densification. Landscape fragmentation and heterogeneity were the most widespread in Espoo study area which is not only because of the great differences in relative heights within the region but also its location in the rural-urban fringe. According to the results, urbanization induced agricultural lands to be more regular in shape both spatially and temporally whereas for built areas and semi-natural grasslands the impact of urbanization was reverse. Changes in landscape were the most insignificant in the most rural study area Mäntsälä. In Mäntsälä, built area per resident showed the greatest values indicating a widespread urban sprawl. The values were the smallest in highly urbanized Malmi study area. Unlike other study areas, in Mäntsälä the proportion of developing land in the ecologically disadvantageous cardependent zone was on the increase. On the other hand, the green structure of the Mäntsälä study area was the most advantageous whereas Malmi study area showed the most ecologically disadvantageous structure. Considering all the landscape ecological criteria used, the landscape structure of Espoo study area proved to be the best not least because of the great heterogeneity of its landscape. Thus the study confirmed the previous results according to which landscape heterogeneity is the most significant in areas exposed to a moderate human impact.
Resumo:
Helsingin Kulttuuritalo rakennettiin vuosina 1955–1958 vastaamaan Suomen kommunistisen puolueen ja muiden kansandemokraattisten järjestöjen toimitilojen puutteeseen. Kulttuuritalo oli myös kommunistien vastaus Helsingissä jo 1900-luvun alusta lähtien käytyyn konserttisali keskusteluun. Kulttuuritalo rakennettiin SKP:n päämajaksi, mutta sinne asettui myös lukuisia muita kansandemokraattisia järjestöjä. Kulttuuritalon suunnitteli professori Alvar Aalto. Pro gradu -tutkielmassani olen tarkastellut Helsingin Kulttuuritalon rakentamista ja paikan hengen muodostumista vuosien 1955–1959 välillä. Aikarajaus kattaa Kulttuuritalon rakennusvuodet sekä sen ensimmäisen kokonaisen toimintavuoden. Tutkielman ensisijaiset tutkimuskysymykset ovat: Miksi Helsingin Kulttuuritalo rakennettiin, millainen rakennusprosessi oli ja millainen paikan henki Kulttuuritalolle muodostui vuosien 1955–1959 aikana? Teoreettisen viitekehyksen tutkielmalle muodostaa paikan hengen käsite. Primäärilähteinä tutkielmassa ovat Kansan Arkistosta löytyvät Kulttuuritalo Oy:n ja Kulttuurityö ry:n kokoelmat sekä sanomalehdet. Sanomalehtiä käytetään Kulttuuritalon paikan hengen ilmentämiseen. Kulttuuritalo rakennettiin pääasiassa talkoovoimin. Talkoisiin osallistui runsaasti ihmisiä niin pääkaupunkiseudulta kuin ulkopaikkakunnilta. Suurin osa Kulttuuritalon rakentamisen rahoituksesta tuli kommunistisilta poliittisilta järjestöiltä ja ammattijärjestöiltä. Pyynnöistä huolimatta Helsingin kaupungilta tai Suomen valtiolta ei tippunut tukea kommunistien hankkeelle. NKP osallistui Kulttuuritalon rakennuskustannuksiin sekä suorin tavaralahjoituksia että epäsuoraan Bukarestissa sijainneen kansainvälisen rahaston kautta, joka toimi SKP:n rahoittajana. Kulttuuritalon paikan hengen luominen liittyi tiiviisti Kulttuuritalon rakentamiseen, sillä paikan henki alkoi muodostua jo talon rakennusvaiheessa. Kulttuuritalon paikan hengen rakentamiseen osallistuivat niin kommunistit ja kansandemokraatit kuin kommunismin vastustajat. Kommunismin vastustajilla tarkoitan tutkielmassa oikeistoa ja sosiaalidemokraatteja. Kommunismin vastustajat vastustivat tavallisesti myös Kulttuuritaloa, mikä kytkee 1950-luvun suomalaisen antikommunismin Kulttuuritalon paikan hengen muodostamiseen. Kun kommunistit rakensivat Kulttuuritalon paikan hengen positiivista puolta, sosiaalidemokraatit ja oikeistolaiset lehdet osallistuivat sen negatiivisen puolen muodostamiseen. Kulttuuritalon paikan hengestä muodostui vuosien 1955–1959 aikana voimakkaan punainen. Kulttuuritalon punaisuus sai kuitenkin kaksi merkitystä: Kommunisteille ja kansandemokraateille se merkitsi työväenliikkeen solidaarisuutta, tasa-arvoa ja voimaa. Kulttuuritalo oli heille osoitus työväen voimasta, ja he toivoivat sen auttavan kommunisteja saavuttamaan laajemman kannatuksen ja hyväksytyn aseman yhteiskunnassa. Kommunismin vastustajille Kulttuuritalo puolestaan merkitsi perinteistä yhteiskuntaa uhkaavaa tekijää. Kulttuuritalon oli heidän mielestään vaarallinen paikka, jonka avulla kommunistit pyrkivät vahvistamaan asemiaan yhteiskunnassa. Kulttuuritalon paikan henki heijasti näin suomalaisen yhteiskunnan kahtiajakautuneisuutta. Kulttuuritalon paikan henki vaikutti myös talon käyttöön. Kulttuuritalon ottivat innolla omakseen kommunistit ja kansandemokraatit, mutta sosiaalidemokraatit ja oikeistolaiset eivät halunneet sitä käyttää, vaikka Kulttuuritalon juhlasali olikin Helsingissä ainoa, joka täytti kansainvälisestikin tasokkaan akustiikan vaatimukset.