26 resultados para Michel Foucault, Foucaultian discourse analysis, discourse analysis, field, paradigm
Resumo:
Kun synnytyksessä mikään ei suju suunnitelmien mukaan, mistä oikeastaan on kysymys? Kenellä on valta synnytyksessä ja miten se jaetaan? Pro gradu -työssäni yritän ratkaista tätä oman pettymykseni herättämää kysymystä Michel Foucault'n valtakäsityksien avulla. Työlleni erityisen tärkeitä ovat ranskalaisfilosofin teoriat vallan osapuolten välisistä kamppailuista, vallan ja tiedon suhteesta sekä vallasta mahdollisuuksien hallintana. Foucault'sta inspiroituneilta hallinnan analyytikoilta Nikolas Roselta ja Mitchell Deanilta saan käytännön apua analyysin tekemiseen aineistolähtöisen tulkinnan keinoin. Heidän neuvostaan keskityn miten-kysymyksiin sekä sanoihin asioiden mahdollistajana. Aineistonani käytän erään aktiivisuutta ja luottamuksellisuutta vaalivan keskustelupalstan Synnyttäjän oikeudet -aiheista keskustelua. Analyysin alku nosti keskustelusta kolme selkeää tapaa synnytyksen ja vallan hahmottamiseen: luonnon ja synnyttäjän voimia korostavan, taisteluasennetta kannattavan sekä sopuisaa, tyydyttävää elämystä toivovan. Tämä on kuitenkin vasta johtolanka, jonka seuraamisessa tarvitsen tutkimuskirjallisuutta sekä teoreettisen viitekehyksen tukea. Tärkeimpiä hyödyntämiäni tekstejä ovat Foucault'n The Subject and Power (2000a) ja Truth and Power (2000b) sekä synnyttämisen mahdollisuuksia pohtivat teokset, kuten Johanna Ruusuvuoren Synnyttämisen suuntia (1992) ja Robbie Davis-Floydin ja Carolyn Sargentin toimittama Childbirth and Authoritative Knowledge (1997). Teorian, tutkimustulosten ja aineistoni perusteella väitän, että synnytyksen ja vallan suhteessa on kysymys auktoriteetin ja itsehallinnan erilaisista kohtaamistavoista. Tiedon ja vallan järkähtämätön suhde on pönkittänyt synnytyssalin auktoriteeteille tukevan aseman, jota ei helposti heiluteta. Yrittää silti voi ja pitääkin, ainakin keskustelijoideni mielestä. Naiset synnyttävät uusia kansalaisia lääketieteen valvonnassa, mutta he tekevät sen omillakin ehdoillaan, omien tavoitteidensa toteuttamiseksi. Verkon kautta synnytyksen vaihtoehdot ovat levinneet ja jättäneet jälkensä myös perinteisen synnytyskulttuurin pintaan. Yksien totuudet ovat kuitenkin toisten totuuksia arvokkaampia, kuten Tammisaaren synnytysosaston sulkeminen osoittaa.
Resumo:
The Gesture of Exposure On the presentation of the work of art in the modern art exhibition The topic of this dissertation is the presentation of art works in the modern art exhibition as being the established and conventionalized form of art encounter. It investigates the possibility of a theorization of the art exhibition as a separate object for research, and attempts to examine the relationship between the art work and its presentation in a modern art exhibition. The study takes its point of departure in the area vaguely defined as exhibition studies, and in the lack of a general problematization of the analytical tools used for closer examination of the modern art exhibition. Another lacking aspect is a closer consideration of what happens to the work of art when it is exposed in an art exhibition. The aim of the dissertation is to find a set of concepts that can be used for further theorization The art exhibition is here treated, on the one hand, as an act of exposure, as a showing gesture. On the other hand, the art exhibition is seen as a spatiality, as a space that is produced in the act of showing. Both aspects are seen to be intimately involved in knowledge production. The dissertation is divided into four parts, in which different aspects of the art exhibition are analyzed using different theoretical approaches. The first part uses the archaeological model of Michel Foucault, and discusses the exhibition as a discursive formation based on communicative activity. The second part analyses the derived concepts of gesture and space. This leads to the proposition of three metaphorical spatialities the frame, the agora and the threshold which are seen as providing a possibility for a further extension of the theory of exhibitions. The third part extends the problematization of the relationship between the individual work of art and its exposure through the ideas of Walter Benjamin and Maurice Blanchot. The fourth part carries out a close reading of three presentations from the modern era in order to further examine the relationship between the work of art and its presentation, using the tools that have been developed during the study. In the concluding section, it is possible to see clearer borderlines and conditions for the development of an exhibition theory. The concepts that have been analysed and developed into tools are shown to be useful, and the examples take the discussion into a consideration of the altered premises for the encounter with the postmodern work of art.
Resumo:
My PhD-thesis The uneasy borders of desire Magnus Enckell's representations of masculinities and femininities and the question how to create the self concentrates on the works of Finnish fin-de-siècle artist Magnus Enckell (1870-1925). My thesis deals with representations of masculinities, femininities, sexualities and different identity-positions. My research is about questions concerning representational ways of melancholy, androgyny, narcissism, themes of Golden Age and Double in Enckell s ouvre. These themes are analyzed by contextualizing them with different, but intersecting, discourses of varied scientific, artistic and occult ideas in the fin-de-siècle. The main point is analyze how the subject is constructed in both Foucauldian and Freudian sense and what one has to know about oneself. My approaches are based on ideas expressed in different discourses as queer-theory, Michel Foucault s genealogical epistemology and knowledge-power theory, psychoanalysis, art history and visual culture studies. My starting point lays is Foucault s idea expressed in his The History of Sexuality that the constitution of homosexual or as well as heterosexual subject inaugurates possibilities for transgressive activities e.g. by giving own voice to the sexualized subject. My main thesis is to suggest that Enckell s works in their multiple and ambiguous ways construct a phantasmatic position for viewer who may identify oneself to different desires, may construct or deconstruct a sexual identity for oneself or try to define the truth about oneself. Enckell s works should be considered as a contradictory processes which both seduce person to construct an identity and as well as lure person to pursue for the deconstruction of specific and permanent identity by celebrating the ambiguousness and discontinuity in one s identity. I m suggesting that the gazing subject feels pleasure in finding one s identity but the one must face the exposure of the melancholic structure which forms the basis of sexual desire. The subject may try to resolve one s melancholy by creating a phantasy about the original and unisexual being where desires, sexualities, phantasies and identities haven t been diverged. This can be fantasized in terms of art which forms a double for the melancholic subject who is in this limited and imaginary way able to forget for a while one s existential solitude.
Resumo:
The historical development of Finnish nursing textbooks from the late 1880s to 1967: the training of nurses in the Foucauldian perspective. This study aims, first, to analyse the historical development of Finnish nursing textbooks in the training of nurses and in nursing education: what Foucauldian power processes operate in the writing and publishing processes? What picture of nursing did early nursing books portray and who were the decision makers? Second, this study also aims to analyse the processes of power in nurse training processes. The time frame extends from the early stages of nurse training in the late 1880s to 1967. This present study is a part of textbook research and of the history of professional education in Finland. This study seeks to explain how, who or what contributed the power processes involved in the writing of nursing textbooks and through textbooks. Did someone use these books as a tool to influence nursing education? The third aim of this study is to define and analyse the purpose of nurse training. Michel Foucault´s concept of power served as an explanatory framework for this study. A very central part of power is the assembling of data, the supplying of information and messages, and the creation of discourses. When applied to the training of nurses, power dictates what information is taught in the training and contained in the books. Thus, the textbook holds an influential position as a power user in these processes. Other processes in which such power is exercised include school discipline and all other normalizing processes. One of most powerful ways of adapting is the hall of residence, where nursing pupils were required to live. Trained nurses desired to separate themselves from their untrained predecessors and from those with less training by wearing different uniforms and living in separate housing units. The state supported the registration of trained nurses by legislation. With this decision the state made it illegal to work as a nurse without an authorised education, and use these regulations to limit and confirm the professional knowledge and power of nurses. Nurses, physicians and government authorities used textbooks in nursing education as tools to achieve their own purposes and principles. With these books all three groups attempted to confirm their own professional power and knowledge while at the same time limit the power and expertise of others. Public authorities sought to unify the training of nurses and the basis of knowledge in all nursing schools in Finland with similar and obligatory textbooks. This standardisation started 20 years before the government unified nursing training in 1930. The textbooks also served as data assemblers in unifying nursing practices in Finnish hospitals, because the Medical Board required all training hospitals to attach the textbooks to units with nursing pupils. For the nurses, and especially for the associations of Finnish nurses, making and publishing their own textbooks for the training of nurses was a part of their professional projects. With these textbooks, the nursing elite and the teachers tended to prepare nursing pupils’ identities for nursing’s very special mission. From the 1960s, nursing was no longer understood as a mission, but as a normal vocation. Nurses and doctors disputed this view throughout the period studied, which was the optimal relationship between theory and practice in nursing textbooks and in nurse education. The discussion of medical knowledge in nursing textbooks took place in the 1930s and 1940s. Nurses were very confused about their own professional knowledge and expertise, which explains why they could not create a new nursing textbook despite the urgency. A brand new nursing textbook was published in 1967, about 30 years after the predecessor. Keyword: nurse, nurse training, nursing education, power, textbook, Michel Foucault
Resumo:
Evaluation practices have pervaded the Finnish society and welfare state. At the same time the term effectiveness has become a powerful organising concept in welfare state activities. The aim of the study is to analyse how the outcome-oriented society came into being through historical processes, to answer the question of how social policy and welfare state practices were brought under the governance of the concept of effectiveness . Discussions about social imagination, Michel Foucault s conceptions of the history of the present and of governmentality, genealogy and archaeology, along with Ian Hacking s notions of dynamic nominalism and styles of reasoning, are used as the conceptual and methodological starting points for the study. In addition, Luc Boltanski s and Laurent Thévenot s ideas of orders of worth , regimes of evaluation in everyday life, are employed. Usually, evaluation is conceptualised as an autonomous epistemic culture and practice (evaluation as epistemic practice), but evaluation is here understood as knowledge-creation processes elementary to different epistemic practices (evaluation in epistemic practices). The emergence of epistemic cultures and styles of reasoning about the effectiveness or impacts of welfare state activities are analysed through Finnish social policy and social work research. The study uses case studies which represent debates and empirical research dealing with the effectiveness and quality of social services and social work. While uncertainty and doubts over the effects and consequences of welfare policies have always been present in discourses about social policy, the theme has not been acknowledged much in social policy research. To resolve these uncertainties, eight styles of reasoning about such effects have emerged over time. These are the statistical, goal-based, needs-based, experimental, interaction-based, performance measurement, auditing and evidence-based styles of reasoning. Social policy research has contributed in various ways to the creation of these epistemic practices. The transformation of the welfare state, starting at the end of 1980s, increased market-orientation and trimmed public welfare responsibilities, and led to the adoption of the New Public Management (NPM) style of leadership. Due to these developments the concept of effectiveness made a breakthrough, and new accountabilities with their knowledge tools for performance measurement and auditing and evidence-based styles of reasoning became more dominant in the ruling of the welfare state. Social sciences and evaluation have developed a heteronomous relation with each other, although there still remain divergent tendencies between them. Key words: evaluation, effectiveness, social policy, welfare state, public services, sociology of knowledge
Resumo:
FAMILIES AND SCHOOLS AND THE POLITICS OF RESPONSIBILITIES - a genealogical study on family and school as carers and educators of the child population in modern society This study aims to uncover the politics behind such discourses in the media which have claimed the family to be totally responsible for children and which ignore the various responsibilities accorded to the state in matters concerning the child population. Using Max Weber s and Michael Mann s theorizing on the history of power relationships, feminist social history on patriarchy and Foucauldian power analytic concept of dispositif the study traces two competing child policies which have influenced the historical formation of modern generational order in Western societies. One of them is based on the interests of the hegemonic bourgeois elite and the other on the interests of the non-elite population, which were expressed during the phase of building the welfare state in Finland in the 1960 1980 s. The central strategies of the bourgeois child policy are 1) to construct the childhood years as a time for preparation and formation of the individual according to the interests of the elite, 2) to construct the family as the sole site of holistic care and responsibility of children in society, and 3) compulsory schooling of children of the non-elite population in state organized schools. To implement these strategies the elite uses strategically patriarchal cultural formations/dispositifs in modernized versions. The result has been the formation of a sexually divided and hierarchical order of care and education, where, on the one hand, there is the less important feminine care of children done by mothers at home and, on the other, the real education of the school, where children are made the object of authoritarian shaping and where the needs and the personal experiences of the child are ignored. The welfare order of care and education is based on the ethos of welfare society, where the state and the families are seen to share the responsibility for the child population. In this vein, families and schools are seen as partners who both have a caring attitude to children s welfare and learning. The study shows that discourses and terminology in the mainstream educational policy texts in Finland create a chaotic linguistic game which makes it difficult to have a rational discussion about the roles of family and school in the holistic care and education of children. This has opened the door to political discourses where familist interpretations of the question of responsibility are claimed to be based on law.
Resumo:
Avhandlingen kartlägger användandet av metaforer i ekonomijournalistik då den globala ekonomikrisen anlände till Finland under hösten 2008. Syftet med den här kvalitativa forskningen är inte bara att presentera olika metaforer utan också påvisa att metaforer bildar större helheter. Med hjälp av en metaforanalys redogör denna studie vilka metaforer förekom i ekonominyheter och hur de reflekterar ekonomikrisen och den verklighet vi lever i. Forskningen presenterar också deltagarna i ekonomikrisdiskussionen och diskuterar deras position i samhället i förhållande till maktfrågan. Den tredelning av metaforer som Lakoff och Johnson presenterar i sin bok Metaphors we live by (1980) ligger till grund för den här undersökningen. I den här forskningen delas metaforer enligt den kognitiva metaforteorin till tre större grupper; strukturella, ontologiska och orientationella metaforer. Användning av metaforer i undersökta artiklar var rikligt och den största gruppen utgjordes av strukturella metaforer. Mest förekom krigs-, spel-, sjukdoms- och naturmetaforer. Den största gruppen var krigsmetaforer vilka tillsammans med spelmetaforer användes mest i början av rapporteringen om den ekonomiska recessionen. Färg- och religionsmetaforer förekom också om än i ett mindre antal. Ontologiska metaforer förekom i form av personifiering. Bland annat var marknad och börs de fenomen som fick personliga drag då de var i panik, reagerade föll eller sov. Av de orientationella metaforer var horisontella upp-ner -metaforer vanligare än de vertikala fram-bak -metaforerna. Denna studie visar att de metaforer som journalisterna använde i sina artiklar bildade större helheter. Med hjälp av dessa metaforer ville man förtydliga att den ekonomiska recessionen ansågs vara en överraskning, speciellt för makthavare och ekonomiexperter. Krisen slog till i Finland överraskande och med en mycket stark volym och osäkerheten om framtiden förstärktes med metaforanvändandet. Avhandlingen har också ett samhälleligt perspektiv. I den undersöks deltagarna i ekonomikrisdiskussionen samt deras position i samhället. Forskningsresultatet är relaterat till maktfrågan med stöd av maktforskarna Michel Foucault och Ilkka Ruostetsaari. I dagens samhälle och globala värld har ekonomins makt bara ökat. Analysen av det empiriska materialet visar att näringslivet dominerade debatten och därmed hör det till makteliten. Alla diskussionsdeltagare använder metaforer, dock används de kraftigaste metaforerna av journalister.
Resumo:
Tässä pro gradu -tutkimuksessa tutkin kätilötyön rakentumista Suomessa vuosina 1879 - 1920 Hämeenlinnan lääkäripiirin näkökulmasta. Analysoin vuoden 1879 kätilöohjesäännön tuomien muutosten sekä valtion organisaatioiden, lääkäreiden ja kunnallistason määräysten merkitystä kätilötoiminnalle ja kätilöille. Tutkimuksen ajallinen rajaus, 1879 - 1920, juontuu Keisarillisen Majesteetin vuonna 1879 antamasta kätilöohjesäännöstä, joka oli toimintaa ohjaavana lainsäädäntönä voimassa vuoteen 1920. Tutkin tässä työssä kätilötyötä kahdessa tasossa, mikrohistoriallisesti ja yleisellä tasolla. Tutkimusmenetelmänä sovellan kvalitatiivista ja kvantitatiivista menetelmää. Tutkimuksen teoreettisena kehyksenä toimii soveltavin osin Michel Foucault'n teoria biovallasta. Kätilöiden puutteeseen maalaiskunnissa oli pyritty vaikuttamaan vuoden 1859 kätilöohjesäännöllä. Käytännön muutoksia ei tapahtunut ja vuonna 1879 hyväksyttiin uusi kätilöohjesääntö. Uusi ohjesääntö oli valtion hallinnon ja lääkäreiden yhteistoiminnan tulos. Sen sanoma oli ohjaavaa, mutta ei pakottavaa. Lakiuudistuksella pyrittiin vaikuttamaan kuntiin ja kuntien kautta kansalaisten toimintaan. Haluttiin muokata ihmisten käyttäytymistapoja normalisoimalla kätilöhoitoinen synnytys. Kätilöohjesäännön voimaantulo ja vuodet 1879 - 1920 voidaan nähdä käännekohtana kätilötyössä. Tutkimusperiodin aikana kätilötyö alkoi saada itsenäisen ammattikunnan piirteitä selvemmin. Rahan rooli oli monessa suhteessa merkittävä, sillä elatuksen lisäksi raha vaikutti kätilön asemaan ja arvostukseen. Kunnan päättäjät olivat merkittävässä valtaapitävässä asemassa, koska heillä oli päätösvalta kätilön palkkaamisessa ja työn ehdoissa. Kunnissa, joissa kätilöä arvostettiin, maksettiin paremmin ja kuntalaiset tukeutuivat koulutettuun apuun enemmän. Tutkimusaikana kätilöiden olosuhteet kunnissa olivat haasteelliset eikä laki rajoittanut synnytyksen avustajaa, joten kätilöhoitoisissa synnytyksissä tapahtunut kasvu oli kätilöiden melko pyytettömän työn tulosta. Haluttiin muutakin kun käyttää valtaa.
Resumo:
Tutkielmassa esitellään kolmen orkesteriviulistin kokemuksia ja käsityksiä omasta ruumiillisuudestaan muusikon työssään. Muusikkolähtöisyys, laajemmin tarkasteltuna tekijälähtöinen tutkimus, on nykyisin yhä tärkeämpi osa musiikintutkimusta. Muusikkolähtöistä tutkimusta on Suomessakin kirjoitettu jonkin verran, harvoin kuitenkaan ruumiillisuusteeman kautta. Haastatellut viulistit ovat pääkaupunkiseudun suurista orkestereista. Muusikon työtä voidaan tarkastella monista eri lähtökohdista. Tässä työssä pyritään ottamaan huomioon ihmisen oma kokemus ja ruumiillinen sidos maailmaan, ja näin se sitoutuu fenomenologisiin lähtökohtiin, erityisesti Maurice Merleau-Pontyn ajatteluun. Michel Foucault ja Elizabeth Grosz edustavat tämän työn kannalta sitä ajattelutapaa, jonka hengessä pidän muusikon työtä historiallisesti rakentuneena ja muutoksenalaisena prosessina. Groszin teoretisointi keskittyy subjektin ruumiillisuuteen ja tapoihin käsitteellistää ruumis länsimaisessa ajattelussa. Haastattelumateriaali jakaantuu kahteen päälukuun. Ensimmäisessä käsitellään soittajien omaa yksityistä tilaa. Harjoittelun oma tila liittyy ruumiillisuuteen sikäli, että ruumiillinen toistotyö ja viulistisen identiteetin muotoutuminen tapahtuu pitkälti yksityisesti, tietoisena julkisen tilan vaatimuksista. Orkesteriviulistien sosiaaliseen tilaan liittyy toisaalta vuorovaikutus muiden muusikoiden kanssa harjoituksissa ja toisaalta muusikoiden ja yleisön kohtaaminen konserteissa. Sosiaaliseen tilaan liittyviä ruumiillisuuteen kytkeytyviä ilmiöitä käsitellään erillään, toisessa analyysiluvussa. Tutkielma tuo esiin välähdyksiä erilaisista ruumiillisuuteen ja viulunsoittoon kytkeytyvistä ilmiöistä. Kvalitatiivisen ja fenomenologisen tutkimuksen hengessä haastateltujen erilaiset kokemukset on pyritty esittelemään pyrkimättä universalisoimaan niitä. Haastattelumateriaali osoittaa viulistisen ruumiillisuuden liittyvän merkittävällä tavalla muusikkojen käsityksiin itsestään. Haastateltujen kokemukset tuovat lisää tietoa orkesteriviulistin työstä.
Resumo:
Despite increasing interest in the discursive aspects of strategy, few studies have examined strategy texts and their power effects. We draw from Critical Discourse Analysis to better understand the power of strategic plans as a directive genre. In our empirical analysis, we examined the creation of the official strategic plan of the City of Lahti in Finland. As a result of our inductive analysis, we identified five central discursive features of this plan: self-authorization, special terminology, discursive innovation, forced consensus and deonticity. We argue that these features can, with due caution, be generalized and conceived as distinctive features of the strategy genre. We maintain that these discursive features are not trivial characteristics; they have important implications for the textual agency of strategic plans, their performative effects, impact on power relations and ideological implications.