Computer-aided design of PV/wind hybrid system

A complete set of match calculation methods for optimum sizing of PV/wind hybrid system is presented. In this method, the more accurate and practical mathematic models for characterizing PV module, wind generator and battery are adopted; combining with hourly measured meteorologic data and load data, the performance of a PV/wind hybrid system is determined on a hourly basis; by fixing the capacity of wind generators, the whole year's LPSP (loss of power supply probability) values of PV/wind hybrid systems with different capacity of PV array and battery bank are calculated, then the trade-off curve between battery bank and PV array capacity is drawn for the given LPSP value; the optimum configuration which can meet the energy demand with the minimum cost can be found by drawing a tangent to the trade-off curve with the slope representing the relationship between cost of PV module and that of the battery. According to this match calculation method, a set of match calculation programs for optimum sizing of PV/wind hybrid systems have been developed. Applying these match calculation programs to an assumed PV/wind hybrid system to be installed at Waglan island of Hong Kong, the optimum configuration and its hourly, daily, monthly and yearly performances are given. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

A Multimoment Finite-Volume Shallow-Water Model On The Yin-Yang Overset Spherical Grid

A numerical model for shallow-water equations has been built and tested on the Yin-Yang overset spherical grid. A high-order multimoment finite-volume method is used for the spatial discretization in which two kinds of so-called moments of the physical field [i.e., the volume integrated average ( VIA) and the point value (PV)] are treated as the model variables and updated separately in time. In the present model, the PV is computed by the semi-implicit semi-Lagrangian formulation, whereas the VIA is predicted in time via a flux-based finite-volume method and is numerically conserved on each component grid. The concept of including an extra moment (i.e., the volume-integrated value) to enforce the numerical conservativeness provides a general methodology and applies to the existing semi-implicit semi-Lagrangian formulations. Based on both VIA and PV, the high-order interpolation reconstruction can only be done over a single grid cell, which then minimizes the overlapping zone between the Yin and Yang components and effectively reduces the numerical errors introduced in the interpolation required to communicate the data between the two components. The present model completely gets around the singularity and grid convergence in the polar regions of the conventional longitude-latitude grid. Being an issue demanding further investigation, the high-order interpolation across the overlapping region of the Yin-Yang grid in the current model does not rigorously guarantee the numerical conservativeness. Nevertheless, these numerical tests show that the global conservation error in the present model is negligibly small. The model has competitive accuracy and efficiency.

Shallow Water Model On Cubed-Sphere By Multi-Moment Finite Volume Method

A global numerical model for shallow water flows on the cubed-sphere grid is proposed in this paper. The model is constructed by using the constrained interpolation profile/multi-moment finite volume method (CIP/MM FVM). Two kinds of moments, i.e. the point value (PV) and the volume-integrated average (VIA) are defined and independently updated in the present model by different numerical formulations. The Lax-Friedrichs upwind splitting is used to update the PV moment in terms of a derivative Riemann problem, and a finite volume formulation derived by integrating the governing equations over each mesh element is used to predict the VIA moment. The cubed-sphere grid is applied to get around the polar singularity and to obtain uniform grid spacing for a spherical geometry. Highly localized reconstruction in CIP/MM FVM is well suited for the cubed-sphere grid, especially in dealing with the discontinuity in the coordinates between different patches. The mass conservation is completely achieved over the whole globe. The numerical model has been verified by Williamson's standard test set for shallow water equation model on sphere. The results reveal that the present model is competitive to most existing ones. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

A study on the minority carrier diffusion length in n-type GaN films

The minority carrier diffusion length of n-type GaN films grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) has been studied by measuring the surface photovoltaic (PV) spectra. It was found that the minority carrier diffusion length of undoped n-type GaN is considerably larger than that in lightly Si-doped GaN. However, the data suggested that the dislocation and electron concentration appear not to be responsible for the minority carrier diffusion length. It is suggested that Si doping plays an important role in decreasing the minority carrier diffusion length.

Optical investigation on the annealing effect and its mechanism of GaInAs/GaNAs quantum wells

Thermal annealing of GaInAs/GaNAs quantum wells (QWs) as well as other nitrogen- and indium-contained QW structures grown by molecular beam epitaxy and its effect on optical properties are investigated. The photoluminescence (PL) and photovoltaic (PV) spectra of annealed GaInAs/GaNAs QWs show that the luminescence properties become degraded due to the N diffusion from the GaNAs barrier layers to the GaInAs well layer. Meantime, the annealing-induced blueshift of the PL peak in this QW system is mainly induced by the change of In distribution, suggesting that the In reorganization is greatly assisted by the N-induced defects. The elucidation of annealing effect in GaInAs/GaNAs QW samples is helpful for a better understanding to the annealing effect in the GaInNAs/GaAs QWs. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Calculation of the hourly and daily radiation incident on three step tracking planes

Mathematical formulas for estimating the hourly and daily radiation incident on planes of azimuth three step tracking and hour angle three step tracking have been derived in this paper. Based on the hourly solar radiation data of an average day in each month at Er-Lian-Hao-Te city, the hourly and monthly radiation received by planes of these two kinds of tracking have been calculated. The results show that in this district, one axis azimuth three step tracking and hour angle three step tracking could, respectively, obtain 66.5% and 63.3% higher radiation than that on the horizontal surface all year. Moreover, a two axis azimuth three step tracking plane could receive 72% more radiation than the horizontal surface. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Photovoltage and luminescence study of stacked InAs/GaAs self-organized quantum dots

The ground and excited state excitonic transitions of stacked InAs self-organized quantum dots (QDs) in a laser diode structure are studied. The interband absorption transitions of QDs are investigated by non-destructive PV spectra, indicating that the strongest absorption is related to the excited states with a high density and coincides with the photon energy of lasing emission. The temperature and excitation (electric injection) intensity dependences of photoluminescence and electroluminescence indicate the influence of state filling effect on the luminescence of threefold stacked QDs. The results indicate that different coupling channels exist between electronic states in both vertical and lateral directions.

The investigations on semi-insulating GaAs by surface photovoltaic spectroscopy

The surface photovoltage (SPV) effect induced by the defect states in semi-insulating (SI) GaAs was studied. The PV response below the band edge was measured at room temperature with a de optical biasing. The spectra were found to be strongly dependent on the surface recombination and were attributed to formation of the carrier concentration gradient near the surface region, showing that SPV is a very sensitive and nondestructive technique for characterizing the surface quality of the SI-GaAs wafers.

Structural and photoelectric studies on double barrier quantum well infrared detectors

GaAs/AlAs/GaAlAs double barrier quantum well (DBQW) structures are employed for making 3-5 um photovoltaic infrared (IR) detectors with a peak detectivity of 5 x 10(11) cm Hz(1/2)/W at 80 K. Double crystal X-ray diffraction is combined with synchrotron radiation X-ray analysis to determine successfully the exact thickness of GaAs, AlAs and GaAlAs sublayers. The interband photovoltaic (PV) spectra of the linear array of the detectors are measured directly by edge excitation method, providing the information about spatial separation processes of photogenerated carriers in the multiquantum wells and the distribution of built-in field in the active region. The spectral response of the IR photocurrent of the devices is also measured and compared with the temperature dependent IR absorption of the DBQW samples in order to get a better understanding of the bias-controlled optical and transport behavior of the detector photoresponse and thus to optimize the detector performance. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Photovoltage and photoreflectance spectroscopy of InAs/GaAs self-organized quantum dots

We present a detailed study of the interband excitonic transitions of InAs/GaAs self-organized quantum dots (QDs) based on photovoltage (PV) photoreflectance (PR) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. At room temperature, the interband absorption transitions of QDs have been observed by using PV spectrum, which clearly exhibits four well-resolved excitonic absorption peaks. The absorption line shape is Gaussian-like. Furthermore, the corresponding excitonic transitions are also observed in PR experiment at 77 K. The first derivative of a Gaussian profile can fit the experimental data well. (C) 1998 American Institute of Physics. [S0003-6951(98)00743-8]

双面太阳电池垂直安装发电性能的测试

双面太阳电池是一种非常规太阳电池。本文通过建立光伏组件-控制器-蓄电池-负载试验系统，对日立公司双面受光单晶硅太阳电池组件分别在东西和南北朝向情况下垂直地面安装时的功率输出特性进行了测试和分析。根据应用测试结果，总结了双面受光太阳电池的应用优缺点和可能的应用方式。

黄土丘陵区免耕条件下两种土壤酶活性变化

为了确定合理环保的耕作制度,2007~2008安塞田间定位试验黄土丘陵旱作农区大豆(Glycine maxL)、玉米(Zea maysL)、红小豆(Semen Phaseoli)、马铃薯(Solanum tuberosumLinn.)在翻耕化肥(CF)、翻耕有机肥(CM)、翻耕无肥(CN)、免耕化肥(NF)、免耕有机肥(NM)、免耕无肥(NN)等水平下的农田土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶活性。结果表明:在作物花期,大豆、玉米土壤脲酶活性较高,蔗糖酶活性较低,而红小豆、马铃薯则与之相反,差异极显著。到作物收获后,玉米土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶活性增高,增幅在83%以上,而马铃薯、红小豆、大豆三种作物土壤脲酶活性降低,降幅在10%以上,蔗糖酶活性增强,增幅在40%以上。从花期到收获后,免耕降低了土壤脲酶活性,提高了土壤蔗糖酶活性,在黄土丘陵沟壑旱作农区两种土壤酶活性表现较优的作物为大豆、玉米,较优的处理为NM玉米、NF大豆,其田间环保效应为:作物生长期间两种酶活性比较高,收获后两种酶活性则降低,有利于提高作物生长期土壤肥效利用率,减少作物收获后温室气体的排放。

陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区水土保持耕作及施肥下农田土壤种子库特征

为了探明多年免耕下农田恶性杂草发生的机理,提高保护性耕作下作物对农田恶性杂草持久稳定的抑制效果,依据陕西安塞田间4a的定位试验,采用小区调查取样和室内实验相结合的方法,从物种组成、密度特征、多样性以及相似性特征等方面,研究了黄土丘陵旱作农区大豆(Glycine max)、玉米(Zea mays)、红小豆(Semen Phaseoli)、马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)在翻耕化肥(CF)、翻耕有机肥(CM)、翻耕无肥(CN)、免耕化肥(NF)、免耕有机肥(NM)、免耕无肥(NN)等水平下的农田土壤种子库。结果表明:(1)4种作物24种土样中共萌发出12个物种1965株幼苗,隶属于7科12属。1年生杂草占94%,棒头草(fugax nees ex steud)、苋菜(Acalypha australis)、马唐(Digitaria sanguinalis)、早熟禾(Poasphondylodes)为优势种,占87%。(2)在0～20cm土层不同处理间,土壤种子库的密度变动于(282.9±63.4)～(7482.5±1078.3)粒.m-2,其中,红小豆小区>马铃薯小区>大豆小区>玉米小区;翻耕小区>免...

聚酰亚胺膜用于醇/醚混合物的分离

采用渗透汽化（PV���或蒸汽渗透（VP）膜过程分离共沸、近沸、同分异构以及热敏感性液体混合物的研究工作已经开展许多年了。同传统严重耗能的分离技术相比（如萃取或者共沸精馏），Pv���VP无论从节能、安全还是环境友好方面看，都是一个非常有前景的新技术。PV���VP也是一种"清洁"的技术。它特别适合于处理含有挥发性有机组份的混合物。目前PV���VP的方向可以分成三个：（l）水一有机混合物的脱水；（2）从水溶液中脱除挥发性有机物；（3）有机一有机溶剂混合物的分离[1]。PV���一个里程碑式的工作是1982年GFT公司（现属SulzerChemtech公司）利用亲水材料聚乙烯醇（PVA）在巴西建成了第一个乙醇脱水的工业化膜装置。至今在全世界已经建立了100多套Pv���业装置（90％是GFT公司提供的膜和技术）。多数用于有机溶剂的脱水，包括乙醇脱水、异丙醇脱水以及酷类、醚类和其它有机溶剂的脱水。现在PV���研究热点己经不是亲水膜了，而是亲有机溶剂的膜。这方面的研究是非常活跃的。但是与之呈鲜明对比的是没有什么大的工业化技术。值得提及的是1991年AlrProducts公司建成了膜法分离甲醇一MTBE的工厂。这个成功激励人们进一步研究那些汽一液平衡差的有机混合物的分离。目前PV���遍存在的主要问题是通量较低，这是阻碍Pv���一步工业化的关键。而这个问题的根源在于缺少具备耐溶剂的聚合物膜材料。膜材料问题又表现在两个方面：一个是设计并合成出新的高性能膜材料，另外是筛选出具备高渗透性能与稳定性兼备的膜材料。事实上，经过二十多年的研究，针对PV���经开发出许多新，的聚合物膜材料了。但似乎合成新材料的热情并没有因此而降温。开发新材料仍旧是聚合物膜领域的一个重要问题。对现有材料进行改性研究已经成为材料设计的一个重要方面。由于PV���离膜对体系的针对性非常强，为特定体系筛选材料就成为一个关键问题。筛选材料又涉及到构造膜材料结构与渗透性能关系的理论【3］。目前这方面的工作还很不完善。VP是将有机溶剂在蒸汽状态下进行分离的较新膜过程。近10年来VP技术工业化的步伐很快，这主要得益于PV���术在工业应用中所积累的经验与知识。1989年9月德国Heilbronn的Bruggem～公司设计并投入运行了世界上第一套工业规模的VP装置，接下来有许多VP装置在世界各地建立起来。在无水乙醇生产中，二者操作成本相似，但VP法比PV���节省设备投资费用，因而总成本也比较低。另外，VP过程还特别适合于从空气或其它气体中去除挥发性有机污染物，并回收有用物质。如石油化工中回收乙烯、丙烯、氯乙烯单体；天然气生产中去除C3以上碳氢化合物，及HZS、C02等酸性气体；空气中可挥发性有机物，如氯甲烷、丙酮、庚烷等［2］。实际上，从己经工业化的技术上看，单纯应用PV���VP进行有机混合物的分离不是最佳的选择。采用PV���VP与蒸馏过程祸合的方法常常是最经济的，因为藕合过程可以利用原有的精馏设备。这不仅有利于节省设备的投资，而且可以节约操作费用。尽管利用PV���VP分离有机一有机混合物的商业前景是非常广阔的，但是这个领域的发展却最缓慢。现在看来，主要问题是研究者在表征与开发单一成分的膜材料（比如聚合物材料与无机材料）方面花费了太多的时间与精力。因为单一材料的分离性能也许注定不能成功。正像聚合物材料在气体分离方面存在透过性与选择性相互制约的Robeson上限那样，在有机混合物分离方面也应该存在类似的关系。但人们常常是被迫才承认这些让人不愉快的极限定律。本论文采用长春应化所自主合成的一种可溶性聚酞亚胺（HQDPA-DMMDA）为基本膜材料，进行有机混合物的分离研究。开展了三方面的工作：一个方面是表征这种聚合物膜对醇一醚（主要是甲醇-MTBE）混合物的分离，包括对材料进行共混改性、杂化改性等研究。第二个方面是针对"溶解一扩散"理论及实验上存在的一个基本问题，发明了一种测定有机溶剂在聚合物膜内形成团簇尺寸的新方法。第三个方面是将气体分离中有关自由体积理论引入到"有机溶剂一聚合物"体系中，解释其溶胀、吸附行为。论文的第一章将介绍己经研究的和工业化的有机一有机混合物体系及膜材料的状况。第二章将介绍与PV���VP有关的较新理论。第三章将介绍两种表征聚合物及测定聚合物一溶剂相互作用的新方法。第四章将介绍与本论文有关的实验背景。第五章是关于聚酞亚胺膜材料用于甲醇-MTBE分离的表征与改性研究的工作。第六、七、八、九章是关于分离机理的研究工作。