Spatial-temporal characteristics of siping urban expansion based on remote sensing and GIS

Based on the RS and GIS methods, Siping city is selected as a study case with four remote sensing images in 25 years. Indices of urban morphology such as fractal dimension and compactness are employed to research the characteristics of urban expansion. Through digital processing and interpreting of the images, the process and characteristics of urban expansion are analysed using urban area change, fractal dimension and compactness. The results showed that there are three terms in this period. It expended fastest in the period of 1979~1991, and in the period of 1992~2001, the emphases on urban redevelopment made it expended slower. And this is in agreement with the Siping Statistical Yearbook. This indicates that the united of metrics of urban morphology and statistical data can be used to satisfactorily describe the process and characteristics of urban expansion. © 2008 IEEE.

基于QuickBird卫星影像的沈阳城市绿地景观格局研究

城市绿地是城市景观的重要组成部分，起着调节城市生态环境、美化城市景观、提供休闲游憩场所的重要作用，在城市发展中扮演着关键角色。沈阳市近年来将城市绿地建设作为城市建设的重要方面，取得了显著成效。因此，本文利用2006年Quick Bird高分辨率卫星影像对沈阳市三环内的城市绿地景观格局进行了研究，具体结论如下： (1) 沈阳三环内绿地斑块18261个，绿地面积 173.71km2，斑块数目主要以中型斑块为主(62.25%)；在面积上以大型斑块为主(85.59%)；绿地总体呈现斑块分布不均衡。 (2) 居住绿地、单位附属绿地与道路绿地破碎化程度高，分布分散，斑块形状复杂。城市绿地廊道连通性较高，道路绿地平均分维数最大。 (3) 公园绿地亚类中，综合型公园与带状公园面积较大，破碎化程度低；社区公园与街头绿地面积较小，破碎化程度高，分布分散。 (4) 绿地景观整体上，绿地斑块密度较大，破碎化程度高，景观多样性指数为1.6，斑块类型丰富，均匀度指数为0.73，蔓延度指数为0.83，存在着少数类型控制整个景观的现象。 (5) 绿地系统梯度分析表明:类型水平上,不同的绿地类型沿景观格局梯度表现出明显的空间特征；景观水平上,不同景观指数沿样带梯度也表现出差异性,表明城市化导致景观的破碎化程度增大,景观异质性增高。城乡边缘区绿地类型最为丰富，多样性指数较高，其格局有利于绿地生态环境维护功能的发挥。

基于遥感的城市绿地格局及变化分析——以沈阳市为例

本文利用中高分辨率遥感影像研究2006年沈阳市三环内城市绿地的空间格局及2001-2006年间的变化，以期对5年的高强度绿化建设进行评价。利用QuickBird高分辨率遥感影像，结合基于知识分类方法提取的植被覆盖信息和目视解译方法提取的土地利用信息，分析了2006年附属绿地的空间分布格局和公园绿地可达性。利用2001、2006年两景Landsat TM影像，基于线性混合分解方法提取的植被盖度信息，分析了5年间的绿化建设强度及其空间分布。 本文得到以下结论： 1) 工业用地和公共设施用地的绿化率均较高，分别是28.9%和32.3%。研究区域多层老式居住用地和道路的绿化率只有近20%。新居住用地中高层片块居住用地的平均斑块面积较小，主要是由小块的街区角落开发而成，绿化率只有10.3%；其余的新居住用地的绿化率均高于多层老式居住用地。居住用地高度类型相同的情况下，花园式居住用地比片块式居住用地拥有更高的绿化率。 2) 附属绿地绿化率随距市中心距离的递增梯度反映了城市内外绿化状况的两极分化现象，在几种主要的城市用地类型之间存在差异：公共设施（4.16%∙km-1）>多层老式居住用地（3.85%∙km-1）>新居住用地（3.05%∙km-1）>道路（2.36%∙km-1）。新居住用地弱于多层老式居住用地，表明随着旧城改造的持续进行，居住用地的内外两极分化现象可以得到缓解。公共设施用地的内外两极分化现象较严重，城市化进程中慎重对待高绿化率的公共设施用地如高校等迫于地价压力的外迁行为。 3) 公园绿地可达性分析的结果表明，只有29.25%的居住用地分布在距最近公园绿地5分钟的步行范围内，43.31%的居住用地在5-15分钟的步行范围内，建议持续增加公园绿地建设，尤其是在工商业密集区。研究区域尚未出现居住用地绿化环境的马太效应（高公园绿地可达性+高附属绿地绿化率）。 4) 2001-2006年，道路、居住用地、公共设施用地、公共绿地及广场的植被盖度均有不同程度的增加（5%-9%），证实了5年间绿化建设力度之大；工业用地的植被盖度几乎没有变化，原因估计是工业用地空间属于非公共空间，不属于公共绿化建设区域。5年间植被增量空间分布均匀，没有针对低绿化覆盖率地区加强绿化建设力度，部分缓解了绿化率的城市内外两极分化现象。

FUZZY SOLID SETS FOR MATHEMATICAL MORPHOLOGY AND OPTICAL IMPLEMENTATION

Fuzzy sets in the subject space are transformed to fuzzy solid sets in an increased object space on the basis of the development of the local umbra concept. Further, a counting transform is defined for reconstructing the fuzzy sets from the fuzzy solid sets, and the dilation and erosion operators in mathematical morphology are redefined in the fuzzy solid-set space. The algebraic structures of fuzzy solid sets can lead not only to fuzzy logic but also to arithmetic operations. Thus a fuzzy solid-set image algebra of two image transforms and five set operators is defined that can formulate binary and gray-scale morphological image-processing functions consisting of dilation, erosion, intersection, union, complement, addition, subtraction, and reflection in a unified form. A cellular set-logic array architecture is suggested for executing this image algebra. The optical implementation of the architecture, based on area coding of gray-scale values, is demonstrated. (C) 1995 Optical Society of America

Space growth studies of Ce-doped Bi12SiO20 single crystal

Ce-doped Bi12SiO20 (BSO) single crystal was grown on board of the Chinese Spacecraft-Shenzhou No. 3. A cylindrical crystal, 10 mm in diameter and 40 mm in length, was obtained. The morphology of crystals is significantly different for ground- and space-grown portions. The space- and ground-grown crystals have been characterized by Cc concentration distribution, X-ray rocking curve absorption spectrum and micro-Raman spectrum. The results show that the quality of Ce-doped BSO crystal grown in space is more homogeneous and more perfect than that of ground grown one. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Growth of CeO2 : Bi12SiO20 crystals in multi-position furnace(II) - Space growth experiment

Ce-doped Bi12SiO20 single crystal with size of phi10mm x 40mm was successfully grown in space on board of the spacecraft Shenzhou No.3. The surface morphology of space-grown crystal is different from that of ground-grown crystal The space- and ground-grown crystals were measured by X-ray rocking curves, absorption spectra and micro-Raman spectra. The results show that the quality of Ce-deped crystal grown in space is better than that of the ground-grown one. The effect of doping on optical properties of BSO grown in space is evident in comparison with the ground-grown crystal.

Comparison of space- and ground-grown Ce: Bi12SiO20 single crystals

Ce doped Bi12SiO20 single crystals were grown either on board of the Chinese Spacecraft-Shenzhou No.3 (SZ-3) or on the ground at the same conditions with the exception of microgravity. The surface morphology of crystals clearly showed significant differences between the space- and ground-grown portions. The space- and ground-grown crystals have been measured by X-ray rocking curve, Cc concentration distribution in growth direction, dislocation density, absorption spectrums. These results show that the compositional homogeneity and structural perfection of Ce doped crystal grown in space are obviously improved.

Structural ordering and interface morphology in symmetrically strained (GaIn)As/Ga(PAs) superlattices grown on off-oriented GaAs(100)

In this work we investigate the structural properties of symmetrically strained (GaIn)As/GaAs/Ga(PAs)/GaAs superlattices by means of x-ray diffraction, reciprocal-space mapping, and x-ray reflectivity. The multilayers were grown by metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy on (001) GaAs substrates intentionally off-oriented towards one of the nearest [110] directions. High-resolution triple-crystal reciprocal-space maps recorded for different azimuth angles in the vicinity of the (004) Bragg diffraction clearly show a double periodicity of the x-ray peak intensity that can be ascribed to a lateral and a vertical periodicity occurring parallel and perpendicular to the growth surface. Moreover, from the intensity modulation of the satellite peaks, a lateral-strain gradient within the epilayer unit cell is found, varying from a tensile to a compressive strain. Thus, the substrate off-orientation promotes a lateral modulation of the layer thickness (ordered interface roughness) and of the lattice strain, giving rise to laterally ordered macrosteps. In this respect, contour maps of the specular reflected beam in the vicinity of the (000) reciprocal lattice point were recorded in order to inspect the vertical and lateral interface roughness correlation, A semiquantitative analysis of our results shows that the interface morphology and roughness is greatly influenced by the off-orientation angle and the lateral strain distribution. Two mean spatial wavelengths can be determined, one corresponding exactly to the macrostep periodicity and the other indicating a further interface waviness along the macrosteps. The same spatial periodicities were found on the surface by atomic-force-microscopy images confirming the x-ray results and revealing a strong vertical correlation of the interfaces up to the outer surface.

Effects of oriented substrates on cell morphology, the cell cycle, and the cytoskeleton in Ros 17/2.8 cells

Absence of gravity or microgravity influences the cellular functions of bone forming osteoblasts. The underlying mechanism, however, of cellular sensing and responding to the gravity vector is poorly understood. This work quantified the impact of vector-directional gravity on the biological responses of Ros 17/2.8 cells grown on upward-, downward- or edge-on-oriented substrates. Cell morphology and nuclear translocation, cell proliferation and the cell cycle, and cytoskeletal reorganization were found to vary significantly in the three orientations. All of the responses were duration-dependent. These results provide a new insight into understanding how osteoblasts respond to static vector-directional gravity.

Study of morphology and phase diagram of the H-shaped (AC)B(CA) ternary block copolymers using self-consistent field theory

By using a combinatorial screening method based on the self-consistent field theory (SCFT) for polymer systems, the micro-phase morphologies of the H-shaped (AC)B(CA) ternary block copolymer system are studied in three-dimensional (3D) space. By systematically varying the volume fractions of the components A, B, and C, six triangle phase diagrams of this H-shaped (AC)B(CA) ternary block copolymer system with equal interaction energies among the three components are constructed from the weaker segregation regime to the strong segregation regime, In this study, thirteen 3D micro-phase morphologies for this H-shaped ternary block copolymer system are identified to be stable and seven 3D microphase morphologies are found to be metastable.

Solvent-induced Morphology of the Binary Mixture of Diblock Copolymer in Thin Film: The Block Length and Composition Dependence of Morphology

A series of binary SB blend samples with various overall volume fraction of PS (Phi(PS)) and different discrete distribution of the block length (denoted as d(PS) or d(PB)) were prepared by mixing various asymmetric poly(styrene)-block-poly(butadiene) (SB) block copolymers with a symmetric SB block copolymer. The influences of the external solvent field, composition, and the block length distribution on the morphologies of the blends in the thin films were investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The experimental results revealed that after solvent annealing, the interface of the blend thin films depended mainly on the cooperative effects of the annealing solvent and the inherently interfacial curvature of the blends. Upon exposure to the saturated vapor of cyclohexane, which has preferential affinity for the PB block, a "threshold" of Phi(PS) (approximate 0.635-0.707) was found. Below such threshold, the influence of the annealing solvent played an important role on the interfacial curvature of the blend thin film.