54 resultados para Postharvest disease
em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal
Resumo:
摘要 "随着人们对身体健康和环境污染的日益重视,化学农药作为控制果实采后病害的主要方法受到了很大限制,科学研究者不得不寻求更加安全有效的防治果实采后病害的新方法。生物防治以其对环境和人类健康不造成危害的优点而逐渐受到人们的青睐。然而,由于生物防治是以活菌为基础,有其局限性和时效性,单独使用拮抗菌很难达到化学药剂完全控制果实采后病害的效果,因此,提高拮抗菌的生防效力成为当今生物防治领域的研究重点。本文主要研究了拮抗菌与不同外源物质配合使用的抑病效果及协同抑病机理;拮抗菌对采前田间和采后贮藏环境条件的适应能力;以及采前应用拮抗菌对果实采后贮藏期间病害的生物防治效力。研究结果表明: 1、酵母拮抗菌Cryptococcus laurentii与低浓度化学杀菌剂imazalil(25g/ml)和kresoxim-methyl(50g/ml)配合使用可以显著提高对冬枣果实采后黑霉病(Alternaria alternata)和褐腐病(Monilinia fructicola)的防治效果,杀菌剂并不影响拮抗菌在冬枣果实伤口的生长动态。 2、酵母拮抗菌Pichia membranefaciens和C. laurentii 与钼酸铵(NH4-Mo,5 mmol/L)和碳酸氢钠(NaHCO3,2%)配合能够显著提高对甜樱桃果实采后褐腐病(M. fructicola)的抑病能力。通过in vitro和扫描电镜观察结果表明,NH4-Mo和NaHCO3能够显著地抑制病原菌M. fructicola在培养基和果实伤口的生长,具有杀菌作用。 3、酵母拮抗菌C. laurentii和Rhodotorula glutinis与硅酸钠(Na2SiO3)配合使用对甜樱桃果实采后青霉病(Penicillium expansum)和褐腐病(M. fructicola)以及对冬枣果实青霉病(P. expansum)和黑霉病(A. alternata)的防治效果更好。经in vitro和扫描电镜观察表明,Na2SiO3对病原菌在培养基和果实伤口的生长有明显的抑制作用。同时,Na2SiO3还能诱导果实苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)等抗性相关酶活性的提高。 4、酵母拮抗菌R. glutinis与水杨酸(SA,0.5mmol/L)配合可显著提高对甜樱桃果实采后青霉病(P. expansum)和黑霉病(A. alternata)的抑病能力。SA不影响拮抗菌在果实伤口的生长,in vitro实验中低浓度的SA对病原菌孢子萌发和芽管伸长也没有抑制作用。SA可能是通过诱导果实产生抗性来协同提高拮抗菌的抑病效果,而不是直接抑制病原菌生长。 5、酵母拮抗菌C. laurentii和R. glutinis在气调(Controlled atmospheres, CA)贮藏条件下对樱桃果实采后青霉病(P. expansum)和黑霉病(A. alternata)的防治效果显著提高。气调贮藏不抑制拮抗菌在甜樱桃果实伤口的生长。 6、采前应用酵母拮抗菌C. laurentii 和R. glutinis能够显著抑制甜樱桃果实在采后不同贮藏环境下的发病率。拮抗菌能够在田间果实表面生长并一直保持较高的数量。在试验的三种酵母拮抗菌中,C. laurentii的防病效果最好,该菌不仅能在果实表面迅速生长,也能适应低温和CA贮藏环境。"
Resumo:
我们实验室从果实表面分离获得的酵母拮抗菌已经证明能有效防治各种果实采后主要病害,为了加快生物拮抗菌的商业化应用,本文在完善拮抗菌抑病机理的基础上,重点研究了拮抗菌规模化培养条件,生物菌剂制品的稳定性,以及拮抗菌对环境胁迫的生理反应。主要研究内容包括:(1)分析酵母菌拮抗菌、病原菌与果实之间的互作效应及其影响因子;(2)筛选酵母拮抗菌规模化培养的最佳营养配方及培养条件;(3)优化酵母拮抗菌干粉与液体剂型的制备方式;(4)研究酵母拮抗菌在不同剂型中生活力下降的可能机理;(5)探讨酵母拮抗菌次生代谢产物的抑菌效果。研究结果如下: 1、单独接种Monilinia fructicola或同时接种M. fructicola和Cryptococcus laurentii均能诱导甜樱桃果实SOD、CAT和POD等抗氧化酶活性升高并加速脂质过氧化,同时伴有PPO同工酶新酶带出现。病原菌M. fructicola和Penicillum expansum在接种初期均显著促进拮抗菌C. laurentii在桃果实伤口处的生长。C. laurentii在接种24h内显著抑制桃果实LOX活性、O2•-产生与H2O2积累。单独接种病原菌能显著诱导桃果实LOX活性升高,促进O2•-产生,但抑制H2O2积累。病菌侵染后果实中 O2•-增加,以及H2O2的降低可能是桃果实对病原菌侵染的一种生理应答方式。 2、抗坏血酸钠能显著提高C. laurentii对甜樱桃果实褐腐病的防治效果,较低浓度的拮抗菌( 1×107 cells mL-1)与200mM抗坏血酸配合使用可以达到较高浓度拮抗菌(1×108 cells mL-1)单独使用对M. fructicola的防治效果。抗坏血酸钠的协同抑病机理可能是在抑制病原菌生长的同时,也抑制了果实的抗氧化酶活性,从而加速了脂质过氧化过程。 3、酵母菌产业化培养条件的筛选结果表明,不同拮抗菌对培养基中营养物质的需求不一样,培养所需的温度有差异。在120L发酵罐的中试实验表明两种拮抗菌采用筛选出的最佳培养条件均得到浓度大于1× 109 CFU mL-1的菌悬液。 4、保护剂种类是影响Rhodotorula glutinis 和 C. laurentii两种酵母拮抗菌冷冻干燥效果的最主要因素,但保护剂效果的发挥依赖于其浓度与酵母菌生长阶段。无菌水和PBS(100mM, pH5.8)可以作为拮抗菌C. laurentii液体剂型的有效保护剂,而柠檬酸钠(100mM, pH5.8)则诱导拮抗菌C. laurentii的生活力快速丧失。 5、酵母菌拮抗菌冻干制品的研究表明,在胁迫环境下酵母菌生活力快速丧失与大量产生活性氧有关,这暗示活性氧的产生可能是导致酵母菌细胞死亡的主要因素。柠檬酸钠(100mM, pH5.8)对C. laurntii死亡的诱导效应受柠檬酸根浓度和介质酸度的双重影响。活性氧在柠檬酸钠诱导酵母菌生活力快速丧失中大量产生并发挥重要作用。 6、酵母拮抗菌能够产生某些对果实采后病原真菌具有抑制效果的挥发性和不挥发性物质。同一种酵母菌产生的物质对不同病原菌有不同的拮抗效果,而不同酵母菌对同一种病原菌的拮抗效果也不完全相同。但是,不同类型的培养基对拮抗菌产生的抑菌物质有明显的影响。
Resumo:
在果实采后贮藏过程中,病原真菌的侵染会引起果实腐烂,造成巨大的经济损失。利用生物和非生物因子诱导果实抗病性,已经成为采后病害防治领域的一个研究热点。本文主要利用RT-PCR和RACE技术克隆果实抗病相关基因,通过分子杂交和蛋白羰基化免疫检测技术,研究了外源SA和酵母拮抗菌诱导果实抗病性机理,结果表明: 1. 通过优化RNA提取方法,能从含有多糖的冬枣、葡萄、甜樱桃、桃、番茄等果实中提取到质量较好的RNA,用于RT-PCR和Northern杂交。 2. 采用RT-PCR和RACE方法,从甜樱桃果实克隆了两个抗氧化相关基因CAT2(Genbank:EF165590)和GPX(Genbank:EF165591)和两个PR基因GLU-1(Genbank:EF177487)和GLU-3(Genbank:EF177488)。其中CAT2全长cDNA序列为1479 bp,编码492个氨基酸;GPX全长cDNA序列为513 bp,编码170个氨基酸;GLU-1全长cDNA序列为1050 bp,编码349个氨基酸;GLU-3部分cDNA序列为454 bp,编码141个氨基酸。 3. 酵母拮抗菌Pichia membranaefaciens处理不同成熟度的甜樱桃果实,能显著降低果实贮藏期间青霉病(Penicillium expansum)的发生,并且对低成熟度果实的病害防治效果更为明显。酵母拮抗菌的抑病机理与减轻了甜樱桃果实蛋白羰基化程度,诱导了果实抗氧化酶基因(CAT和GPX)和PR基因(GLU-1)的表达和提高了抗氧化酶(CAT和GPX)和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶的活性有关。 4. 四种酵母拮抗菌P. membranaefaciens, Cryptococcus laurentii, Candida guilliermondii和Rhodotorula glutinis处理桃果实,可显著降低贮藏期间的褐腐病(Monilinia fructicola)。这是由于酵母拮抗菌能抑制病原菌侵染造成的氧化胁迫和蛋白羰基化。此外,酵母拮抗菌处理还能显著诱导CAT、POD、几丁质酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性及相应基因的表达。 5. 水杨酸(SA,2 mM)处理采后不同成熟度的甜樱桃果实,能显著降低青霉病的危害。其抑病机理与SA处理能减轻P. expansum侵染引起的果实蛋白羰基化程度,显著提高CAT、GPX和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶基因的表达和相关的酶的活性有关。而2 mM的SA处理对P. expansum的生长没有直接抑制作用。 6. 水杨酸(SA,2 mM)与P. membranaefaciens(1×108 CFU/ml)配合处理能显著降低低温贮藏期间桃果实的褐腐病,并能提高几丁质酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和POD的活性和相关基因的表达。另外,2 mM的SA对拮抗菌P. membranaefaciens的生长没有影响,但能够抑制病原菌M. fructicola的孢子萌发和菌丝扩展。
Resumo:
Features of homologous relationship of proteins can provide us a general picture of protein universe, assist protein design and analysis, and further our comprehension of the evolution of organisms. Here we carried Out a Study of the evolution Of protein molecules by investigating homologous relationships among residue segments. The motive was to identify detailed topological features of homologous relationships for short residue segments in the whole protein universe. Based on the data of a large number of non-redundant Proteins, the universe of non-membrane polypeptide was analyzed by considering both residue mutations and structural conservation. By connecting homologous segments with edges, we obtained a homologous relationship network of the whole universe of short residue segments, which we named the graph of polypeptide relationships (GPR). Since the network is extremely complicated for topological transitions, to obtain an in-depth understanding, only subgraphs composed of vital nodes of the GPR were analyzed. Such analysis of vital subgraphs of the GPR revealed a donut-shaped fingerprint. Utilization of this topological feature revealed the switch sites (where the beginning of exposure Of previously hidden "hot spots" of fibril-forming happens, in consequence a further opportunity for protein aggregation is Provided; 188-202) of the conformational conversion of the normal alpha-helix-rich prion protein PrPC to the beta-sheet-rich PrPSc that is thought to be responsible for a group of fatal neurodegenerative diseases, transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Efforts in analyzing other proteins related to various conformational diseases are also introduced. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
Many diseases are believed to be related to abnormal protein folding. In the first step of such pathogenic structural changes, misfolding occurs in regions important for the stability of the native structure. This destabilizes the normal protein conformation, while exposing the previously hidden aggregation-prone regions, leading to subsequent errors in the folding pathway. Sites involved in this first stage can be deemed switch regions of the protein, and can represent perfect binding targets for drugs to block the abnormal folding pathway and prevent pathogenic conformational changes. In this study, a prediction algorithm for the switch regions responsible for the start of pathogenic structural changes is introduced. With an accuracy of 94%, this algorithm can successfully find short segments covering sites significant in triggering conformational diseases (CDs) and is the first that can predict switch regions for various CDs. To illustrate its effectiveness in dealing with urgent public health problems, the reason of the increased pathogenicity of H5N1 influenza virus is analyzed; the mechanisms of the pandemic swine-origin 2009 A(H1N1) influenza virus in overcoming species barriers and in infecting large number of potential patients are also suggested. It is shown that the algorithm is a potential tool useful in the study of the pathology of CDs because: (1) it can identify the origin of pathogenic structural conversion with high sensitivity and specificity, and (2) it provides an ideal target for clinical treatment.