104 resultados para measurement and metrology


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GaSb 1 mu m-thick layers were grown by molecular beam epitaxy on GaAs (001). The effects of the growth conditions on the crystalline quality, surface morphology, electrical properties and optical properties were studied by double crystalline x-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, Hall measurement and photoluminescence spectroscopy, respectively. It was found that the surface roughness and hole mobility are highly dependent on the antimony-to-gallium flux ratios and growth temperatures. The crystalline quality, electrical properties and optical properties of GaSb layers were also studied as functions of growth rate, and it was found that a suitably low growth rate is beneficial for the crystalline quality and electrical and optical properties. Better crystal quality GaSb layers with a minimum root mean square surface roughness of 0.1 nm and good optical properties were obtained at a growth rate of 0.25 mu m h(-1).

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Mosaic structure in InN layers grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition at various temperatures has been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). With a combination of Williamson-Hall measurement and fitting of twist angles, it was found that variation of growth temperature from 450 to 550 degrees C leads to the variation of the lateral coherence length, vertical coherence length, tilt and twist of mosaic blocks in InN films in a, respectively, monotonic way. In particular, mosaic tilt increases whereas mosaic twist decreases with elevating temperature. Atomic force microscopy shows the morphological difference of the InN nucleation layers grown at 450 and 550 degrees C. Different coalescence thickness and temperature-dependent in-plane rotation of InN nuclei are considered to account for the XRD results. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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In this paper, about 30 mu m thick B-doped polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) thin films were deposited on quartz substrates, n-type single crystalline silicon wafers and p(++)-type poly-Si ribbons by a rapid thermal chemical vapour deposition system in a temperature range from 1000 to 1150 degrees C. Activation energy measurement and room temperature/temperature dependent Hall effect measurement were performed on the poly-Si thin films prepared on the former two kinds of substrates, respectively. It seems that the electrical properties of as-prepared poly-Si thin films could be qualitatively explained by Seto's grain boundary (GB) trapping theory although there is a big difference between our samples and Seto's in gain size and film thickness etc. The experimental results reconfirm that GB itself is a kind of most effective recombination center with trapping level near the midgap and trapping state density in the order of 1012 cm(-2) magnitude. Electron beam induced current measurements on the poly-Si thin films prepared on the poly-Si ribbons also show that severe recombination occurs at the positions of GBs. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.

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The reverse I(V) measurement and analytic calculation of the electron transport across a Ti/6H-SiC Schottky barrier are presented. Based on the consideration of the barrier fluctuations and the barrier height shift caused by image charge and the applied voltage drop across Ti/SiC interfical layer, a comprehensive analytical model for the reverse tunneling current is developed using a WKB calculation of the tunneling probability through a reverse biased Schottky barrier. This model takes into account the main reverse conduction mechanism, such as field emission, thermionic field emission and thermionic emission. The fact that the simulated results are in good agreement with the experimental data indicates that the barrier height shift and barrier fluctuation can lead to reverse current densities orders of magnitude higher than that obtained from a simple theory. It is shown that the field and thermionic field emission processes, in which carries can tunnel through the barrier but cannot surmount it with insufficient thermal energy, dominate the reverse characteristics of a SiC Schottky contacts in a normal working condition.

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We report the device performance of normal-incidence (In, Ga)As/GaAs quantum dot intersubband infrared photodetectors. A primary intersubband transition peak is observed at the wavelength of 13 mu m (E-0 --> E-1) and a secondary peak at 11 mu m (E-0 --> E-2). The measured energy spacing in the conduction band of the quantum dots is in good agreement with low temperature photoluminescence measurement and calculations. A peak detectivity of 1 x 10(10) cm Hz(1/2)/W at 13 mu m was achieved at 40 K for these devices. (C) 1998 American Institute of Physics. [S0003-6951(98)01440-5].

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随着软件对社会各领域、各层次的渗透,软件逐渐转变为一种对社会团体、 甚至对社会公众的服务,软件的规模越来越大、用户需求越来越多、功能和性能 要求也越来越复杂。因此,对软件的可用性、可靠性、可信性等质量要求不断提 高。伴随着软件业的逐渐发展,软件过程技术逐渐被应用于软件产品的开发当中。 “质量形成于产品的生产过程”这一理念逐渐被软件组织所接受。其核心思想体 现在通过对软件过程的策划、控制和改进来保证软件产品的质量,进而提高软件 组织的经营业绩。软件过程度量作为软件过程管理和过程改进的关键活动,越来 越为软件组织所重视。 通过实施过程管理,能够刻画项目或过程目标的满足程度,找到造成过程 或产品重大偏差的根本原因,进而实施过程改进。然而,在软件过程度量实施期 间,软件组织面对不同的软件开发过程、众多的过程性能度量指标、复杂的统计 分析方法,既要考虑量化管理方法的合理性和复杂程度,又要权衡量化管理的实 施成本,这使得实施有效的过程度量充满挑战。本文基于经验软件工程方法,提 出一种多粒度多维度软件过程度量框架,以及实现该框架的关键技术:软件过程 性能基线的建立和维护方法;同时介绍了该框架下的软件项目进度量化控制模 型,支持软件组织实施有效的过程管理和改进。 本文的主要贡献包括: 提出了一种多粒度多维度软件过程度量框架(Multi-granularity Multi-dimensional software Process Measurement Framework,M2-PMF),该框架通 过综合考虑软件过程管理和改进的必要信息所属的特征维度和软件组织的过程 管理粒度,自底向上的通过实体层、度量分析层和目标层指导软件组织建立一套 可以覆盖软件全生命周期的、开放的、支持过程改进的综合指标体系和模型。支 持软件组织裁减和定制确定环境下的度量体系,清晰了解其软件过程能力和性 能,提高软件组织对软件过程的控制能力,保障软件开发过程和软件产品的质量。 提出了基于统计分析的过程性能基线的建立和改进方法(Baseline – Statistic - Refinement, BSR),该方法可以有效地建立和维护过程性能基线,支持软件 组织从定性管理提升到定量管理。该方法应用波动图,在过程尚不稳定、数据样 本不足的情况下尽可能多的获得过程改进信息,识别过程改进机会,确定过程改 进途径,帮助软件组织高效地改进其过程中明显的弱项。在过程逐步稳定之后, 利用控制图、排列图、因果图、散点图等统计工具,分析过程性能,建立过程性 多粒度多维度软件过程度量和改进方法研究 ii 能基线,并不断精化。 在M2-PMF 框架下,提出了基于统计过程控制(Statitical Process Control, SPC)和挣值管理(Earned Value Management,EVM)的项目进度量化控制模型 SEVM,该方法通过对项目进度指数的统计控制,分析其稳定性,并通过估算模 型,根据项目当前挣值数据推算项目总进度偏差,并加以控制。支持软件组织对 项目进度进行量化控制,提高了项目按期交付的可能性。 最后,介绍了本文提出的过程度量框架和量化管理方法在国内多家软件组 织中的实际应用。应用案例表明,本文的方法和模型具有广泛的适应性和高度的 可操作性。应用本文方法能够对项目进行有效的估算、度量和控制,进而提高产 品质量并改善客户满意度。

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详细调查了董志塬地区的西峰区、宁县以及庆城县的沟头溯源侵蚀情况,并对近年来发生前进的沟头进行了详细的实地测量和地形地貌特点分析,对董志塬沟头溯源侵蚀整体情况做出概括。在此基础上将溯源侵蚀的发生类型划分:水力冲刷型、陷穴诱发型、裂缝诱发型和人为诱发型。针对每种类型进行了典型的实例分析。

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50mm 3C-SiC epilayers are grown on (100) and (111) Si substrates in a newly developed horizontal lowpressure hot-wall CVD reactor under different growth pressures and flow rates of H_2 carrier gas. The structure,electrical properties, and thickness uniformity of the 3C-SiC epilayers are investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) ,sheet resistance measurement, and spectroscopic ellipsometry. XRD patterns show that the 3C-SiC films have excellent crystallinity. The narrowest full widths at half maximum of the SIC(200) and (111) peaks are 0.41° and 0.21°, respectively. The best electrical uniformity of the 50mm 3C-SiC films obtained by sheet resistance measurement is 2.15%. A σ/mean value of ± 5.7% in thickness uniformity is obtained.

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In this work, we have adopted reflectance difference spectroscopy to study the evolution of InAs layer grown at different temperatures in GaAs matrix. Associated with the two- to three-dimensional growth transition of InAs layer, the transition energies and the in-plane optical anisotropy of InAs wetting layer exhibit abrupt changes. This provides a new way to decide the critical thickness h(c) for the growth transition. The obtained h(c)s are compared with those determined by atomic force microscope measurement, and discrepancy is found at high temperatures. The origin of the difference is clarified and the variations in hc with temperature are further discussed. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3494043]

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军事和经济等关键领域的数据应用需要安全实时数据库(SRTDB)提供安全和实时保障,但是隐蔽信道严重威胁着安全实时数据库的表现。如何有效地限制隐蔽信道威胁,同时保障系统的实时性能,是这类数据库迫切需要解决的问题。本文从信道限制、信道容量度量、多种度量指标结合以及信道检测四个方面入手,对安全实时数据库中数据冲突信道(DC信道)度量和处理领域出现的若干关键问题展开研究,取得了以下四个方面的主要成果: 第一,已有的SRTDB系统DC信道处理方法中,基于相对安全目标的信道限制方法能够支持安全和实时需求的均衡,比基于绝对安全目标的消除方法更灵活。在信道限制方法中,基于概率的限制方法降低了满足安全标准时信道限制操作所附加的实时性能损失,但是仍然存在实时性能的额外浪费。针对这一不足,提出了基于多概率的信道限制策略(MPBPSP),能够根据系统安全标准针对每个信道实例施加适当干扰,进一步减少了实时性能的损失。 第二,信道威胁的准确度量是对信道施加适当限制的基础。依据安全评测标准要求,提出了一种使用容量指标的DC信道威胁限制方法(CUCCMM)。该方法克服了已有信道容量限制方法在信道模型描述和度量指标上的缺陷,采用Z信道模型描述MPBPSP方法下DC信道的传输特性,并选择时间单位的容量指标。方法中以定理形式分别给出了干扰下信道容量度量算法,以及根据容量限制标准计算限制措施参数的算法。基于CUCCMM,系统能够准确地实施信道容量限制标准,并对限制下信道的实际容量进行监测。 第三,多种因素共同决定着信道威胁的程度,这些因素对应的度量指标也各有偏重,只有结合多种指标才能全面的度量和限制信道威胁。提出了综合多个指标的DC信道威胁度量和限制方法CMMA,它结合容量和短消息指标度量信道传输能力,并利用消息价值概念在短消息指标中同时包含被传输数据的长度和敏感度属性。实验证明,利用MPBPSP策略,CMMA方法能够同时对信道传输长文件和传输短消息这两方面能力施加限制,并且方法中多个指标的运用并不会带来实时性能损失的成倍增长。 第四,为了威慑入侵者并为限制信道威胁提供准确的依据,需要对信道的实际使用进行审计和检测。提出了对事务冲突信息的审计标准,并且按照用户和数据两种单位划分审计记录,有效地防止入侵者通过分散冲突记录的方式逃避检测。提出了一种基于冲突间隔时间的信道检测方法CTIBDA,方法中将冲突间隔时间的规律性作为检测的依据,并结合两种规律性指标提高了检测方法的健壮性。由于检测方法中没有复杂的学习和运算过程,因此方法还具有实施代价低的优点。

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报道了在爆轰驱动高焓激波风洞中开展带尾翼钝锥体电子密度测试的相关研究工作进展.试验气流为4km/s,密度为0.001kg/m3.诊断尾翼对尾流的影响时,为不影响流场并获得足够的空间分辨率采用针状静电探针;实验结果给出带尾翼模型对尾流电子密度影响的定量结果及受影响的空间区域

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Recent vacuum system development with an XHV condition for the particle accelerators is briefly described. The progress of selecting and treatment of the materials used in XHV systems is introduced, and the choice of the main pump for an XHV system and some new pumping method are presented. Some leak detection experiences both for the superconducting and warm vacuum systems are recommended and the status of XHV measurement and the gauge calibration are introduced.

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中国科学院近代物理研究所大科学工程HIRFL-CSR(Heavy Ion Research Facility at LanZhou-Cooling Storage Ring兰州重离子冷却储存环)已建成并处于调试和验收阶段,实验探测系统也正在建设当中。CSRm实验探测系统由外靶系统和内靶系统构成,主要用于核物理实验研究。CSRm TOF测量系统是现阶段CSRm实验探测系统的主要任务之一。 针对CSRm TOF测量系统电荷测量部分,论文阐述了一种采用前端ASIC-SFE16(Saclay Front End 16)芯片实现电荷测量的新型方法。它替代了采用分立元件和电子学插件构建系统的传统方法,着重解决了近代核物理实验中越来越突出的多路多道需求和高性能指标要求。根据我所多丝漂移室探测器的实际情况,我们设计了基于ASIC芯片的电荷测量前端电路板,结合中国科技大学的时间测量数字获取板,我们初步完成了对系统软硬件的测试,给出的实验室性能测试指标,为其在实验探测系统中的应用奠定了坚实的基础。 同时为了选出测量中的有用事例,需要进行事例判选,因此我们研制了多路延迟/脉宽调节时序逻辑电路,主要功能是针对提供的多路逻辑时序信号进行延迟和脉宽调节,支持NIM负信号输入和输出。 文中最后一部分论述了根据在调试过程中出现的实际问题所提出的解决方法,主要是针对电路的可靠性设计和噪声的处理

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本文研究了用于九五国家大科学工程“兰州重离子加速器冷却储存环HIRFL-CSR”上的Schottky探针及利用schottky质谱仪进行核质量测量,研究了当前国际上核质量测量研究方法并结合当前的核质量测量研究现状,根据CSR能提供的实验条件,研究认为在HIRFL-CSR上利用Schttkv质谱仪方法进行核质量测量有很广阔的前景。根据HIRFL-CSR束流参数和束诊要求,设计了schottky探针电极及超高真空Schottky探针安装靶室。利用三维电磁场模拟计算程序MAFIA优化了Schottky探针的结构和形状。通过改变电极板的边缘场矫正板的长度和角度,在极板间获得了最佳的场分布。模拟结果表明对水平和垂直方向的探针矫正板长度分别为4cm、3cm并且夹角分别为30、20度时在探针极板间可得到很好的横向匀场。对Schottky样机的信号响应进行的仔细的测试,获得了较满意的结果。本文还研究了利用Schottky质谱仪进行核质量测量的Schottky信号处理方法与质量测量原理,对当前远离β稳定线的核质量测量前景做了仔细分析。对Schottky探针用于CSR的束流参数测量和核质量测量方法进行了较深入的探讨。

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本论文中的工作是在德国重离子研究中心(GSI)和中国科学院近代物理研究所的联合培养计划下完成的。论文以GS工的重离子同步加速器SIS为主要研究对象,就其强流运行及为GSI最近批准的新项目而升级的纵向动力学方面进行了研究和探讨。该项工作对于在建的大科学工程兰州重离子储存环HIRFL-CSR有借鉴意义。在GSI的新项目国际重离子、反质子加速器科学研究装置的蓝图中,现有的重离子同步加速器S工S将作为前级提升束流的强度和能量。束团的纵向稳定性是保证可靠的强流运行所必须回答的问题,包括以下内容,在本文中分别进行了探索和解答:纵向的重离子加速器环境阻抗模型;在可能的阻抗条件下束流线性稳定性;在阻尼及不稳定性效应下束流相空间分布的演化行为和结果(发射度增长、粒子丢失等)及其内在机制;对不稳定性和束流相空间稀释效应进行控制的可能性。不同流强下束流纵向相空间测量,这是本论文工作的一个重要基础。自洽的Vlasov束团模型(任意外场加空间电荷效应下的束流匹配)和实际运行中的非理想捕获过程(有限的高频电压上升时间,对应不同的绝热系数),作为任何束团运行和稳定性研究的前提分别在论文中得到了厘清。解析方面的工作包括定态和微扰理论,即将线性Vlasov方程应用于束团,并在适当的近似下得到简洁的解析方程。经过重新推导,得到了修正的Sachrer积分方程,使之在强空间电荷效应下的仍然适用,由此得到了线性稳定图。编写调试成功了PIC(particle-in-cell)算法的模拟程序,和线性理论相互校验,并与己得到的实验结果进行了对比,对实际运行中复杂过程进行了模拟,并研究了不稳定性发展后期非线性阶段。线性理论,模拟和实验结果有很好的一致性。在SIS实验中观察到一种流强相关的束团相干模式演化现象,该现象揭示出束团中朗道阻尼条件,这与束团稳定性密切相关。对空间电荷抑制朗道阻尼效应及发射度增长进行了细致研究。提出用快反馈装置控制相空间稀释的思路。线性理论和模拟的结果都预言,在阻性阻抗和空间电荷阻抗存在下,藕合束不稳定性是515多束团强流运行的潜在威胁。阻性阻抗来自管壁及加速器部件的有效导电性或特殊共振结构,或直接来自频率偏置的高频腔。阻抗补偿或特殊的束团操作可以用来控制桃合束不稳定性。