Molecular phylogeography of endangered sharp-snouted pitviper (Deinagkistrodon acutus; Reptilia, Viperidae) in Mainland China

Using phylogenetic and population genetic approaches, the present study reports the phylogeographic structure of the sharp-snouted pitviper (Deinagkistrodon acutus), a threatened snake species with commercial and medicinal importance in China. The entire mitochondrial ND2 gene (NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2) sequences of 86 individuals of D. acutus from 14 localities across its range in China were determined. Based on the results of phylogenetic analyses, distribution of diagnostic sites, haplotype network, and AMOVA hierarchical analysis, an cast-west division of the whole D. acutus population could be observed. Geographically, a line formed by a lake, river, and mountain chain (the Poyang Lake, Gan River to the southern end of the Wuyi Mountains), results in vicariance and approximately vertically splits the range into two and the whole population into two main lineages (western and eastern). The bifurcating tree suggested generally west to east dispersal trend. The data fit the isolation by distance (IBD) model well. Star-like clusters in haplotype network, significantly negative values of Fs statistics, and unimodal mismatch distributions all suggest recent demographic expansions in four areas. The results show that isolation, dispersal, bottleneck, and expansion jointly constitute the history of D. acutus. In a haplotype network, the excessive predominance of central haplotypes, few medium-frequency haplotypes, predominance (73.1 %) of the singletons among the derived haplotypes, most of which are connected to the central haplotype by only one mutational step, unsymmetrical campanulate unimodal curve of mismatch distributions and leftwards shift of the peaks, all suggest that the whole D. acutus population is a young population with low genetic diversity. Based on the data, the first priority for conservation action should be given to the Huangshan unit. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Applicability of the MTT assay for measuring viability of cyanobacteria and algae, specifically for Microcystis aeruginosa (Chroococcales, Cyanobacteria)

Several assay methods were screened for viability assessment in cyanobacteria using Microcystis aeruginosa FACHB 905. Compared with fluorescent diacetate (FDA), Evan's Blue and autofluorescence, the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, which was based on the ability of viable cells to reduce MTT to formazan, was found to be reliable and was selected for further study. MTT concentration, incubation time and temperature were optimized for M. aeruginosa. Improvements to the sensitivity and reproducibility of the MTT assay included performing it in the dark to reduce the effects of formazan light sensitivity when extracted in DMSO. Another improvement involved collecting viability data by cell by counting rather than colourimetrically, which was concluded from the fact that oxidoreductase activity, responsible for MTT reduction, would elevate or decrease under stress conditions. Half-life of oxidoreductase in dead cell was calculated to be 3 h. The MTT assay was also found to be applicable to other cyanobacteria and diatoms, including field samples, but not for algae belonging to Chlorophyta, Euglenophyta, Pyrrophyta or Chrysophyta. Based on the above results, we proposed an optimized procedure for the MTT method on Microcystis strains. The use of this assay may be of importance to better understand the dynamics of bloom and the fate of Microcystis under natural or disturbed conditions.

Apoptosis induction on human hepatoma cells Hep G2 of decabrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE-209)

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are an important class of halogenated organic brominated flame retardants. Because of their presence in abiotic and biotic environments widely and their structural similarity to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), concern has been raised on their possible adverse health effects to humans. This study was designed to determine the anti-proliferative, apoptotic properties of decabrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE-209), using a human hepatoma Hep G2 line as a model system. Hep G2 cells were cultured in the presence of PBDE-209 at various concentrations (1.0-100.0 mu mol/L) for 72 h and the percentage of cell viability was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The results showed that PBDE-209 inhibited the cells viability in time and concentration-dependent characteristics at concentrations (10.0-100.0 mu mol/L). We found that anti-proliferative effect of PBDE-209 was associated with apoptosis on Hep G2 cells by determinations of morphological changes, cell cycle and apoptosis. Mechanism study showed that PBDE-209 could increase the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration-dependently. Antioxidant N-acetylcyteine partially inhibited the increase of ROS. The mechanism for its hepatoma-inhibitory effects was the induction of cellular apoptosis through ROS generation. In addition, activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release increased when the cells incubated with PBDE-209 at various concentrations and times. These results suggested that PBDE-209 had the toxicity activity of anti-proliferation and induction of apoptosis in tumor cells in vitro. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Induction of oxidative stress and apoptosis by PFOS and PFOA in primary cultured hepatocytes of freshwater tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Perfluorinated organic compounds (PFOCs) are emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs) widely present in the environment, wildlife and human. We studied the cellular toxicology of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) on oxidative stress and induction of apoptosis in primary cultured hepatocytes of freshwater tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Cultured hepatocytes were exposed to PFOS or PFOA (0, 1, 5, 15 and 30 mg L-1) for 24 h, and a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability was determined using trypan blue exclusion method. Significant induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) accompanied by increases in activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) were found, while activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were decreased. Glutathione (GSH) content was reduced following treatment of PFOA and PFOS. A dose-dependent increase in the lipid peroxidation (LPO) level (measured as maleic dialdehyde, MDA) was observed only in the PFOA exposure groups, whereas LPO remained unchanged in the PFOS exposure groups. Furthermore, a significant activation of caspase-3, -8, -9 activities was evident in both PFOS and PFOA exposure groups. Typical DNA fragmentation (DNA laddering) was further characterized by agarose gel electrophoresis. The overall results demonstrated that PFOS and PFOA are able to produce oxidative stress and induce apoptosis with involvement of caspases in primary cultured tilapia hepatocytes. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effects of brominated flame retardants and brominated dioxins on steroidogenesis in H295R human adrenocortical carcinoma cell line

Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and brominated dioxins are emerging persistent organic pollutants that are ubiquitous in the environment and can be accumulated by wildlife and humans. These chemicals can disturb endocrine function. Recent studies have demonstrated that one of the mechanisms of endocrine disruption by chemicals is modulation of steroidogenic gene expression or enzyme activities. In this study, an in vitro assay based on the H295R human adrenocortical carcinoma cell line, which possesses most key genes or enzymes involved in steroidogenesis, was used to examine the effects of five bromophenols, two polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs 77 and 169), 2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzo-p-dioxin, and 2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzofuran on the expression of 10 key steroidogenic genes. The H295R cells were exposed to various BFR concentrations for 48 h, and the expression of specific genescytochrome P450 (CYP11A, CYP11B2, CYP17, CYP19, and CYP21), 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3PHSD2), 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17 beta HSD1 and 17 beta HSD4), steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR)-was quantitatively measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Cell viability was not affected at the doses tested. Most of the genes were either up- or down-regulated, to some extent, by BFR exposure. Among the genes tested, 3PHSD2 was the most markedly up-regulated, with a range of magnitude from 1.6- to 20-fold. The results demonstrate that bromophenol, bromobiphenyls, and bromodibenzo-p-dioxin/furan are able to modulate steroidogenic gene expression, which may lead to endocrine disruption.

Effects of hexachlorobenzene on antioxidant status of liver and brain of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Hexachlorobenzene (HCB)-induced oxidative damages have been published in rats while the effects have not yet been reported in fishes. Juvenile common carps (Cyprinus carpio) were exposed to waterborne HCB from 2 to 200 mu g l(-1) for 5, 10 or 20 days. Liver and brain were analyzed for various parameters of oxidative stress. There were no significant changes of glutathione (GSH) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in liver after 5 or 10 days exposure, whereas obvious drops were observed at higher concentrations after 20 days exposure. Significant decreases of GSH content and SOD activity in brain were found during all the exposure days. In brain, HCB also significantly elevated the contents of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS, as an indicator of lipid peroxidation products), glutathione disulfide (GSSG), and activities of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR), and inhibited activities of acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and glutathione S-transferase (GST). The results clearly demonstrated that environmentally possible level of HCB could result in oxidative stress in fish and brain was a sensitive target organ of HCB toxicity. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Physiological and biochemical microcystin-RR toxicity to the Synechococcus elongatus

Freshwater Microcystis may form dense blooms in eutrophic lakes. It is known to produce a family of related cyclic hepatopeptides (microcystins, MC) that constitute a threat to aquatic ecosystems. Most toxicological studies of microcystins have focused on aquatic animals and plants, with few examining the possible effects of microcystins on phytoplankton. In this study we chose the unicellular Synechococcus elongatus (one of the most studied and geographically most widely distributed cyanobacteria in the picoplankton) as the test material and investigated the biological parameters: growth, pigment (chlorophyll-a, phycocyanin), photosynthetic activity, nitrate reductase activity, and protein and carbohydrate content. The results revealed that microcystin-RR concentrations above 100 mug (.) L-1 significantly inhibited the growth of Synechococcus elongatus. In addition, a change in color of the toxin-treated algae (chlorosis) was observed in the experiments. Furthermore, MC-RR markedly inhibited the synthesis of the pigments chlorophyll-a and phycocyanin. A drastic reduction in photochemical efficiency of PSII (F-v/F-m) was found after a 96-h incubation. Changes in protein and carbohydrate concentrations and in nitrate reductase activity also were observed during the exposure period. This study aimed to evaluate the mechanisms of microcystin toxicity on a cyanobacterium, according to the physiological and biochemical responses of Synechococcus elongatus to different doses of microcystin-RR. The ecological role of microcystins as an allelopathic substance also is discussed in the article. (C) 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Effects of subretinal implant materials on the viability, apoptosis and barrier function of cultured RPE cells

Background: Subretinal microphotodiode array (MPDA) is a type of visual prosthesis used for the implantation in the subretinal space of patients with progressive photoreceptor cell loss. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of materials for MPDA on the viability, apoptosis and barrier function of cultured pig retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells.Methods: Primary culture of pig RPE cells was performed and 24 pig eyes were used to start RPE culture. The third passage of the cultures was plated on different materials for MPDA and MPDAs. The tetrazolium dye-reduction assay (MTT) was used to determine RPE cell viability. Flow cytometry was measured to indicate the apoptosis rates of RPE cells on different materials. RPE cells were also cultured on microporous filters, and the transepithelial resistance and permeability of the experimental molecule were measured to determine the barrier function.Results: The data from all the methods indicated no significant difference between the materials groups and the control group, and the materials tested showed good biocompatibility.Conclusions: The materials for MPDA used in the present study had no direct toxicity to the RPE cells and did not release harmful soluble factors that affected the barrier function of RPE in vitro.

仿生膜及其在电化学生物传感器中的应用

仿生膜电化学是一门新兴的、也是当前最活跃的电化学和电分析化学的前沿领域。它涉及到生命科学、能源科学、分析科学、物理学以及材料科学等诸多学科，具有重大的理论研究价值和广阔的应用前景。仿生膜作为生物膜的研究模型，包括单层自组装膜、LB膜、双层膜、多层膜，基于此制备的生物传感器具有许多优良的性能。本论文围绕这一前沿热点开展工作，研究内容涉及生物化学、生物物理学、分析化学和材料化学等方面，共分三个部分。1.运用电化学方法系统研究了同同链长的巯基丙酸、硫辛酸、巯基十一酸等物质的表面酸碱性，提出了模拟方程式，发现了一些有趣的实验现象，并对实验结果进行了讨论。2.将缬氨霉素嵌入双层类脂膜发展了一种新型的钾离子电容传感器；将无活菌素嵌入双层类脂膜制成了对铵根离子有选择性响应的电位传感器；将一种脂溶性染料BPT嵌入双层类脂膜，研究了其电化学响应，同时考察了它对NADH的催化响应。3.将DNA与带相反电荷的高聚物PDDA通过静电相互作用交替组装在固体表面形成多层可控膜结构。采用电化学、红外光谱、紫外光谱、圆二色谱等手段考察了DNA与PDDA的交替组装，同时研究了多层膜中的DNA与染料的相互作用。

模拟生物膜的电化学研究

本文简要评述了生物膜领域的发展过程及研究现状，介绍了关于生物膜的一些基本性质和理论。采用电化学方法对支撑双层磷脂膜（s-BLM）、杂化双层磷脂膜（HBM）、磷脂浇铸膜（Cast lipid film）等不同的模拟生物膜体系进行了研究。主要如果如下：1. 在玻碳（GC）电极表面制备了磷脂浇铸膜，并以此膜为生物膜的模型研究了多巴胺对NADH的催化氧化。多巴胺是通过将电极浸在多巴胺溶液中约10个小时，从而固定的磷脂膜内的。在pH = 7.0的磷酸缓冲溶液中获得了膜内多巴胺对NADH的催化氧化行为，发现氧化电流随着扫描圈数的增加而逐渐增大，并最终到达一个稳态，这是一个比较新的现象。同时，与NADH的裸玻碳电极上的电化学行为相比，其氧化过电位降低了约130 mV，2 × 10~（-3）mol/L的NADH的扩散系数为6.7 × 10~（-6）cm~2/s。2. 开发了一种基于磷脂浇铸膜的葡萄糖生物传感器。磷脂膜可以在电极表面提供一种理想的生物环境，而且能够有效地抑制一些亲水性的电活性物质到达电极表面，从而降低了它们的干扰作用。TTF被用作电子转移媒介体是因为它可以有效地转移电子，并且可心牢固地固定在磷脂膜中。工作电位、pH值对传感器的影响均做了测试。该传感器的响应时间小于20秒，线性范围从0.2 mmol/L到10 mmol/L，最低检测限为2×10~（-5） mol/L，同时，该传感器也显示出良好的重现性及稳定性。3. 选择玻碳电极作为固体基底，在其表面上制备出磷脂膜。通过电化学阻抗测试，证明了电极表面的磷脂膜为双层膜。将辣根过氧化物酶（HRP）固定在这种支撑双层磷脂膜（ s-BLM）中，并以此开发出一种不需要媒介体的H_2O_2生物传感器。该传感器显示了良好的电化学中央委员应、稳定性及重现性，这主要是因为s-BLM的存在。作为一种模拟生物膜，s-BLM可以为保持酶分子的天然活性提供一个理想的环境，因此，s-BLM将非常适合于固定酶分子，从而开发以玻碳电极为基底的不需要媒介体的生物传感器。4. 以玻碳电极作为基底，在玻碳电极上制备出支撑磷脂膜，并借助电化学阻抗手段证明了这种磷脂膜是比层膜。研究了这种支撑磷脂膜内的离子通道行为，以高氯酸根离子作为通道激发物以及吡啶钌作为标记离子，当膜内的通道打开时，产生明显的通道电流，然而没有高氯酸根存在时，通道又处于关闭状态。5. 成功地制备出由金电极表面上的半胱胺单层支撑的C_(60)-磷脂杂化膜。将血红蛋白（Hb）固定在膜内，并研究了Hb的电化学行为。C_(60)作为一种良好的电子媒介体，使得Hb在这种C_(60)-磷脂杂化膜内的电子转移变得较为容易。

模拟生物膜的电化学研究

本文简要评述了生物膜领域的发展过程及研究现状，介绍了关于生物膜的一些基本性质和理论。采用电化学、光谱学以及扫描探针显微镜等方法对支撑双层磷脂膜、磷脂浇铸膜和泡囊等不同的模拟生物膜体系进行了研究。主要结果如下：1．将磷脂与芦丁的混合物滴于玻碳电极表面制备出了嵌有芦丁的磷脂浇铸膜，并以此膜为模拟生物膜的模型研究芦丁在磷脂膜内的电化学行为，以及芦丁对还原型辅酶烟酞胺腺漂吟二核昔酸（NADH）的催化氧化。芦丁与磷脂膜牢固地结合，在pH 7.4的磷酸缓冲溶液中，嵌在磷脂膜内的芦丁显示了准可逆电化学行为，也显示出很好催化氧化NADH的能力，使氧化电流明显增大。同时，与5*10~(-3)mol／L的NADH在裸玻碳电极上的电化学行为相比，其氧化过电位降低了约220 mV。2．在玻碳电极表面制备了嵌有芦丁的磷脂浇铸膜，嵌在磷脂膜内的芦丁显示了准可逆电化学行为。利用这种浇铸膜作为模拟生物膜的模型研究了芦丁对抗坏血酸的催化氧化，磷脂膜一方面与芦丁牢固结合，另一方面为芦丁催化抗坏血酸的氧化提供了理想的生物环境，在pH 7.4的磷酸缓冲溶液中，芦丁能有效地催化氧化抗坏血酸，使抗坏血酸的氧化过电位与裸玻碳电极上的电化学行为相比降低了约100 mV。该修饰磷脂膜和芦丁的玻碳电极对抗坏血酸的测定线性范围为2*10~(-4) mol／L-1.4*10~(-3) mol／L。3．将含有四硫富瓦烯（TTF）和黄嘿吟氧化酶的二甲基二（十二烷基）澳化钱（D DAB）泡囊滴于热解石墨电极表面，制备出一种基于磷脂浇铸膜的黄嘿吟生物传感器。TTF由于其可以有效地转移电子而被选作为电子媒介体，用安培检测的方法研究了工作电位、pH值对黄嘿吟传感器的影响。该传感器的响应时间小于10秒，其检测黄嘿吟线性范围从4*10~(-7)mol／L到2.4*l0~(-6)mol／L，最低检测限为3.2*10~(-7) mol/L。4；将辣根过氧化物酶（HRP）固定在修饰于玻碳电极表面的DDAB浇铸膜内，获得了IIR卫的直接电化学，并以此开发出一种不需媒介体的还02传感器，该传感器对H_2O_2的响应时间约5s，其检测姚。2线性范围从l*10~(-3) mol／L到4*10~(-3)mol／L，同时该传感器也显示出良好的重现性及稳定性。5，利用循环伏安的方法研究了HRP分子在双肉豆范磷脂酰胆碱（DMPC）磷脂膜内的电化学行为，并获得了一对氧化还原峰，说明了DMPC磷脂膜促进了HRP分子的电子传递，同时HRP分子仍保持对H_2O_2的催化生物活J险。UV一vis和CD的检测结果说明HRP分子在与磷脂膜相互作用后，其二级结构没有改变，而三级结构变得松散，这种三级结构的松散可能是使HRP分子的活性基团有所暴露，使得电子传递更容易。AFM实验同样也显示了HRP分子与DMPC磷脂膜间的强烈作用。

新型溶胶-凝胶电化学生物传感器的制备

发展电化学生物传感器是化学传感器研究的一个重要领域，也是人们一直感兴趣的一个研究方向。而且人们一直在探求，在生物传感器的制备过程中将生物活性分子和电子媒介体有效地固定于电极基质材料中的新型固定化方法。溶胶-凝胶材料所具有的诸多特性，如可低温包埋、孔径可控性、不溶胀性、化学惰性、物理刚性、光透性、易于制备以及良好的生物相容性，赋予了溶胶-凝胶过程有效地固定化各种敏感试剂的能力，基于溶胶-凝胶技术的各种传感器也随之蓬勃发展起来。在本论文的工作中，主要是通过利用新型溶胶-凝胶复合材料以及将溶胶-凝胶技术与其它固定化技术相结合，来制备各种新型电化学生物传感器。主要内容如下：1．首次将HRP和聚毗咯共同电沉积到二茂铁梭酸修饰的碳陶瓷电极表面，制备了过氧化氢生物传感器。实验结果表明，这种将表面修饰和碳陶瓷电极相结合的方法，能够有效地应用于各种生物传感器的制备。而且这种方法也为异相双酶生物传感器的制备提供了可能性。2．将含有葡萄糖氧化酶的聚毗咯薄膜修饰到含有HRP和媒介体的碳陶瓷电极表面，发展了一种新型双酶安培检测葡萄糖传感器。在这种传感器的异相双层结构中，各种酶均保持了良好的生物活性，而且所得传感器也具有良好的抗干扰能力以及对底物检测的高灵敏度。这种方法有望于将各种H_2O_2生成酶与HRP相结合，制备具有高选择性的其它生物传感器。3．以铱超微粉为导电介质，将其与溶胶-凝胶过程相结合，首次制备了新型铱陶瓷电极。溶胶一凝胶铱复合材料表现出了良好的催化活性，过氧化氢既可以在铱陶瓷电极上被电化学氧化，也可以在低电位下被电化学还原。并利用溶胶一凝胶铱复合材料进一步制备了第一代铱陶瓷葡萄糖生物传感器。由于H_2O_2检测过程中所需要的低工作电位，使得铱陶瓷酶电极具有对底物的高度选择性。4．利用双相还原法制备并表征了铱纳米粒子，并将纳米技术、自组装技术以及溶胶-凝胶技术相结合，制备了溶胶-凝胶铱复合电极。实验结果表明，琉基功能化烷氧基硅烷能够组装到金电极表面形成凝胶薄膜修饰电极，通过铱纳米粒子与凝胶薄膜中自由疏基间的吸附作用，铱纳米粒子能够被容易地固定到凝胶薄膜中。所制备的铱陶瓷电极同样表现出了对H_2O_2高度的灵敏度以及选择性。5．利用二氧化硅凝胶的自组装技术构建了甲苯胺蓝修饰电极，并用于电化学催化氧化NADH的测定。实验中，详细探讨了甲苯胺蓝在凝胶组装修饰电极中的电化学行为。结果表明，此类修饰电极的双层结构有效地防止了催化剂的渗漏以及NADH检测过程中由于吸附作用而造成的电极污染问题。

电化学发光方法及其应用的研究

本文简要评述了电化学发光的发展过程及研究现状，介绍了关于电化学发光的一些基本理论。采用电化学、光谱等方法对电化学发光方法及其应用进行了研究。主要结果如下：1．利用聚苯乙烯磺酸钠（PSS）和硅溶胶制备的复合物膜固定发光试剂吡啶钌。将吡啶钌固定化后不仅可以减少试剂的消耗，而且还可以简化实验装置。以吡啶钌／三丙胺体系研究了固定在PSS一二氧化硅复合物膜中吡啶钌的循环伏安及电化学发光行为。固定的毗咤钉的电化学及电化学发光行为均受到膜中PSS含量的强烈影响。另外，PSS可大大提高电化学发光强度。将吡陡钉修饰电极在流动注射分析体系中用于草酸、三丙胺和NADH的检测，具有高的灵敏度，快速的响应以及良好的稳定性。2．利用苯磺酸重氮盐的电化学还原和静电吸附作用，在苯磺酸修饰玻碳电极上形成毗咤钉单层膜。此单层膜进行可逆的表面反应，并与三丙胺反应产生电化学发光。考虑到电极的稳定性，电化学发光是源自固定的毗咤钉，而不是脱附的毗咤钉。检测三丙胺线性范围从5μmol／L到1mmol／L，检测限为1μmol／L（S/N=4）。另外，苯磺酸单层膜可作为优良的基底用于吡啶钌多层膜的制备。3．将吡啶钌固定到玻碳电极上的Eastman-AQ55D-二氧化硅复合物膜中，研制了一种具有长期稳定性和快速响应的电化学发光传感器。并研究了固定在复合物膜中的吡啶钌的电化学和电化学发光性质。以此修饰电极在流动注射分析体系中检测了草酸、三丙胺和氯丙嗦，具有高的灵敏度。由于强烈的静电相互作用和Eastman-AQ55D低疏水性，传感器在干燥状态下放置两个月，没有观察到明显的响应降低。对电极进行100次电位扫描后，电流响应只降低5％。4．利用碳糊电极这种最简单的有机溶剂修饰电极，成功地实现了邻菲咯琳钉／过硫酸根体系在水溶液中的电化学发光。只有当电位足够负时，才能观察到由电生的Ru（Phen）3＋与强氧化性中间体S。＃''反应产生的电化学发光。与Ru（bpy）S2＋O82-扩一电化学发光相比，Ru（phen）32＋／S2O82-电化学发光在水溶液中更稳定，并且它不受碳糊电极存放的影响。检测S2O82-线性范围从5 * 10-6mol／L到2*10-3mol／L。S2O82-浓度高于20mmol／L时，电化学发光强度急剧下降。5，研制了一种微型光纤电化学发光检测器，其结构简单，所需样品体积小，而且发光效率高。将透光的金网固定到光纤末端表面作为工住电极，参比电极和对电极固定到光纤侧端，从而形成自包含的三电极体系。使用网栅电极可以增大电极面积，提高光收集效率。对电极与光纤末端共同形成了一个微型反应池，避免了额外添加样品池，并允许进行微量（体积约10 μL）电化学发光检测。检测草酸和氯丙嚓，线性范围分别为1*10-6mol／L-1*10-3mol／L和5*10-6mol／L-5*10-4mol／L，检测限分别为5*10-7mol／L和1*10-6mol／L（S／N＝3）。

酶电极的制备

酶电极是生物传感器领域发展最早，最活跃的部分，理论上有许多问题需要探索，应用上有极为广阔的领域面临开拓，本文着重于电化学信号为基础的酶电极的研究，共分以下几个部分：1、文献综述-酶电极总论。概括介绍了酶电极的概念，原理，分类及应用前景，尤其对酶电极的特点进行了较为细致的评述。2、醇脱氢酶电极的研制。通过化学交联法，将ADH固定在玻碳电极表面，使用PMS和K_3Fe(CN)_6为介体，间接测定酶促反应中生成的NADH，使测定电位大大降低，从而提高测定的重现性和选择性。3、以铁氰化钾为介体的L-乳酸传感器。以PMS和氰化钾为介体，间接测定酶促反应中生成的NADH，工作电位由+0.8V降为+0.3V vs.SEC.，酶电极的线性范围为0.08～3.0mmol/L。响应时间30s，电极具有良好的选择性与重现性。4、以铁氰化钾为介体的L-苹果酸传感器。以PMS和铁氰化钾为介体，间接测定酶促反应中生成的NADH，由于使用Zn~(2+)激活MDH，电极的响应时间大约60s，比以往报道过的L-MDH电极的响应时间要快的多。电极测定的线性范围为25～300ummol/L。电极具有良好的选择性和重现性。5、介体型双酶D-氨基酸传感器采用一步法用Eastman AQ-55同时将D-氨基酸氧化酶，辣根过氧化物酶，1，1’-二（α-羟基乙基）二茂铁固定在玻碳电极表面，操作简单，电极具有响应快，灵敏度高的特点。6、以AQ膜中沉积铂的玻碳电极为基底的葡萄糖传感器在涂有EastmanAQ的玻碳电极上，电化学沉积铂，制成AQ膜中沉积铂的化学修饰电极，用戊二醛通过化学交联法将葡萄糖氧化酶固定在修饰电极表面，制成酶电极。AQ膜的选择渗透性可以防止电活性物质如抗坏血酸，尿酸等的干扰，同时可以防止大分子物质对电极的污染。镀铂电极具有对过氧化氢响应快，灵敏度高的特点，在空气饱和的情况下，葡萄糖的测定上限可达15mmol/L，响应时间50s，电极可以使用600次。7、以Nafion修饰的镀铂电极为基底的半乳糖传感器。在镀铂的玻碳电极表面，修饰一层全氟代磺酸酯（Nafion）膜，制成基底电极。化学交联法将半乳糖氧化酶固定在基底电极表面，制成半乳糖传感器，和光亮铂电极相比，镀铂电极对过氧化氢有更高的响应。Nafion膜可以消除抗坏血酸，尿酸等对测定的干扰，提高了酶电极测定的选择性。D-半乳糖测定的线性范围为0.25～4.25mmol/L，响应时间小于30s，酶电极连续使用300次无明显的电流变化。8、以聚邻苯二胺修饰的镀铂玻碳电极为基底的葡萄糖传感器。在镀铂的玻碳电极表面，电聚合邻苯二胺，制成基底电极，化学交联法将葡萄糖氧化酶固定在基底电极表面，制成葡萄糖传感器。聚邻苯二胺膜具有选择渗透性，可以防止抗坏血酸，尿酸等电活性物质对电极表面的污染，提高了电极的选择性和使用寿命。电极保留了葡萄糖氧化酶电极灵敏度高，响应快，线性宽的优点。9、以氟离子选择电极为基底的半乳糖传感器。用戊二醛和牛血清白蛋白将半乳糖氧化酶固定在80目尼龙网上，制成酶膜，将酶膜和氟电极上起构成半乳糖传感器，当底液中含有20U/mL的辣根过氧化物酶的0.001mol/L的对氟苯酚时，该传感器可以用来测定D-半乳糖，在pH6左右，测定的线性范围为1.2 * 10~(-4) ～ 1.2 * 10~(-3) mol/L，根据底物浓度的不同，响应时间在5 ～ 8min，酶电极具有良好的重现性和选择性，电极寿命10天左右。

生物膜的电化学研究

简要评述了生物膜研究的发展过程、目前状况及发展方向，介绍了生物膜的一些基本性质和理论。采用电化学方法对平板双层磷脂膜（BLMs），支撑磷脂膜（SPM）以及磷脂泡囊（liposom）等不同模拟膜系统进行了研究，并结合AFM、STM以及CD等谱学手段对蛋白质与生物膜之间的相互作用和蛋白质的结构变化进行了初步探索。在研究离子通道短杆菌肽D对一价离子的转移过程中发现短杆菌肽D的通道行为依赖于其在膜中的浓度，并且短杆菌肽D在膜中有形成聚集体的趋势。细胞色素c与中性磷脂没有作用，带负电荷的磷脂却可使细胞色素的三级结构松散，导致其电化学行为发生改变。多巴胺很容易嵌入浇铸在玻碳电极上的磷脂膜，并对NADH有很好的催化作用，使NADH的氧化电流增加了10倍，过电位降低了100mV。用原子力显微镜了DMPC在烷基化的疏水基底上成膜的动力学过程，自组装过程受吸附控制，其生长的一级反应速率常数大约22.15 ± 3.28S~(-1)M~(-1)。