Sedimentary records of water environment in lake Chaohu in the Yangtze delta region, China

Three lacustrine core samples were collected from Chaohu lake in December 2002 in the Yangtze delta region. The grain sizes were analyzed using a Laser Analyzer to obtain grain-size parameters. Sediment geochronology was determined in radioisotopes Cs-137 and the average sedimentary rates are 0.29cm.a(-1), 0.35 cm.a(-1) and 0.24cm-a(-1) in Cores C 1, C2 and C3, respectively. The grain-size parameters of the deposits vary regularly with the fluctuation of hydrodynamics. From 1950s to the beginning of 20th century, coarse-grained sediment was deposited, suggesting strong hydraulic conditions and high water-level periods with much precipitation; from the start of 20(th) century to latter half of 18(th) century, fine-grained sediment was deposited, indicating that weak hydraulic conditions and low water-level periods with less precipitation; before the first half of 18(th) century, coarse-grained sediment was deposited, suggesting great velocity of flow and high water-level periods of more precipitation.

Identification of immune genes in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella in response to infection of the parasitic copepod Sinergasilus major

The parasitic copepod Sinergasilus major is an important pathogen of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella. To understand the immune response of grass carp to the copepod infection, suppression subtractive hybridization method was employed to characterize genes up-regulation during the copepod infection in liver and gills of the fish. One hundred and twenty-two dot blot positive clones from infected subtracted library were sequenced. Searching available databases by using these nucleotide sequences revealed that 23 genes are immune-related, including known acute-phase reactants, and four novel genes encoding proteins such as source of immunodominant MHC-associated peptides (SIMP), TNF receptor-associated factor 2 binding protein (T2BP), poliovirus receptor-related protein 1 precursor, glycoprotein A repetitions predominant (GARP). The differential expression of seven immune genes, i.e. GARP, alpha-2-macroglobulin, MHC class I, C3, SIMP, T2BP, transferrin, as a result of infection was further confirmed by RT-PCR, with the up-regulation of alpha-2-macroglobulin, MHC class I, C3, SIMP and T2BP in the liver of infected fish, and down-regulation of SIMP in the gills of infected fish. The present study provides foundation for understanding grass carp immune response and candidate genes for further analysis.

L-蓝光膜的研究和试验

本文阐述了L一蓝光膜的光学特性，它能使阳光穿透该膜后产生保持一定能差的两个光谱峰，被覆盖环境可见光增加，光质和光量符合C3类作物光合作用需要，保温性能良好。通过种植试验验证，该薄膜具有能使秧苗生长粗状，发根力强，干物质产量高，能预防早稻烂秧，增强苗体生理生化活性，提高秧苗抗逆力，促进禾苗旺盛生长，有利于早熟增产等生物效应，是一种性能优越的水稻育苗覆盖薄膜新品种。

溶胶-凝胶软石印法制备稀土发光薄膜及其图案化

利用溶胶-凝胶法合成了一系列稀土离子掺杂的发光薄膜，包括三元氧磷灰石稀土硅酸盐Ca2RS（SiO4）6O2（R＝YGd）体系，YVO4体系，LaPO4体系以及钒磷酸盐形成的固熔体体系1并研究了稀土离子Eu3+，Tb3+，Dy3+，Sm3+，Er3+和类汞离子Pb2＋在这些薄膜中的发光性质和能量传递性质。同时利用软石印法结合毛细管微模板技术实现了发光薄膜的图案化。SEM以及AFM结果表明，利用溶胶一凝胶法制备的发光薄膜表面致密均匀，无开裂。通过增加镀膜溶液的粘度、镀膜的次数可以有效的控制薄膜的厚度，使其达到理想的范围。由此可见溶胶一凝胶法是一种比较理想的制备发光薄膜的方法。在三元氧磷灰石稀土硅酸盐Ca2R8（SiO4）6O2（R＝YGd）体系中，稀土离子Eu3+，Tb3+在Ca2Y8（SiO4）6O2基质中占据低刘·称性格位6h（Cs）和4f（C3），并以其特征的红光发射（5Do-7F2）和绿光发射（5D4-7F5）为主。Eu3+，Tb3+发光的最佳浓度分别为Y3+的10mol％和6mol％，Ca2Y8（51O4）6O2:Eu3＋薄膜样品的发光强度和寿命随着烧结温度的升高而增加，Ca2Y8（SiO4）6O2:Tb3+薄膜样品的发光强度和寿命在800℃时最大，随后又随烧结温度的升高有所下降，Pb2＋可以敏化Ca2Gd8（SiO4 ）6O2中Gd3+的基质晶格，通过Pb2＋→Gd3十→（Gd3＋）n→A3＋形式传递和转移能量。在YVO4体系中，利用Pechini溶胶一凝胶法以无机盐为主要原料，柠檬酸为络合剂，利用聚乙二醇调节镀膜溶液的粘度，制备了YvO4:A（A＝Eu3＋ Dy3＋，Sm3＋，Er3＋）纳米发光薄膜。结合软石印法，通过简单工艺实现了发光薄膜图案化烧结过程中图案化薄膜有一定程度的收缩，存在一定的缺陷。得到的条纹在紫外灯下发出明亮的红光。掺杂的稀土离子在YVO4薄膜中显示它们特征发射，同时VO43-和稀土离子之间存在能量传递。Dy3＋，Sm3＋，Er3十发光的最佳浓度皆为Y3+的2mol％，这三者的发光淬灭是由交叉驰豫引起的。在LaPO4发光薄膜中，Etl3+以591nm的5Do-7Fl跃迁发射为主，呈现红橙光；Tb3＋以543nm的5D4-7F5发射为主，属于绿光发射。Ce3＋则由其特有的5d-4f双峰发射组成。Tb3＋和Eu3+掺杂的样品发光强度和荧光寿命随烧结温度的升局而增加。Tb3+和Eu3+的寿命曲线符合指数衰减，但Tb3十在LaPO4:Ce，Tb薄膜中，所得的寿命曲线不符合单指数衰减。Ce3+和Tb3+之间存在吸收能量传递。通过计算得到能量传递效率可以达到95％以上。XRD结果表明，从x＝0到x＝1 YVxP1-xO4:Eu3+薄膜形成了一系列具有错石结构的固熔体。在YVxP1-xO4:Eu3+（0≤x≤1）系列薄膜中，随着x值的增加，Eu3+的发光强度和红橙比逐渐增大。除x＝0，其它的Eu3+的红橙比都大于1，说明在发射光谱中，以Eu3+禁戒5Do一7F2电偶极跃迁为主，Etls十在基质中处于低对称性格位。当x＝0时，即Y0.98Eu0.l2PO4薄膜中，Eu3+，仍处于D2d低对称性格位，但5D0一7FI橙光发射却比SD0一7F2红光发射强。x对Y0.98Eu0.02VxP1-xO4（0≤x≤l）薄膜寿命曲线有很大的影响，当0≤x≤0.5时，Eu3+5 D0-7F2发射呈单指数衰减；当x≥0.6时，Eu3+5D0-7F2发射的衰减曲线比较复杂，不能用单指数拟合。YVxP1-xO4:A3＋（0≤x≤1，A＝Er，Sm）薄膜中，由于存在VO43-A3+，以及VO43-（VO43-）n-A3+（n≥1）形式的能量传递，同时由于浓度淬灭，VO43-的蓝光发射在0.1≤x≤1范围内，随x的增加而减弱，当x＝1时，VO43-的蓝光发射被完全淬灭，而A3+发光强度随x的增加而增加。在RVO4:A3+（R＝Y，La，Gd，A＝Eu，Sm，Er）纳米发光薄膜中，R对稀土离子发光性质的影响主要是由于基质晶体结构的不同。A3+在YVO4和GdVO4中属于D2d对称性，在YVO4和GdVO4薄膜中A3+的光谱性质基本相同，而LaVO4属于单斜晶系，具有独居石结构。A3+在LaVO4中属于C1对称性。C1对称性比D2d对称性低，A3+的发光光谱中谱线的位置以及谱线的劈裂数目都略有不同。由于Gd3+和发光离子之间的能量传递，A3+在GdVO4基质中的发光最强。

聚酰亚胺膜用于醇/醚混合物的分离

采用渗透汽化（PV）或蒸汽渗透（VP）膜过程分离共沸、近沸、同分异构以及热敏感性液体混合物的研究工作已经开展许多年了。同传统严重耗能的分离技术相比（如萃取或者共沸精馏），Pv或VP无论从节能、安全还是环境友好方面看，都是一个非常有前景的新技术。PV或VP也是一种"清洁"的技术。它特别适合于处理含有挥发性有机组份的混合物。目前PV或VP的方向可以分成三个：（l）水一有机混合物的脱水；（2）从水溶液中脱除挥发性有机物；（3）有机一有机溶剂混合物的分离[1]。PV的一个里程碑式的工作是1982年GFT公司（现属SulzerChemtech公司）利用亲水材料聚乙烯醇（PVA）在巴西建成了第一个乙醇脱水的工业化膜装置。至今在全世界已经建立了100多套Pv工业装置（90％是GFT公司提供的膜和技术）。多数用于有机溶剂的脱水，包括乙醇脱水、异丙醇脱水以及酷类、醚类和其它有机溶剂的脱水。现在PV的研究热点己经不是亲水膜了，而是亲有机溶剂的膜。这方面的研究是非常活跃的。但是与之呈鲜明对比的是没有什么大的工业化技术。值得提及的是1991年AlrProducts公司建成了膜法分离甲醇一MTBE的工厂。这个成功激励人们进一步研究那些汽一液平衡差的有机混合物的分离。目前PV普遍存在的主要问题是通量较低，这是阻碍Pv进一步工业化的关键。而这个问题的根源在于缺少具备耐溶剂的聚合物膜材料。膜材料问题又表现在两个方面：一个是设计并合成出新的高性能膜材料，另外是筛选出具备高渗透性能与稳定性兼备的膜材料。事实上，经过二十多年的研究，针对PV已经开发出许多新，的聚合物膜材料了。但似乎合成新材料的热情并没有因此而降温。开发新材料仍旧是聚合物膜领域的一个重要问题。对现有材料进行改性研究已经成为材料设计的一个重要方面。由于PV分离膜对体系的针对性非常强，为特定体系筛选材料就成为一个关键问题。筛选材料又涉及到构造膜材料结构与渗透性能关系的理论【3］。目前这方面的工作还很不完善。VP是将有机溶剂在蒸汽状态下进行分离的较新膜过程。近10年来VP技术工业化的步伐很快，这主要得益于PV技术在工业应用中所积累的经验与知识。1989年9月德国Heilbronn的Bruggem～公司设计并投入运行了世界上第一套工业规模的VP装置，接下来有许多VP装置在世界各地建立起来。在无水乙醇生产中，二者操作成本相似，但VP法比PV法节省设备投资费用，因而总成本也比较低。另外，VP过程还特别适合于从空气或其它气体中去除挥发性有机污染物，并回收有用物质。如石油化工中回收乙烯、丙烯、氯乙烯单体；天然气生产中去除C3以上碳氢化合物，及HZS、C02等酸性气体；空气中可挥发性有机物，如氯甲烷、丙酮、庚烷等［2］。实际上，从己经工业化的技术上看，单纯应用PV或VP进行有机混合物的分离不是最佳的选择。采用PV或VP与蒸馏过程祸合的方法常常是最经济的，因为藕合过程可以利用原有的精馏设备。这不仅有利于节省设备的投资，而且可以节约操作费用。尽管利用PV或VP分离有机一有机混合物的商业前景是非常广阔的，但是这个领域的发展却最缓慢。现在看来，主要问题是研究者在表征与开发单一成分的膜材料（比如聚合物材料与无机材料）方面花费了太多的时间与精力。因为单一材料的分离性能也许注定不能成功。正像聚合物材料在气体分离方面存在透过性与选择性相互制约的Robeson上限那样，在有机混合物分离方面也应该存在类似的关系。但人们常常是被迫才承认这些让人不愉快的极限定律。本论文采用长春应化所自主合成的一种可溶性聚酞亚胺（HQDPA-DMMDA）为基本膜材料，进行有机混合物的分离研究。开展了三方面的工作：一个方面是表征这种聚合物膜对醇一醚（主要是甲醇-MTBE）混合物的分离，包括对材料进行共混改性、杂化改性等研究。第二个方面是针对"溶解一扩散"理论及实验上存在的一个基本问题，发明了一种测定有机溶剂在聚合物膜内形成团簇尺寸的新方法。第三个方面是将气体分离中有关自由体积理论引入到"有机溶剂一聚合物"体系中，解释其溶胀、吸附行为。论文的第一章将介绍己经研究的和工业化的有机一有机混合物体系及膜材料的状况。第二章将介绍与PV、VP有关的较新理论。第三章将介绍两种表征聚合物及测定聚合物一溶剂相互作用的新方法。第四章将介绍与本论文有关的实验背景。第五章是关于聚酞亚胺膜材料用于甲醇-MTBE分离的表征与改性研究的工作。第六、七、八、九章是关于分离机理的研究工作。

附子及乌头属植物中二萜类生物碱的电喷雾质谱研究

电喷雾质谱是一种软电离技术，生物碱分子中均含有氮原子，具有很高的质子亲合势和气相碱度，特别适合电喷雾质谱分析。本文利用电喷雾质谱系统研究了乌头属的几种植物中二菇类生物碱的质谱行为。并且对中药复方中的生物碱成分的化学变化进行探讨，在串联质谱中，乌头碱类生物碱的裂解方式相似。双酷型、三醋型、脂类生物碱在MS2中容易丢失C8乙酸或长链脂肪酸形成特征子离子峰，在进一步CID谱中，在C15位失去CO为其特征。但是单酷型生物碱在串联质谱中碎裂方式与上述几种生物碱有很大差别，例如，在MSZ中主要失去甲醇，还会失去C3位经基，但是不会失去CS轻基。利用这些规律分析了附子及草乌中的生物碱，发现了多种具有特殊取代基的新化合物。以电喷雾质谱为检测手段分析了附子在炮制过程中的成分变化；并且发现了分离提取脂类生物碱的方法。高乌头中的生物碱以C18型为主，同时也包含少量C19乌头碱骨架的生物碱。这两种类型的生物碱在串联质谱中的碎裂规律相似，都容易失去取代基，而生物碱骨架比较稳定，难以碎裂。但是不同位置的取代基失去时所形成的子离子的丰度有很大差别，经过串联质谱可以获取重要的结构信息。并且通过串联质谱确定了刺乌头碱环糊精的包合位点，更正了文献中的错误。关白附的CZ。型海替生型生物碱在串联质谱中的行为与上述生物碱相似，容易失去取代基，但是在失去取代基的同时，常常伴随骨架中C-C键的断裂。由于这些生物碱的结构存在较强的规律，所以很容易表征其中的结构相似的新生物碱。另一方面，我们发现导致白术与附子配伍将导致共煎液中有毒生物碱成分增加，从而解释了八味地黄丸与人参汤导致中毒的原因。并且通过对八味地黄汤的配伍研究，发现起解毒作用的药材为山茱英，解毒机理为抑制了有毒生物碱的溶出。方中的山药能够抑制双酷型生物碱的水解。

24-二甲基戊二稀土化合物的合成

本文叙述了2.4-二甲基戊二烯基稀土金属有机化合物的合成并通过元素分析，红外光谱、核磁共振谱及质谱的鉴定。测定了Gd(2.4-GH_(11))_3的单晶结构，此外还合成了（2.4-GH_(11)K.TMEDA及K_2C_8H_8·3THF并也测定了它们的晶体结构。在所合成化合物的红外光谱中，没有属于C=C双键的吸收峰，表明分子中配位体以η~5形式的大π键体系与稀土金属离子结合，在Ln(2.4-GH_(11))_2Cl·TMF和Ln(2.4-GH_(11))Cl_2·GH_THF的红外光谱中，于1060波数附近出现一强而宽的吸收峰，即化合物中有四氢呋喃分子络合。化合物的室温NMR谱有四个吸收峰，2.4-二甲基戊二烯配位体可能为η~5平面∪或W构型。化合物的水解'H-NMR谱与质谱都证实水解产物为2.4－二甲基－1.3－戊二烯。它是－2.4二甲基戊二烯阴离子水解所得的唯一产物，它表明化合物中的配位体确为2.4－二甲基戊二烯阴离子。(2.4-GH_(11))_2Cl·TMDA配合物晶体结构是应用低温X－射线衍射技术用Nicolet R_3 M/E型四园衍射仪LT－1低温装置并利用重原子法测定的最小二乘法精修至收敛时的一致性因子R=0.055. Rw=0.057。晶体属单斜晶系P21/n空间群。晶胞参数a=11.322(4)A, b=9.242(3)A, c=15.956(5)A. β=106.70(3)分子中2.4－二甲基戊二烯阴离子呈平面∪构型。钾离子与四甲基乙二胺二啮体结合形成的络合阳离子和2.4-二甲基戊二烯阴离子相间排列形成无限链状结构分子。2.4－二甲基戊二烯阴离子的C－C键长明显分为中间与外端C－C键两组。外端组C－C键双性质较强键长较短。表明C3具有负电荷的共振杂化体贡献较大。分子中K－C键最短的是K-C(1.5)。而不是具有较多负电荷的C3－K键。这可能是由于几何因素造成的。K_2C_8H_8·3THF的晶体结构是采用与前者相同的方法测定的。它属三斜晶系，PT空间群，晶胞参数a=10.263(3)A, b=13.157(4)A, c=9.443A, α=87.51(2)°, β=114.93(2)°, γ=76.81(2)°. V=1111.6A, R=0.051. 晶体中负二价的环辛四烯阴离呈平面构型，具有中心对称性，两侧与两中心对称相关的钾离子连接，相邻的非等效的钾离子间通过两四氢呋喃分子的氧原子相连接，从而形成了无限链状结构的分子。环辛四烯反映了Huckel的4n+2芳香性规则。该结构的特别之处在于四氢呋喃分子的氧原子以桥键形式与两个钾离子同时连接。而这种形式的桥键在其它化合物中似还未发现。Go(2.4-GH_(11))_3的晶体结构亦是采用与前述相同的方法测定的。其晶体为三斜晶系，PT空间群，晶胞参数a=12.541A, b=12.853A, c=8.432A, α=91.44°, β=108.61°, γ=117.97°, V=112.54A~3. 结构测定表明，Gd(2.4-GH_(11))_3分子具有C_3h对称性。三个配位体阴离了的九个带负电荷的碳原子近似以三帽三角棱柱形式与钆离子配位。分子中2.4－二甲基戊二烯阴离子的C－C键长－亦分为而组。外端C－C键较中间C－C键强，键长较短，亦表明C3具有较多的负电荷。2.4－二甲基戊二烯阴离子本身近似呈平面∪构型。C2,C4偏离由C1 C3 C5三碳原子构成的平面0.067A。方向上远离中心钆离子。可能在此以离子性为主的化合物中，钆离子与不带电荷的C2 C4间的相互作用有些排斥性质。与Nd(2.4-GH_(11))_3不同的是，在Gd(2.4-GH_(11))_3分子中，Gd-(C(1,5）键最短，而不是Gd-C(3)键。这可能是由于钆离子的半径较小，化合物的空间位阻效应较大所致。

半干旱风沙区植物功能特性与植物功能型研究

半干旱风沙区是我国北方土地沙漠化严重的生态脆弱地区，建设和保护本区植被是生态建设和环境保护的当务之急。为了深入了解半干旱风沙区的植被的组成和演替动态，为当地的植被管理提供建议，本文以科尔沁沙地乌兰敖都地区为例，比较系统地探讨了本区植被的数量特征、筛选出90种具有代表性的植物种类，研究了各物种的62种功能特性、并对代表种进行植物功能型划分，从植物功能特性和功能型的角度分析了半干旱风沙区植被的分布动态和管理。 研究结果表明：（1）90种代表植物的38种营养阶段特性和24种繁殖阶段特性之间呈现显著相关（P＜0.05）的特性对的比例要低于营养阶段和繁殖阶段内部，与营养特性显著相关（P＜0.05）的特性对占总显著相关特性对的83.9%，营养特性是植物生长过程中非常重要的特性；（2）应用62种功能特性将90种代表植物划分为6类植物功能型，植物体内氮和钾含量、营养扩散、种子萌发率、叶面积和叶体积等是本区植物重要的功能特性，6类植物功能型分别以豆科植物、菊科植物、多年生C3草本植物、单子叶草本植物、叶片较小的植物和叶片较大植物为主的类群；（3）生长在各种沙丘上的群落类型的功能多样性低于生长在草甸草原和丘间低地植物群落中的功能多样性；（4）土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、地下水位和速效钾是影响植物种类、群落、植物功能特性和功能型分布的重要因素。

CO2和O3浓度升高对农作物次生代谢和残茬分解的影响

近几年来,近地面CO2、O3浓度快速升高已经对农作物生长发育造成了很大的影响，引起国内外学者的广泛关注。本文以C3作物春小麦辽春17为试材，利用农田开顶式气室（OTCs)研究CO2和O3浓度增加及其交互作用对春小麦不同发育时期生物量、总酚量、黄酮含量及成熟期产量性状的影响，以及对土壤酶活性及土壤中酚酸类物质含量的影响，同时监测了残茬分解过程中C、N的变化，还比较了小麦（C3）和玉米（C4）次生代谢的响应差异，为研究农作物对全球变化的响应与反馈提供了科学依据。结果表明： 1. CO2浓度升高条件下，春小麦生物量和产量性状都显著高于对照； O3浓度升高条件下，显著低于对照；CO2和O3交互作用下各项指标处于二者之间。 2. CO2、O3浓度升高及其交互作用显著增加了春小麦叶片中的总酚含量；其中CO2浓度升高对C3作物的影响比对C4作物大。 在小麦生长前期，各处理总黄酮含量均低于对照；而到成熟期，各处理下黄酮含量都显著高于对照。其中小麦体内PAL酶活性和C/N与酚类化合物含量变化趋势一致。 3. CO2、O3浓度升高对小麦生长初期土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和多酚氧化酶活性影响不明显，到成熟期O3浓度增加，3种酶活性均显著地高于对照；其中土壤中多酚氧化酶活性升高，和土壤中酚类化合物的积累有关，经相关分析（r=0.625，n=23，p=0.015)，二者存在显著相关关系。 4. 在CO2、O3作用下两种残茬混合物（土和根、土和秸秆) C/N在分解初期急剧下降，随后呈现平缓的下降趋势，但各处理间无显著性差异，说明短期的CO2、O3浓度升高，虽然影响了植物的化学成分组成，但对分解速率影响较小。

长白山苔藓植物光合特性及水分关系的研究

长白山是北温带寒冻地区苔藓植物的典型代表场所，苔藓种类敏多，遍布各垂直分布带，在生态系统的能量流动和物质循环中起着重要作用。本文从苔藓的光合生理和水分关系入手，着重探讨了苔藓植物的光合生理过程与生态适应机制的关系。获得的结果表明：1、苔藓植物有很强的利用弱光能力，叶绿素含量高，叶绿素a/b在1.1-1.9之间，测得的五种苔藓光补偿为30-45μmolm~(-2)s~(-1)，光饱和点在300-360μmolm~(-1)s~(-1)。最适条件下，光合速率最大的是提灯藓约为4.69（mgCO_2/gdm·h），最小的是垂枝藓为0.94。苔藓CO_2补偿点在44-103ppm之间。2、阔叶红松林中苔藓的光合最适温度为20 ℃针叶林中苔藓的光合最适温度为15 ℃。苔藓的光合及呼吸能力随海拔升高而降低。3、大部分苔藓的光合作用最适含水量为5(gH_2O/dw)左右。垂枝藓在含水量下降至4.0(gH_2O/dw)时净光合为零，塔藓为1.5-2.0左右，其他种小于1。垂枝藓、塔藓有较多水分贮存于死的中轴内。4、塔藓失水最快，毛疏鲜较慢。五种苔藓都有很强的耐干燥能力，空气中短期干旱对光合能力不产生影响。这些结果表明：苔藓是一个C3植物，具有典型的阴性植物特征，有较强的环境适应能力和高度的抗逆性。

CO2浓度升高对红桦幼苗生理与生长的影响

大气CO2浓度的增加已经成为不可争议的事实。预计本世纪末大气CO2浓度将增加到约700µmol mol-1。森林年光合产量约占陆地生态系统年光合产量的70%。森林树木是一个巨大的生物碳库，约占全球陆地生物碳库的85%。森林树木对CO2的固定潜力是缓解由大气CO2浓度升高引起的未来全球气候变化问题的决定性因子之一。红桦（Betula albosinensis Burk.）是川西亚高山采伐迹地自然或人工恢复的重要树种。本研究以1a红桦幼苗为模式植物，采用人工模拟的方法，研究CO2浓度升高对不同种内竞争强度（种群水平）下红桦幼苗的生理特征、生长、干物质积累及其分配的影响，探讨在种内竞争生长条件下红桦幼苗的“光合适应机理”与生长特征，为西南亚高山森林生产力对未来全球变化的预测提供重要参考。 本研究的主要结果如下： 1）在种内竞争生长条件下红桦幼苗经过CO2浓度升高熏蒸4个月后，叶片出现“光合适应”现象。与对照相比，低种植密度（28株m-2）和高种植密度（84株m-2）条件下的红桦幼苗净光合速率（A）、气孔导度（gs）、蒸腾速率（E）、表观量子产量（AQY）和羧化速率（CE）显著降低，而水分利用效率（WUE）则显著提高。CO2浓度升高处理的红桦幼苗叶片Rubisco活性、单位叶面积N浓度、叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素浓度都显著降低。但CO2浓度对红桦幼苗的叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值没有显著影响。CO2浓度升高显著增加红桦幼苗单位叶面积的非结构性碳水化合物（TNC）浓度，结果是红桦幼苗的比叶面积（SLA，cm2 g-1）显著降低。 2）与对照相比，CO2浓度升高处理的红桦幼苗高、基径、单叶面积和侧枝的相对生长速率（R GR）显著提高，尤其在试验处理的早期。CO2浓度升高既增加单株红桦幼苗总叶片数量又增加单叶面积，结果是单株红桦幼苗的总叶面积比对照显著增加。 3）CO2浓度升高处理显著增加红桦幼苗干物质积累（尤其是细根生物量），改变了红桦幼苗生物量的分配格局。与对照相比，CO2浓度升高处理的红桦幼苗叶重比（LWR）、叶面积比（LAR）、叶根重比（Wl/Wr）和源汇重比（leaf weight to non-leaf weight ratio, Wsource/Wsink）显著下降（高种植密度的LWR除外），而根冠比（R/S）则显著增加。在两种种植密度条件下，CO2浓度升高显著增加红桦幼苗根生物量的分配比率，显著降低叶片的生物量分配比率，对主茎、侧枝以及地上生物量的分配比率不变或约有下降。 总之，长期生长在CO2浓度升高条件下的红桦幼苗光合能力下降，并伴随Rubisco活性、叶N浓度、光合色素浓度的显著降低以及TNC浓度的显著增加。支持树木光合速率下降与Rubisco活性、叶N浓度下降以及TNC浓度增加紧密相关的假设。CO2浓度升高处理红桦幼苗的早期相对生长速率大大高于对照，而后期迅速下降，说明红桦幼苗生物量的显著增加主要归功于CO2浓度升高的早期促进作用和叶面积的显著增加。CO2浓度升高显著增加红桦幼苗根系生物量和根冠比，表明红桦幼苗“额外”固定的C向根系转移。 The steady increae of atmospheric CO2 concentration（[CO2]）has been inevitable fact. Models predict that the atmospheric [CO2] will increase to about 700µmol mol-1 at the end of the twenty-first century. As trees constitute a majoor carbon reservoir–85% of total plant carbon is found in forest, and their ability to sequester carbon is a key determinant of future global change problems caused by increases in atmospheric CO2. In addition to the role of forests in the global carbon cycle, inceased growth could be of economic benefit, for example, offsetting deleterious effects of climatic changes. Betula albosinensis (Burk.) usually emerges as the pioneer species in initial stage and as constructive species in later stages of forest community succession of mountain forest area, and also is one of important tree species for afforestation in logged area, in southwesten China. In this experinment, Betula albosinensis seedling (one-year-old) was used as the model plant. B. albosinensis seedlings were grown under two all-day [CO2], ambient (about 350 µmol·mol-1) and elevated [CO2] (about 700 µmol·mol-1), and two planting densities of 28 plants per m2 and 84 plants per m2. The objectives were to characterize birch mature leaf photosynthesis, growth, mass accumulation and allocation responses to long-tern elevated growth [CO2] under the influences of neighbouring plants, and to assess whether elevated [CO2] regulated birch mature leaf photosynthetic capacity, in terms of leaf nitrogen concentration (leaf [N]), activity of ribulose bisphosphate carboxygenase (Rubisco), Rubisco photosynthetic efficiency, and total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) concentration, and also to provide a strong reference to predict the productivity of subalpine forests under the future global changes. The results are as follows: 1) B.albosinensis seedlings exposed to elevated [CO2] for 120 days, photosynthetic acclimation phenomena occurred. At two planting densities, leaves of birch seedlings grown under elevated [CO2] had lower net photosynthetic rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E), apparent quantum yield (AQY) and carboxylated efficiency (CE) and higher water use efficiency (WUE), compared to those of B.albosinensis seedlings grown under ambient [CO2]. Based on the leaf area, leaf [N], Rubisco activity and photosynthetic pigments concentrations of B. albosinensis seedlings grown under elevated [CO2] were significantly lower than those grown under ambient [CO2]. The ratio of chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b concentration was not affected by elevated [CO2]. Under elevated [CO2], the TNC concentration per unit leaf area significantly increased, resulting in significant decrease in specific leaf area. Thus leaf photosynthetic capacity of B. albosinensis seedlings would perform worse under rising atmospheric [CO2] and the influences of neighbouring plants. 2) Under elevated [CO2], the relative growth rate (RGR) of B. albosinensis seedlings height, basal diameter, a leaf area and branch length significantly increased, especially at the initial stage of exposure to elevated [CO2], and a leaf area and leaf numbers per B. albosinensis seedling also significantly increased. Thus the total leaf area per B. albosinensis seedling was significantly increased under elevated [CO2]. 3) As the increase of RGR and total leaf area, biomass of B. albosinensis seedling grown elevated [CO2] was higher, compared to that of B.albosinensis seedlings grown at ambient [CO2]. Elevated [CO2] changed the biomass allocation pattern of B. albosinensis seedling. At two planting densities, B. albosinensis seedlings grown elevated [CO2] had lower leaf weight to total weight ratio (LWR), leaf area to total weight ratio (LAR) and leaf weight to non-leaf weight ratio (Wsource/Wsink), but higher root weight to shoot weight ratio (R/S), compared to those of B.albosinensis seedlings grown at ambient [CO2]. Under elevated [CO2], roots biomass to total biomass ratio was signigicantly increased, leaves biomass to total biomass ratio was significantly decreased. The main stem and branch biomass to total biomass ratio were not affected by elevated [CO2]. In conclusion, our results supported the hypothesis that the decline in photosynthetic capacity of C3 plants will appear after long-term exposure to elevated [CO2], accompanying with the significant decrease in Rubisco activity, leaf N concentration, photosynthetic pigments concentration, and significant increase in total non-structural carbohydrates concentration. Our results also have shown that the increase of biomass of B. albosinensis seedlings should be attributed to initial stimulation on RGR and total leaf area resulted from elevated [CO2]. Under elevated [CO2], the extra carbon sequestered by B.albosinensis seedlings transferred into under-ground part because of increase in root biomass and R/S.

水稻同源四倍体三系法杂种优势利用研究

水稻是重要的粮食作物，其产量的增加和品质的改良都是关系国计民生的大事。就我国现阶段的国情而言，水稻产量在现有水平上稳步提升仍是未来十几年甚至几十年农业生产最重要的目标之一。尽管根据“超级杂交水稻育种”的战略设想和水稻育种实践，通过不断地改进育种技术可望在更高的产量水平上进行水稻杂种优势利用，在稻属植物内还具有很大的产量潜力可以挖掘。然而，仅仅从现有的种质基础出发，要更大幅度提高水稻单产，实现“超级杂交稻”的目标也存在一些困难：现有的推广品种是二倍体，尽管种类众多，但是其基因组的来源相对单一；同时，水稻基因组DNA含量也是作物中最少的，基因组内寻求开发潜力有一定困难；水稻作为C3植物，光合利用效率不高也是制约水稻产量提高的因素之一。因此，寻求常规手段以外的技术突破或者方法创新，是实现“超级杂交稻”的目标的迫切需求。本研究利用秋水仙素能抑制细胞分裂中纺锤丝的收缩、使细胞染色体加倍的作用，对水稻幼穗诱导的愈伤组织细胞进行加倍，并分化出再生植株；创制出水稻同源四倍体新的种质材料，在此基础上选育水稻同源四倍体雄性不育三系材料，并实现水稻同源四倍体的三系配套，开展水稻同源四倍体杂种优势利用和四倍体杂交水稻选育研究，建立水稻同源四倍体杂种优势利用的新技术体系。这不仅有助于倍性水平杂种优势的开拓和利用，同时也将为我国新世纪“超级稻”育种研究开辟一条新的技术途径。 水稻幼穗诱导愈伤组织并分化成苗是一项成熟、简单的组织培养技术。本研究以普通二倍体水稻亲本为材料，用秋水仙素进行水稻的多倍体化诱导，创制同源四倍体水稻三系亲本材料并对其进行鉴定。多倍体化以秋水仙素诱导的愈伤组织培养为基础，研究不同秋水仙素浓度梯度和愈伤组织诱导培养基组合对诱导四倍体植株的影响。结果表明在MS+2,4 D 1.0mg/L+ KT0.2mg/L+ IAA0.2mg/L 和500mg/L的秋水仙素处理下，水稻愈伤组织染色体加倍（有最高的效率）效果较好，平均加倍频率可达25.26%，其中，材料CDR22和IR26诱导较易成功，加倍频率分别达到75%和26.5%；相对材料94109 1.3%加倍频率和冈46B 10.8%加倍频率，诱导率差异极显著。 对水稻四倍体材料进行了形态学鉴定结果表明，与二倍体水稻对照相比其株高、穗长、花粉育性等主要农艺性状，确定四倍体材料在穗长和千粒重两方面极显著提高，种子的长度和宽度也显著增长。对花粉育性鉴定，确认水稻四倍体不育系材料仍为不育，保持系材料自交和杂交可育，恢复系材料自交和杂交可育。对四倍体材料进行细胞形态、染色体数目等方面进行细胞学鉴定，经核型分析表明水稻四倍体材料具有48条染色体，是二倍体水稻的两倍。水稻四倍体材料根尖分生组织细胞与二倍体的根尖分生组织细胞相比，细胞体积、细胞核和核仁显著增大。四倍体三系材料在细胞有丝分裂中期均可规则排列在赤道板，并能均等地移向两极；后期观察中没有发现染色体分离滞后现象，分裂末期细胞能够形成大小相对均一的子细胞。水稻同源四倍体三系材料细胞分裂未见异常，植株生长发育正常。 从1996年至2006年，针对结实率、有效分蘖、着粒数和穗长等主要农艺性状，通过系谱选育的方法，对培育的同源四倍体水稻亲本材料进行了连续选择和改良，取得较好成效。表现为结实率的改良效果极佳，所有改良材料的平均结实率均呈上升趋势，如D237（29.70％→72.70％）、DTB（19.55％→53.21％）等。有效分蘖总体呈现上升趋势，但在不同的年份，如1998和2002存在较大的负向波动。部分材料改良效果明显，如D19B（5.87→13.50）、D什香 (7.00→12.00)等；同时一些材料如DTB和D明恢63虽然总体略有提高，但在不同的年份波动很大，因此存在较大改良阻力，原因还有待进一步研究。着粒数的改良上升趋势比较显著，除保持系的DTB之外，其余材料的平均着粒数有显著提高。穗长的改良阻力较大，虽然不同材料总体上有所提高，但效果并不显著，并且不同年份有较大负向波动（2001）。此外还对株高、剑叶长等性状也进行了选择，但效果不显著，原因有待进一步提高。同源四倍体材料产量相关性状遗传改良幅度不一致，保持系和恢复系间的遗传改良效果也存在差异。这为同源四倍体水稻的进一步利用打下了良好的基础。 籼稻和粳稻亚种间杂交及杂种优势利用的主要障碍就是其低的结实率。而同源四倍体杂交水稻的研究为提高杂交水稻的杂种优势利用创造了新的途径。本研究通过随机区组设计方案，挑选性状优良的二倍体水稻材料，包括雄性不育系，保持系和恢复系进行秋水仙素诱导加倍，从而获得同源四倍体水稻对应的三系材料。利用选育的优良水稻同源四倍体三系材料，配制7个杂交组合，杂交F1代与其恢复系亲本进行比较，用于计算超亲优势（HB）；而杂交F1代与生产上大面积推广的二倍体杂交品种汕优63进行比较，用于计算杂种优势。结果显示，同源四倍体杂交水稻的超亲优势表现为：每株有效穗变化幅度为1.4%至105.9%，总粒数为0.5%至74.3%，每穗实粒数为17.6%至255.7%，结实率为9.6%至130.4%。这些农艺性状的改良使得这7个杂种F1的理论产量的超亲优势高达64.8%至672.7%。小区试验中四倍体杂交水稻组合T461A/T4002和T461A/T4193分别比二倍体对照汕优63提高46.3%和38.3%以上，除一个品种以外所有品种产量均接近或高于汕优63的产量。同源四倍体水稻强大的杂种优势表明，亚种间杂交育性低的问题可通过四倍体化及强化选择来解决。此外，同源四倍体杂交水稻器官的巨大性也是其产量提高的有利因素，水稻同源四倍体三系杂种优势利用研究具有一定的理论价值和商业生产潜力。 Rice is one of the major food crops, the improvement of the production and quality of it is an important thing related to the people's livelihood. On China's current national conditions, steadily increase of the rice yield based on the current level is still one of the most important goals in the next decade or even decades of agricultural production. According to the "super hybrid rice breeding" the strategic and rice breeding practice, improvement of the use of hybrid rice heterosis through continuous improvements in breeding technology is expected to get a higher level of rice yield, there are also a great yield potential can be exploited. However, there are also some difficulties to increase rice yield obviously and implement the goal of "super hybrid rice" based on the existing germplasm: Rice varieties in promotion are diploid, although there are many varieties, but their genome are from a comparatively single source; Meanwhile, the rice genome DNA are the least among the crops, it is difficult to exploit the development potential within the genome; Rice as C3 plants, photosynthetic efficiency is not high, it is one of the factors constraint rice yield. Therefore, seeking technological breakthroughs or innovative methods different from conventional means is the urgent needs to reach the target of "super hybrid rice". Using colchicine inhibit spindle contraction during cell division, double the cell chromosome, we induced callus cells from rice panicle to be doubled, and differentiated regeneration; we created a new autotetraploid rice germplasm material, and on that basis we bred male sterility three line autotetraploid rice materials, and the achieved the three line rice autotetraploid matchmaking, researched in autotetraploid rice heterosis usage and tetraploid hybrid rice breeding, constituted a new technology system of autotetraploid hybrid rice heterosis utilization. This not only helps the tetraploid rice heterosis exploration and use, but also inaugurates a new technical means for China in the new century "super rice" breeding research. We chose ordinary diploid rice as materials, using colchicine to induce the polyploidization, created the autotetraploid rice three-line materials and identified them. The polyploidization was based on the colchicine-induced callus tissue culture, and we experimented different colchicine concentrations and culture mediums to induce tetraploid plants, confirmed that the optimal concentration for inducement was 500 mg/L, the average induce rate was 25.26 %. Among all the materials, CDR22 and IR26 had higher induced rate; in contrary, 94109 and GANG46B had lower induced rate, the difference was significant. Autotetraploid materials was identified of both morphological and cytological, compared plant height, length of pollen sterility, and other major agronomic traits with a diploid rice as the control plant, identified that the autotetraploid materials had very significant advantages in ear length and thousand-grain weight, as well as the size of the seeds. Cytology identification included observation of the cell morphology, the number of chromosomes, and karyotype analysis on the autotetraploid materials confirmed that their chromosome number was 48, twice of the diploid rice. Mitoses in the three lines were common: chromosomes arrayed normally in metaphase and separated balanced into the two poles, chromosome moved without lagging in anaphase and daughter cells normally formed in telophase except one. It has been proved that tetraploid rice has normal meiosis as their diploid relatives, which usually including series of sub-phases as interphase, prophase I (five sub-phases), prophase II, metaphase I, II, anaphase I, II and telophase I, II. However, abnormal phenomena, such as formation of tetravalent, trivalent and univalent, chromosome lagging and so on, which would finally block meiosis. Configurations of chromosome in metaphaseⅠwere versatile in structure and form accept the bivalent. That condition varied in different strain, suggesting more complex paring configurations and more versatile genetic characters in tetraploid rice. All these abnormalities in meiosis contributed to low fertility of gamete and might consequently resulted in low seed setting. Successive selection and improvement on seed set, productive tiller per plant, total grains per panicle, panicle length and so on had been carried out from 1996 to 2006. The raise of seed sets was significant in both restorers and maintainers. Seed sets of some strains were improved more significantly than others, for example D237（29.70％→72.70％）、DTB（19.55％→53.21％）and et al.. Productive tiller per plant was improved to some extant. The tendency of improvement was rising on the whole but changed in some years such as 1998 and 2002. Part of the stains increased greatly, such as D19B（5.87→13.50）、Dshixiang (7.00→12.00) and so on, but some strains including DTB and Dminghui63 only increased little and decreased in some years by unknown reason. Total grains per panicle increased significantly and all strains except DTB increased. Improvement of panicle length termed to be hard. Different strains showed different capacities for improvement and floating existed in different years for example 2001. It has been proved that other agronomical traits including plant length, flag leaf length and so on could be improved but not significantly by selection also. In a word, agronomical traits could be raised by successive selection that is prerequisite for further utility of autotetraploid rice. Poor fertility is the main barrier for utilizing heterosis between the two rice (Oryza stiva L.) sub-species, indica and japonica. Recently, the development of autotetraploid hybrids (2n=4x=48) has been suggested as a new method for increasing heterosis in hybrid rice. Using standard experimental protocols, the elite diploid rice male sterile, maintainer, and restorer lines were colchine-doubled and autotetraploid counterparts were obtained. Seven resulting hybrids were analyzed for heterobeltiosis (HB), where the F1 was compared to the male parent, and the degree of heterosis, where the F1 was compared to the diploid commercial hybrid, Shanyou 63. The HB among the autotetraploid hybrids ranged from 1.4 to 105.9% for the productive panicles per plant, 0.5 to 74.3% for total kernels per panicle, 17.6 to 255.7% for filled kernels per panicle, and 9.6 to 130.4% for seed set. Improvements in these yield components resulted in the HB for kernel yield ranging from 64.8 to 672.7% among the seven hybrids. Hybrids T461A/T4002 and T461A/T4193 yielded 46.3 and 38.3% more, respectively than Shanyou 63, and all other hybrids but one yielded the same or more than Shanyou 63. The high heterosis for yield suggests that hybrid sterility between two rice sub-species may be overcome by using tetraploid lines followed by intensive selection. Also, the gigantic features of the autotetraploid hybrids may establish a plant structure able to support the higher yield.

一株高温硫酸盐还原菌的分离、鉴定及其对金属腐蚀研究

从四川化工总厂热交换器中分离到一株嗜热硫酸盐还原菌，该菌对金属有腐蚀作用。菌体形状呈微弯或直杆状，大小为0.5-0.8μm宽，2.8-4.3μm长，革兰氏阴性，周生鞭毛，运动，形成次端生的椭圆形芽孢，细胞内部构造丰富，菌落在不含Fe++盐的培养基上生长时，呈灰白色，直径为0.5mm，边缘不整齐，在含Fe++盐的培养基上生长时则为黑色，直径为2-3mm，菌落中央有0.5mm左右的小突起，该菌最适生长温度为50℃，最适PH6.5，不耐盐，可于沸水(99℃)中处理6小时而不失活，能利用H2＋CO2，乙醇，卜葡糖 ，可溶性淀粉，甲酸盐，乳酸盐，丙酮酸盐为唯一碳源，生长需要酵母膏，无脱硫弧菌素和细胞色素C3。

利用含纤维素原料发酵产氢的研究

本文从新鲜大熊猫粪便和实验室保存的沼气发酵富集物中筛选得到 4 株厌氧纤维素分解菌B5、C3、D3-2、D4-1，利用这4 株菌预处理秸秆，然后将预处理后的秸秆用本实验室保存的厌氧产氢菌来发酵进行生物产氢。同时还比较研究了：○1 用1% H2SO4、25% NH3 · H2O和12% NaOH对秸秆进行化学预处理；○2 用厌氧纤维素分解菌对秸秆进行生物预处理；○3 化学与生物组合预处理对秸秆发酵生物产氢的影响。实验结果表明：12% NaOH和生物组合预处理后的秸秆发酵产氢效果最好，其产氢量为21.04 mL g-1，是未经预处理秸秆的75 倍；最高氢气浓度为57.3%，是未经预处理秸秆的96 倍；其产氢的最适pH 为4.5 ~ 6.0，最佳底物浓度为45 ~ 55 g L-1；其发酵过程中的挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）以乙酸和丁酸为主。 本实验筛选到的 4 株厌氧纤维素分解菌株中，B5 和D4-1 在降解纤维素的同时还具有直接以纤维素为底物产氢的功能，因此本文分别对菌株B5 和D4-1 以及二者的组合菌株B5+D4-1 直接利用秸秆为基质发酵生物产氢做了初步探索研究。结果发现：组合菌株发酵产氢的效果以及对秸秆纤维素和半纤维素的降解率要比单菌株好。菌株B5+D4-1 发酵，秸秆的产氢量为11.4 mL g-1，分别是B5 和D4-1 单菌株的1.6 倍和3.1 倍；组合菌株B5+D4-1 发酵的最大氢气浓度为31.6%，分别是B5 和D4-1 单菌株的1.3 倍和2.4 倍。在发酵过程中，组合菌株B5+D4-1 对秸秆纤维素和半纤维素的最高降解率分别为35.0%和11.8%，分别是菌株B5 的1.2 倍和1.1 倍，是菌株D4-1的1.5 倍和1.3 倍。菌株B5，D4-1 以及组合菌株B5+D4-1 发酵过程产生的挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）均以乙酸为主。菌株B5 单独发酵过程中只检测到乙酸和丁酸，菌株D4-1 单独发酵以及组合菌株B5+D4-1 发酵过程检测到有乙醇、乙酸和丁酸。 The fermentative bio-hydrogen production by anaerobic hydrogen bacteria preserved in our laboratory from the straw which had been pretreated by four anaerobic cellulolytic decomposition strains of B5, C3, D3-2, D4-1 which were isolated and screened from giant panda’s excrement and biogas fermentation enrichments conserved in our laboratory was studied. Besides, the impact of chemical(1% H2SO4、25% NH3·H2O and 12% NaOH), biological (cellulolytic strains of B5, C3, D3-2, D4-1) and chemical-biological combination pretreatment on bio-hydrogen production from straw by fermentation was also comparatively studied. The experiments showed that the best results of bio-hydrogen production were obtained from the straw with 12% NaOH-biological combination pretreatment method, its capability of bio-hydrogen production was 21.04 mL g-1, which was 75 times higher than the straw without pretreatment; the maximum concentration of H2 was 57.3%, which was 96 times higher than the straw without pretreatment; its optimum pH range was 4.5 ~ 6.0, and its optimum range of substrate concentration was 45 ~ 55 g L-1; In the process of fermentation, the main composition of VFAs were acetate and butyrate. Among the four strains of B5, C3, D3-2, D4-1, B5 and D4-1 have the function of hydrogen-producing by cellulose used as substrate when it decompose cellulose, so the preliminary exploration and research on fermentative bio-hydrogen production by B5, D4-1 and B5+D4-1 which directly used straw as substrate was carried out. The results showed that the combination strains of B5+D4-1 was strikingly better than either B5 or D4-1 strain in the fermentative hydrogen production. The hydrogen-production capability of B5+D4-1 was 11.4 mL g-1 which was respectively 1.6 times and 3.1times higher than B5 and D4-1; the maximum hydrogen concentration of B5+D4-1 was 31.6% which was respectively 1.3 times and 2.4 times higher than B5 and D4-1. In the process of fermentation, the maximum degradation rate of cellulose and hemicellulose in straw was respectively 35.0% and 11.8% by B5+D4-1, which was 1.2 times and 1.1 times higher than B5, and was 1.5 times and 1.3 times higher than D4-1 respectively. The Volatile Fattty Acids(VFAs) generated in the process of fermentation with strains of B5, D4-1 and B5+D4-1 were all mainly acetate. Acetate and butyrate were detected in the process of fermentation with B5, ethonal, acetate and butyrate were detected in the process of fermentation with D4-1 and B5+D4-1.