Metagentiana, a new genus of Gentianaceae

The evidence from cross morphology, floral anatomy, chromosomes, palynology, and embryology all indicates that sect. Stenogyne is discordant within the genus Gentiana and is as distinct from the other sections of Gentiana as are other genera, such as Tripterospermum and Crawfurdia. In light of these characters, sect. Stenogyne is removed from Gentiana and given generic rank as the new genus Metagentiana. It is more related to Tripterospermum and Crawfurdia than to Gentiana, though it is more primitive than the first two genera. Together with Tripterospermum and Crawfurdia the new genus forms a monophyletic group, which is the sister group to the genus Gentiana. Fourteen new combinations required at specific rank are proposed.

Pollen morphology and its in systematic and ecological significance in Rheum (Polygonaceae) from China

Pollen morphology of 40 species of Rheum, belonging to eight sections, was investigated under LM and SEM. Four new exine patterns were found in the species: a) microcchinate-foveolate, b) rugulate, c) verrucate-perforate, and d) verrucaterugulate ornamentation. In addition, two patterns, the Rheum-type pollens with microechinate-perforate and fine-reticulate, as previously described, were also confirmed in the present study. Based on above study the evolution trends of pollen morphology in the taxa involved were discussed phylogenetically as below. As microechinate-perforate exine pattern existed commonly, the pattern is, therefore, regarded as the most primitive among all the six types. The fine-reticulate type was thought as a derivative type, deriving from the basic micro echinate-foveolate-perforate pattern, and followed by the rugulate and verrucate-perforate ornamentation. The verrucate-rugulate ornamentation should be the most advanced. More than one pollen type often exist in most of the sections in Rheum. The pollen morphology of Rheum was strongly correlated with its geographical and ecological distribution. Three medicinally important species R. officinale, R. palmation and R. tanguticum can be palynologically distinguished by their ornamentations.

一种新的多智能体强化学习算法及其在多机器人协作任务中的应用

在多机器人系统中 ,评价一个机器人行为的好坏常常依赖于其它机器人的行为 ,此时必须采用组合动作以实现多机器人的协作 ,但采用组合动作的强化学习算法由于学习空间异常庞大而收敛得极慢 .本文提出的新方法通过预测各机器人执行动作的概率来降低学习空间的维数 ,并应用于多机器人协作任务之中 .实验结果表明 ,基于预测的加速强化学习算法可以比原始算法更快地获得多机器人的协作策略 .

机器人力装配操作的顺应综合与实验验证

本文提出并实现了一种机器人装配顺应综合方法。装配操作过程可以表示为一列离散的几何接触状态的改变和转移。通过对不确定性下所有机器人形位进行仿真，得到每一接触形式对应的静态接触力特征。由对基本接触元的分析，求解实现接触状态转换的机器人运动方向，构成顺应的力－错误修复运动方向映射，为规划泊装配运动实现顺应。并在ＰＵＭＡ５６２机器人完成了一类简单装配实验对本文方法进行了验证。

手写体数字识别装置

本文叙述一种采用飞点扫描管沿字周边扫描的技术,和如何把得到的模拟文字信息按文字的高和宽以及光点运动的方向分成4×5格子和八个方向。这样就能够从大量的信息中提取出十七种用于特征描述的基本信息量。当然选择这一“模拟——数字”信息压缩的依据和数量是由特征抽取确定的。本文还讨论了筹划特征法分类的实践,着眼点是找出能代表被分类诸对象的特征(圆弧、线段等),在此基础上用得到的60个特征来描述被分类的诸对象。理想的情况下用这些特征去描述某个数字应当是唯一的,由于手写体变化较大,扫描结果部分失真,因此在分类逻辑中,还要依据大量实践的结果加上一些所谓技巧性的逻辑,才能组成一个合理的分类逻辑。本文叙述的方法和实践已用于沈阳市信函自动分拣样机上。

塔克拉玛干沙漠地球化学研究

The Taklamakan Desert, lying in the center Tarim Basin of sourthern Xinjiang, is the largest sand sea in China and well known in the world as its inclemency. For understanding the formation and evolution of the Taklamakan Desert, it is very important to identify the provenance of aeolian sediments in the extensive dune fields, but the opinions from earlier studies are quite different. In this study, we examined the major- and trace-element compositions, mineral compositions and grain-size distributions of some Quaternary aeolian and nonaeolian sediments collected from the Taklamakan Desert, together with the variation of chemical and mineralogical compositions of different grain-size fraction. At the same time, we also studied the chemistries of some natural water samples (river water and groundwater) with the items of TDS, pH, Alkalinity, conductivity and major cation and anion compositions. Our results of analysis show some significant opinions as follow: Most of the frequency-distribution curves of grain size of dune sand samples are simgle peak, but that of the river and lacustrine sediment are most double peak or multi-peak. The grain-size distribution of dunefield sand changed gradually from north to south with the major wind direction in large scale, but there are many differences in regional scale. The major, REE, trace element compositions and mineral compositions are very different among the coarse, fine fraction and bulk samples due to the influence of grain-size. Most of the fine fractions are geochemically homogenous, but the coarse fractions and bulk samples are heterogenous. All the surface and ground waters are limnetic or sub-salty, their chemical compositions are mainly controlled by rock-weathering and crystallization- evaporation processes, and mainly come from the evaporate, while the contributions of the carbonate and silicate are little, excluding the influence on oasis water by carbonate. The mineral compositions of selected samples are stable, mainly composed of the strongly resistant mineral types. The mineral maturity of them are more immature at whole compared with other sandy sediments in the world, and they have experienced less degree of chemical weathering and recycling, being lying in the early stage of continental weathering. Among these sediments, the river sediments are relatively primitive. The sources of these sediments are maybe mainly terrigenous, silicic and subaluminous/ metalunious rocks, such as the granodiorite and its metamorphic rock. The geochemical compositions of dunefield sand are similar with those of the river sediments and dune sands near the river way; There are not only the resemblances but also the differences on geochemistry and granularity between north and south dunesands; The sediments from same section have different age but same trace-element compositions; The sediments from the south edge of Tarim Basin are all somewhat geochemically similar with the palaeo-river-sediment on the south edge of studying area. The REE data support the idea that the south dunesands are a little older than the north dunesands, and the tectonic settings of source area are mainly active continental margin based on the major-element compositions, so they indicate that the sediment of Taklamakan Desert maybe come mainly from the rock-weathering production of north part of the Kunlun Mountains. Compared with the sands of other dune field in north of China, the sands of the Taklamakan Desert are distinct by REE composition, but similar with the Luochuan loess, center China, and the two sandy dusts of Beijing, eastern China.

北极Gakkel超慢速扩张脊大洋橄榄岩的地球化学特征及其意义

Gakkel Ridge in Arctic Ocean is the ulstraslow spreading ridge in the world with a full spreading rate decreasing from 14 mm/yr in the western end to 7mm/yr in the eastern end. To study the histories of partial melting and melt referilization occurred in the oceanic mantle beneath Gakkel Ridge, both extremely fresh and altered abyssal peridotites from two dredge hauls (PS66-238 and HLY0102-D70) have been selected in this research. Major and trace element data of the residual minerals suggest that all samples have been refertilized by late enriched melts after low to moderate degrees (3-12%) of partial melting in the stability field of spinel, whereas some samples also inherited signatures of partial melting in stability field of garnet. Os isotopic compositions of Gakkel samples have not been significantly affected by late processes, e.g., seawater alteration and melt refertilzaiton. Samples from both dredge hauls have similar range of 187Os/188Os, from strongly unradiogenic (~0.114) in the harzburgites to approximating the inferred values of PUM (primitive upper mantle) in some lherzolites (~0.129). Inherited ancient depletion events in the harzburgites with Re-depletion age up to 2 billion years are unrelevant to the recent genesis of MORB (mid-ocean ridge basalts) beneath Gakkel Ridge. Comparisons of highly siderophile elements (HSEs) between the fresh and altered samples suggested both Pd and Re were affected and thus are mobile during seawater alteration, whereas the other HSEs (i.e., Os, Ir, Ru an Pt) are stable. The fractionated HSEs patterns in the harzburgites suggest both PPGEs (Pt and Pd) and Re can be fractionated from IPGEs (Os, Ir and Ru) at low degree of partial melting, which might be due to physical dredging of sulfide melts by silicate melts rather than equilibrium partitioning between residues and silicate melts. Inferred HSEs budget of the PUM confirm the previous study that both Ru/Ir and Pd/Ir are suprachondritic in the PUM. Some modifications of late-veneer hypothesis are required in light of the unique PUM composition. HSEs and Os isotopic compositions of Gakkel abyssal peridotites indicate the oceanic mantle is highly heterogeneous within a scale of one dredge haul (<5 km). Both depleted and fertile mantle domains are likely to be mechanically juxtaposed in the asthenosphere in a state of ‘plum pudding’. Widely distribution of ancient depleted components in the asthenosphere suggests that DMM (depleted MORB mantle) should not be synonymous with the MORB source. The later is just the fertile part of the former, i.e., the depleted components in the DMM do not or contribute little to the genesis of MORB.

塔里木盆地塔中—巴楚地区早二叠世岩浆岩地球化学特征及其成因

Tazhong-Bachu region is located in the Western Tarim basin.The early Permian magmatic rocks occur in the earth surface of Tazhong-Bachu region are mainly distributed in Kepintag,Mazhartag and Wajilitag region. There are a lot of wells, in which researchers found the early Permian magmatic rocks,in desert cover area.Most magmatic rocks are basic rocks, a few of which are ultrabasic rocks and intermediate-acid magmatic rocks.The ultrabasic rocks are are mainly occur in the Cryptoexplosive Breccia Pipes ,which is located in the volcanic complex body of Wajilitag region.The basic rocks can be divided into three rock types：The first type of the magmatic rocks in Tazhong-Bachu region is volcanic rock ,which occurs in the Lower Permian Kupukuziman Formation and Kaipaizileike Formation. Most Volcanic rocks are basalts,a few of which are volcanic breccias and pyroclastic rocks.The basalts are distributed in stratiform occurrences and interbeded the clastic rocks in Kepintag region.The attitudes of the basalts are nearly horizontal.Columnar Joints, gas pore textures and amygdaloidal structure are to develop in basalts.The second type of the magmatic rocks in Tazhong-Bachu region is diabase,which occurs in Mazhartag region.Diabase dike swarms occur in the stratums of Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous and Lower Permian.They make from NNW direction to SSE direction, the obliquity of stratum is greater than 60°, and the dike thickness is form several cm to several meters. Diabasic texture is found in the rocks .The first type of the magmatic rocks in Tazhong-Bachu region are gabbro- pyroxenite rocks ,which occur in the Wajilitag igneous complex body. The intermediate-acid magmatic rocks, which are mainly syenites, are located in Mazhartag and Wajiltag region. But they are small in the whole Tazhong-Bachu region.There are intermediate-acid magmatic rocks,which are mainly dacite,in the northeast part of the wells in Tazhong-Bachu region.But ,it is not found in earth surface.Through systematical geochemical research of early Permian magmatic rocks,which are distributed in Kepintag,Mazhartag, Wajilitag region and the wells such as F1 well、Z1 well、Z13 well、TZ18 well、H3 well、H4 well et al., the focus on the geochronologic characteristics, the main element,trace element and REE geochemistry, the mineralogic characteristics, the Sr-Nd and Pb isotopic characteristics are put forward. The main points are: 1、A combined study of CL imaging and LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating were carried out for zircon grains of the magmatic rocks in the Tazhong-Bachu region from the Tarim basin.The results of the systematic zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating reveal 272±6Ma to 291±10Ma for the magamatic rocks. It indicated that Early Permian is an important period of magmatic acvivity in the Tazhong-Bachu region. 2、There are a big hunch in the curves of primitive mantle-normalized trace element concentrations in the early Permian magmatic rocks from Kepintag, Mazhartag, Wajilitag region and the 14 wells. Light rare earth elements are comparatively rich and heavy rare earth elements are comparatively poor. The slope rates are same between light rare erath elements and heavy rare earth elements. It is not like the curves of the basalts in the convergent margin of plate , in which the slope rates of light rare erath elements is bigger than the alope rates of heavy rare erath elements, and the curves of heavy rare earth elements are comparatively flat. The magmatic rocks of Tazhong-Bachu region rarely have the characteristics of the basalts in the convergent margin of plate, which is that Tantalum, Niobium and Titanium are much poor, and Zirconium, Hafnium and Phosphorus are moderately poor. The magamatic rocks are mostly alkaline, which is indicated by the dots of the (Na2O+K2O)-SiO2 identification diagram. All of these indicate that the early Permian magmatic rocks were formed in an extension environment of intraplate. 3、The Thorium abundance is high and Tantalum abundance is low in most magmatic rocks from Tazhong-Bachu reguion, which is formed for crustal contamination.In the Th/Yb-Ta/Yb identification diagram，most dots are in the region, which means active continental margin, but a few dots are in the region, which means mantle source. It indicated the feeding of continental crust materials. 4、The magnesium content of the olvines from Wagilitag region is richest, and the olvines from Kepintag region is poorest in the tree region. 5、Through the the Sr-Nd and Pb isotopic study of the basalts and diabases from the F1 well core, Z1 well core, Z13 well core,TZ18 well core, and the basalts，gabbros, diabases(diabase-prophyrites) and pl-peridotites from Kepintag,Mazhartag, Wajilitag region , it indicated that all isotopic data is similar and close to enriched mantle.

东天山镁铁-超镁铁岩铜镍硫化物矿床通道式成矿机制与岩体含矿性评价研究

A mafic-ultramafic complex belt well developed in Eastern Tianshan, Xinjiang, NW China, which contains a series of Cu-Ni sulfide deposits. This area is the important production basis for Cu-Ni deposits, including Tulargen deposit, Hulu deposit, Huangshan-Huangshandong deposit, Hulu deposit, Xiangshan deposit, Tianyu deposit, Chuanzhu deposit. In China, especially Eastern Tianshan, it is prevalent that large Cu-Ni deposits occurred in small intrusions, typically including Jinchuan, Kalatongke, et al., so the ore-forming mechanism and evaluation rule for those small intrusions are very meaningful and of universal significance. On the basis of the research to typical Cu-Ni deposits, ore-forming conditions and processes are summarized through which to evaluate the ore-bearing potential for barren intrusions and unexplored mafic-ultramafic intrusions. By the contrast, metallogenic rule and mechanism of ore genesis are concluded, and evaluation system is preliminarily set up on the basis of these conclusions. Quantitatively simulation for the composition of olivine is introduced for the first time in China to discuss the interaction between magma and sulfide, and a new method to calculate the Mg-Fe composition of primitive magma is developed. Interaction between magma and sulfide liquid is used to get the Ni content in sulfide liquid. Sulfur isotopic characteristics in sulfide minerals in country rocks and ores are used to judge crustal sulfur introduction, which is applied for the first time in China. Re-Os isotopic characteristics are related to the ore-forming process, to interpret the process of enrichment of chalcophile elements. On the basis of the evaluation system, Mati, Chuanzhu, Luodong, Xiadong, those intrusions are evaluated to their ore-bearing potential. According to the studies to typical Cu-Ni deposits, conduit-type ore-forming model is set up, and the characteristics of the model are concluded systematically. The evaluation system and conduit-type ore-forming model can be helpful to the evaluation of mafic-ultramafic intrusions in this and similar mafic-ultramafic intrusion belts. The studied typical deposits and mafic-ultramafic intrusion include Tulargen deposit, Hulu deposit, Huangshandong deposit, Chuanzhu deposit, Mati intrusion，Luodong intrusion, Xiadong intrusion, and others. Through studies, there are similar characteristics for Tulargen and Hulu deposits in magma origin, composition of primitive magma（MgO=12.5%, FeO=12% and MgO=11%, FeO=10.5% respectively）, magma evolution, mechanism of sulfide segregation and conduit-type ore-forming process. By Re-Os isotopic system, the ore forming date of Tulargen deposit is 265.6±9.2Ma, which is consistent to regional metallogenic event, but little younger. The Mg-Fe composition of primitive magma of Baishiquan, Huangshandong area, Kalatongke is lower than that of Tulargen and Hulu deposit, showing common basalt composition. The Mg# value（Mg#=(Mg/Mg+Fe）increases gradually from Kalatongke to Baishiquan to Huangshan-Huangshandong East. Baishiquan intrusions show relatively higher crustal contamination by evidence of trace element, which indicates the lower magma original source, from depleted mantle to crust. One break is the discovery of komatiitic intrusion, Xiadong intrusion, which shows characteristics of highly magnesium (Max Fo=96). The primitive magma is calculated of MgO=28%，FeO=9%, belonging to komatiitic magma. Tectonic evolution of Eastern Tianshan is discussed. By the statistics of ore-forming data of porphyry copper deposits, magmatic sulfide Cu-Ni deposits, orogenic hydrothermal gold deposits, we believe that those deposits are the successive products of oceanic subduction, are and back-arc basin collision and post-orogenic extention. And Cu-Ni sulfide deposits and orogenic gold deposits occurred in the stage of post-orogenic extention. According to the conclusions, the conduit-type ore-forming mechanism of magmatic sulfide deposit is set up, and its characteristics and conditions are concluded as well. The conduit-type ore-forming system includes magma generation, sulfide segregation, enrichment of chalcophile elements, interaction of sulfide and magma, sulfide collection in limited space in magma conduit and bottom of the chamber, which make a whole ore-forming system.The ore-forming process of Cu-Ni sulfide deposits is concluded as three steps: 1. mantle derived magma rises upward to the middle-upper crust; 2. magma suffers crustal contamination of different degrees and assimilates crustal sulfur, which leads to sulfur saturation and sulfide segregation. Sulfide liquid interacts with magma and concentrates chalcophile elements; 3. enriched sulfide located in the conduit(Tulargen) or bottom of the chamber (Hulu). Depleted magma rises upward continuously to form barren complexes. For the practical cases, Tulargen deposit represents the feeding conduit, and Hulu deposit represents the bottom of the staging magma chamber. So the deeper of west of Tulargen and southwest of Hulu are the favorite locate for ore location. The evaluation for ore potential can be summarized as follows: (1) Olivine can be served as indicator for magma evolution and events of sulfide segregation; (2) Sulfur isotopic characteristics is an efficient method to judge sulfur origin for magmatic sulfide deposit; (3) Re-Os content of the ores can indicate interaction between sulfide and silicate magma and crustal contamination; (4) PGE mineralization is effected by degree of partial melting of mantle; (5) Cu/Zr is efficient parameter to judge sulfide segregation; (6) The effects of multiple magma fractionation and emplacement are important, for inverse order shows the destruction to previous solid lithofacies and orebodies. Mati, Chuanzhu, Xiadong, Luodong, mafic-ultramafic intrusions are evaluated using evaluation system above. Remarkable Ni depletion is found in olivine of Mati, and southwest of the intrusion can be hopeful location for ore location. Chuanzhu intrusion has remarkable evidence of sulfide segregation, but the intrusion represents the narrow feeder conduit, so the wide part of the conduit maybe the favorite location for sulfide to deposit. The ore potential of Luodong and Xiadong is not good. Both the intrusions show no Ni depletion in olivine, and there is no sulfide in country rocks, so no crustal sulfur is added into the magmatic system. For Sidingheishan, a very large intrusion, the phenomenon of sulfide segregation is found, but there are no favorite places for sulfide to deposit. So the Cu-Ni ore potential maybe not good, but PGE mineralization should be evaluated further.

新增生岩石圈与软流圈的相互作用：来自地幔橄榄岩捕虏体的证据

The petrology and geochemistry of peridotites entrained in Beiyan Cenozoic alkaline basalts within the middle segment of Tan-Lu fault zone and clinopyroxene megacrysts in the late Mesozoic and Cenozoic alkaline basaltic rocks from the North China Craton, have been systematically investigated. The main conclusions are obtained as follows. The peridotites entrained in alkaline basalts at Beiyan, Shandong Province, China are comprised of dominantly spinel lherzolites and spinel wehrlites with porphyroclastic, granuloblastic textures to resorption textures. The xenoliths are fertile in major element compositions (High CaO, TiO2, Low MgO, Cr2O3). The olivine Fo (= 100×Mg / (Mg+Fe) possesses a low and very large range of 81.0 to 91.0. The peridotites contain high percentages (Lherzolites: 10 - 19% in volume; Wehrlites: 24 - 28% in volume) of clinopyroxene with spongy textures. The Sr and Nd isotopic ratios of clinopyroxene separates from peridotites and pyroxenite xenoliths have a depleted and small range fall within the area of MORB, similar to newly-accreted lithospheric mantle. However, the appearance of many wehrlites and highly enriched LREE pattern suggest that this newly-accreted lithospheric mantle was considerably modified and reconstructed recently through the peridotite-asthenospheric melt interaction. The upwelling of asthenosphere from late Cretaceous to Eogene and upper mantle shearing of the Tan-Lu fault played an important role in the modification and reconstruction of the newly-accreted lithospheric mantle. The clinopyroxene megacrysts in the late Mesozoic and Cenozoic alkaline basaltic rocks from the eatern North China Craton are different in aspects of major elements, trace elements and isotopic composition. The characteristics of texture, mineral compositions and geochemistry as well as the Fe-Mg partitioning between the crystal and the melt indicates that the Al-augites in the Cenozoic basalts represent high-pressure crystallization products of alkaline basaltic melts. Thus, both of clinopyroxene megacrysts and host basalts could be derived from a same primitive magma. However, the Al-augites in the late Mesozoic basaltic rocks represent accidentally-included xenocrysts of basaltic components which had crystallized in the depth from a previously melting episode. The more depleted Sr-Nd isotopic compositions of Cenozoic megacrysts compared with those of host alkaline basalts and tholeiites demonstrate that even the alkali basalts could not completely represent primitive magma initiating in asthenosphere. That is to say, the Cenozoic alkaline basalts were more or less modified by some enriched Sr-Nd isotopic components during their eruption. Meanwhile, the tholeiites were not the products formed only by fractional crystallization of alkaline basaltic magma or different degrees of partial melting. It may result from the contribution of lithospheric mantle materials or crust contamination in magma chamber to alkali basaltic magmas.

胶东地区金矿床成矿时代及其成矿地球动力学背景-兼论壳幔相互作用与成岩成矿

Jiaodong Peninsula is the largest repository of gold in China. Varieties of studies have been involved in the mechanism of metallogenesis. This thesis is a part of the project "Study of basic geology related to the prespecting of the supra-large deposits" which supported by National Climbing Program of China to Prof. Zhou. One of the key scientific problems is to study the age and metallogenic dynamics of ore deposit and to understand how interaction between mantle and crust constrains on metallogenesis and lithogenesis. As Jiaodong Peninsula to be study area, the Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd and Pb isotopic systematics of pyrite and altered rocks are measured to define the age and origin of gold. The elemental and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions of dikes and granites was studied to implicate the source and lithogenesis of the dike and granite and removal of lithosphere and the interaction between mantle and crust in the Jiaodong Peninsula. Considering the tectonic of Jiaodong Peninsula, basic on the time and space, this thesis gives a metallogenic dynamics of gold mineralization and discusses the constraints of the interaction between mantle and crust on the metallogenesis and lithogenesis. This thesis reports the first direct Rb-Sr dating of pyrites and ores using sub-sampling from lode gold deposit in Linglong, Jiaodong Peninsula and the results demonstrate this as a useful geochronological technique for gold mineralization with poor age constraint. The Rb-Sr data of pyrites yields an isochron age of (121.6-122.7) Ma, whereas, those of ore and ore-pyrite spread in two ranges from 120.0 to 121.8 Ma and 110.0-111.7 Ma. Studies of characteristic of gold deposit, microscopy of pyrite and quartz indicate that the apparent ages of ore and ore-pyrite are not isochron ages, it was only mixed by two end members, i.e., the primitive hydrothermal fluids and wall rocks. However, the isochron age of pyrite samples constrains the age of gold mineralization, i.e., early Cretaceous, which is in good consistence with the published U-Pb ages of zircon by using the SHRIMP technique. The whole rock Rb-Sr isochron age of altered rocks indicates that the age of gold mineralizing in the Xincheng gold deposit is 116.6 ± 5.3 Ma. The Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic compositions of pyrite and altered rocks indicate that the gold and relevant elements were derived from multi-sources, i.e. dikes derived from enriched lithospheric mantle and granites, granodiorites and metamorphic rocks outcropped on the crust. It also shows that the hydrothermal fluids derived from mantle magma degassing had play an important role in the gold mineralizing. The major and trace elements, Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic data of granites and granodiorites suggest that the Linglong Granite and Kunyushan Granite were derived from partial melting of basement rocks in the Jiaodong Peninsula at post-collision of North China Craton with South China Craton. Guojialing Granodiorite was considered to be derived from a mixture source, that is, mixed by magmas derived from an enriched lithospheric mantle and crust during the delamination of lithosphere induced by the subduction of Izanagi Plate and the movement of Tancheng-Lujiang Fault. There are kinds of dikes occurred in the Jiaodong Peninsula, which are accompanying with gold mineralization in time and space. The dikes include gabrro, diabase, pyroxene diorite, gabrrophyre, granite-porphyry, and aplite. The whole rock K-Ar ages give two age intervals: 120-124 Ma for the dikes that erupted at the gold mineralizing stage, and <120 Ma of the dikes that intruded after gold mineralizing. According to the age and the relationship between the dikes and gold mineralizing, the dikes could be divided into two groups: Group I (t = 120-124 Ma) and Group II (t < 120Ma). Group I dikes show the high Mg and K, low Ti contents, negative Nb anomalies and positive Eu anomalies, high ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr and negative εNd(t) values and an enrichment in light rare earth elements, large ion lithosphile elements and a depletion in high field strength elements. Thus the elemental and isotopic characteristics of the Group I dikes indicate that they were derived from an enriched lithospheric mantle perhaps formed by metasomatism of the melt derived from the recycled crustal materials during the deep subduction of continent. In contrast, the Group II dikes have high Ti, Mg and K contents, no negative Nb anomalies, high ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr and positive or little negative εNd(t) values, which indicate the derivation from a source like OIB-source. The geochemical features also give the tectonic constraints of dikes, which show that Group I dikes were formed at continental arc setting, whereas Group II dikes were formed within plate background. Considering the tectonic setting of Jiaodong Peninsula during the period of gold mineralizing, the metallogenic dynamics was related to the subduction of Izanagi Plate, movement of Tancheng-Lujiang Fault and removal of lithopheric mantle during Late Mesozoic Era.

晚中生代松辽盆地形成的大地构造环境及成因机制

Directed by the theory of "Collision Tectonic Facies", the tectonic setting and dynamic mechanism of the formation of Songliao basin in late Mesozoic (J_3-K_1) are studied in the present thesis with the methods of petrology, petrochemistry, geochemistry and isotopic geochronology. The research contents in this paper include as followings. Firstly, the general tectonic frame is made up of different tectonic facies formed from Mid-late Proterozoic to Mesozoic, which are Huabei plate, the Chengde-Siziwangqi melange (Pz_1), the Wenduermiao magmatic arc (Pz_1), the Hegenshan-Chaogenshan melange (Pz_2), the accretion arec (Pz_1-P), the Raohe-Hulin melange (Mz), the magmatic arc (Mz) and the pull-apart basin on the magmatic arc (Mz). Secondly, the volcanic rock assemblages of Songliao basin and its adjacent area in late Mesozoic is the typical calc-alkaline of the magmatic arc. The types of volcanic rocks in the study area include basalts, basaltic andesites, andesites, dacites and rhyolites, and basic-intermediate volcanic rocks have higher alkalinity. The volcanic rock series in this area is the high-K calc-alkaline series. Thirdly, the total REE of volcanic rocks in Songliao basin and its adjacent area is higher than that of the chondrite. The pattern of the REE normalized by the chondrite shows the characteristics similar to that of the typical island arcs or the active continental margins in the earth, that is enrichment of LREE and depletion of Eu. The spider-diagram of the trace element normalized by the primitive mantle also expresses the similar features to that of the typical island arcs or the active continental margins, it has distinctive valleies of Nb, Ta, Sr, P, and Ti, as well as the peaks of La, Ce, Th, U, and K. The incompatible elements show that the high field strength elements, such as Nb, Ta, Ti, and P, are depletion while the low field strength elements, such as K, U, Pb, and Ba, are enrichment. These features are similar to those of orogenic volcanic rocks and imply the formation of the volcanic rocks in this area is related to the subduction. The degrees of both the enrichment of the HFS elements and depletion of the LFS elements become more obvious from basic to acid volcanic rocks, which suggests crustal contamination enhances with the magmatic crystallization and fractionation. The concentration of the compatible elements is W-shape, and anomalies in Cr and Ni suggest there is the contamination during the magmatic crystallization and fractionation. Fourthly, the isotopic age data prove the volcanic activity in the Songliao basin and its adjacent area started in the early-middle Jurassic, and ended in the end of the early Cretaceous-the beginning of the Cretaceous. The volcanism summit was the late Jurassic-the early Cretaceous (100 - 150Ma). Finally, the tectonic setting of volcanism in the late Mesozoic was magmatic arc, which originated the subduction of Raohe-Hulin trench to the northwest Asian plate. The subduction began in the middle Jurassic, and the collision orogenesis between the Sikhote-Alin arc and Asian continent was completed in the end of the early Cretaceous-the beginning of the late Cretaceous. The results of above tectonic processes were finally to format Nadanhada orogenic belt symbolized by the Raohe-Hulin suture or melange belt. The violently oblique movement of the Izanagi plate toward Asian plate in the late Mesozoic was the dynamic mechanism of above tectonic processes. At the same tome, the left-lateral strike-slip shear caused by the oblique movement of the Izanagi plate produced a series of strike-slip faults in east Asian margin, and the large scale displacements of these strike-slip faults then produced the pull-apart basing or grabens on the magmatic arc. Conclusively, the tectonic setting during the formation of the grabens of Songliao basin in the late Mesozoic was magmatic arc, and its dynamic mechanism was the pull-apart. In a word, there was a good coupling relation among the oblique subduction of the oceanic plate, collisional orogene between island arc and continental plate, strike-slip shear of the faults and the formation of the grabens in Songliao basin and its adjacent area in late Mesozoic. These tectonic processes were completed in the unoin dynamic setting and mechanism as above description.

环境变迁在中国文明形成中的作用

The formation of civilization, one of great marks in the history of human's society development, has been remained one of the hottest topics in the world. Many theories have been put ford to explain its causes and mechanisms. Although more attentions have been paid to its development, the role of environmental change should not be ignored. In this paper, the level of ancient farming productivity was analyzed, the mechanisms and the process of Chinese ancient civilization formation was explored, and some causes why Chinese ancient civilization shows many different features from other 5 ancient civilizations of the world was analyzed. The main results and conclusions are presented as followed. 1. Compared with the productivity level of other five ancient civilizations, the productivity of ancient China characterized by a feature of extensive not intensive cultivation was lower than that of other five ancient civilizations whose agriculture were based on irrigation. 2. The 5 5000 a B.P. cold event may have facilitated the formation of Egypt and Mesopotamian ancient civilizations and also have had an influence on the development of Neolithic culture in China. 3. The 4 000 a B.P. cold event, which may be the coldest period since the Younger Dryas cold event and signifies the changes from the early Holocene Climate Optimum to late Holocene in many regions of the world, resulted in the great migration of the Indo-European peoples from north Europe to other part of the World and the collapses of ancient civilizations in Egypt, Indus and the Mesopotamian and the collapse of five Neolithic cultures around central China. More important than that is the emergence of Chinese civilization during the same period. Many theories have been put ford to explain why it was in Zhongyuan area not other places whose Neolithic cultures seem more advanced that gave rise to civilization. For now no theory could explain it satisfiedly. Archaeological evidence clearly demonstrate that war was prevailed the whole China especially during the late Longshan culture period, so it seemed war has played a very important role in the emergence of China ancient civilization. Carneiro sees two conditions as essential to the formation of complex societies in concert with warfare, i.e. population growth and environmental circumscription. It was generally through that China couldn't evolved into the environmental circumscription and population pressure because China has extensive areas to live, but that depends on situations. The environmental circumscription area was formed due to the 4000a B.P. cold event and companied flooding disasters, while the population pressure is formed due to three factors; 1) population grow rapidly because of the suitable environment provided by the Holocene Optimum and thus laid its foundations for the ancient human population; 2) population pressure is also related to the primitive agricultural level characterized by extensive not intensive cultivation; 3) population pressure was mainly related to the great migrations of people to the same areas; 4) population pressure was also related to productivity decrease due to the 4 000a B.P. cold event. 4. When population pressure is formed, war is the most possible way to solve the intensions between population and the limited cultivated land and then resulted in the formation of civilization. In this way the climate change during the 4 000a B.P. cold event may have facilitated the emergence of Chinese ancient civilization. Their detailed relations could also be further understood in this way: The first birth places of China ancient civilization could be in Changjiang areas or (and) Daihai area, Shandong province rather than in central China and the emergence time of ancient civilization formed in central China should be delayed if the 4 000a B.P. cold event and companied flooding disasters didn't occurred.

攀西地区红格、新街岩体的岩石地球化学特征

The mafic-ultramafic layered intrusions in the Panxi, China contain large V-Ti-magnetite deposits. These layered intrusions are related with the Emeishan continental flood basalts in space and time. Two layered intrusions, Hongge and Xinjie have clear PGE mineralization at the base of the intrusions. Thus the detailed investigations of these two intrusions not only have a geological but also have an economic significance. This thesis aims to characterize the elemental and Sr-Nd isotopic features of diverse rock zones within the intrusion on the basis of systematic studies of the major, trace element and isotope ratios, therefore to constrain the petrogenesis, mantle source and evolution of the Hongge and Xinjie intrusions. Generally, both Hongge and Xinjie intrusions show the same Fe-Ti-rich and Si-M-poor characteristics. They are also enriched in rare-earth elements (REE) and large-ion lithophile elements (LILE) as well as in Sr-Nd isotope ratios (Hongge: initial Sr = 0.7056-0.7076, ε_(Nd)(t) and (Nd/Sm)_N-ε_(Nd)(t) plots, the Hongge intrusion has a similar elemental and isotopic features to the Emeishan low-Ti (LT) basalts, whereas the Xinjie intrusion was close to the Emeishan high-Ti (HT) basalt. Therefore, the Hongge intrusion may be co-genetic with the LT basalt, formed by the partial melting of the spinel-garnet transition mantle that had a slight enriched isotope character. In contrast, the Xinjie intrusion and the HT basalts are probably derived from the garnet-phases mantle with a primitive isotope character. The involvement of the components of mantle wedge into the source is considered to be the major reason of the REE and LILE enrichment and Nd isotope depletion in the Xinjie intrusion. In contrast with the systematic variations in TiO_2 content, Mg#, transition elements (Ni, Cu, Co), REE concentrations, and La/Yb, La/Sm ratios from the lower zone to upper zone, the different rock zones of the Hongge intrusion have no clear Sr-Nd isotope variations. This suggests that the Hongge intrusions were formed by the crystal fractionation from the same magma source. The rhythm may be formed by slow injection of the co-genetic magma during the crystal fractionation. The increase in K_2O and Al_2O_3 contents, REE abundance, and the degree of the REE fractionation in the base of the intrusion, together with the relatively low ε_(Nd)(t) value, may imply that the base of the Hongge intrusion was contaminated with the local crust rocks. Xinjie intrusion shows the clearly elemental and isotopic differences in diverse cumulus cycles. The observation of the systematic variations in TiO_2 content, Mg# value, transition elements (Ni, Cu, Co), REE concentrations, and La/Yb, La/Sm ratios in first cycle was not occurred in second cumulus cycle. In addition, the ε_(Nd)(t) value in second cumulus cycle is apparently higher than that of the first one. Thus the abruptly elemental and isotopic changes at the base of second cycle demonstrate that there is considerable new and depleted magma addition to the residue magma after the crystallization of the first cycle. These features are very similar to those of the well-known PGE-rich Bushveld and Stillwater layered intrusions. The PGE mineralization in Xinjie intrusion is much better than in Hongge intrusion. Therefore, the layered intrusion similar to the Xinjie in Panxi area posses the better prospects for the PGE deposits.

大兴安岭南段中生代火山-侵入杂岩带的双层叠置构造体制兼论滇中武定、易门碳酸质火山岩年代、来源及矿库与找矿研究

These are two parts included in this report. In the first part, the zonation of the complexes in its series, lithofacies, the depth of magma source and chambers is discussed in detailed for the first time based on the new data of petrol-chemistry, isotopes, tectono-magma activity of Mesozoic volcano-plutonic complexes in the southern Great Hinggan Mts. Then, the genetic model of the zonality, double overlapped layer system, is proposed. The main conclusions are presented as follows: The Mesozoic volcanic-plutonic complexes in the southern Great Hinggan were formed by four stages of magma activity on the base of the subduction system formed in late Paleozoic. The Mesozoic magmatic activity began in Meso-Jurassic Epoch, flourished in late Jurassic Epoch, and declined in early Cretaceous Epoch. The complexes consist dominantly of acidic rocks with substantial intermediate rocks and a few mefic ones include the series of calc alkaline, high potassium calc alkaline, shoshonite, and a few alkaline. Most of those rocks are characterized by high potassium. The volcano-plutonic complexes is characterized by zonality, and can be divided mainly into there zones. The west zone, located in northwestern side of gneiss zone in Great Xinggan mountains, are dominated of high potassium basalts and basaltic andesite. The middle zone lies on the southeast side of the Proterozoic gneiss zone, and its southeast margin is along Huangganliang, Wushijiazi, and Baitazi. It composed of dominatly calc-alkaline, high potassium calc-alkaline rocks, deep granite and extrusive rhyolite. The east zone, occurring along Kesheketong Qi-Balinyou Qi-Balinzuo Qi, is dominated of shoshonite. In generally, southeastward from the Proterozoic gneiss zone, the Mesozoic plutons show the zones-mica granitites zone, hornblende-mica granitite zone, mica-hornblende granitite zone; the volcanic rocks also display the zones of calc alkaline-high potassium calc alkaline and shoshonites. In the same space, the late Paleozoic plutons also display the same zonality, which zones are combined of binary granite, granodiorite, quartz diorite and diorite southeast wards from the gneiss. Meso-Jurassic Epoch granite plutons almost distribute in the middle zone on the whole. Whereas late Jurassic Epoch volcanic rocks distribute in the west and east zone. This distribution of the volcano-plutonic complexes reveals that the middle zone was uplifted more intensively then the other zones in Meso-Jurassic and late Jurassic Epoches. Whole rock Rb-Sr isochron ages of the high potassium calc-alkaline volcanic rocks in the west zone, the calc-alkaline and high potassium calc-alkaline granite the middle zone, shoshonite in the east zone are 136Ma, 175Ma and 154Ma, respectively. The alkaline rocks close to the shoshonite zone is 143Ma and 126Ma. The isochron ages are comparable well with the K-Ar ages of the rocks obtained previously by other researchers. The compositions of Sr ans Nd isotopes suggest that the source of Mesozoic volcanic-plutonic complexes in Great Hinggan Mts. is mostly Paleo-Asia oceanic volcanic-sedimentary rocks, which probably was mixed by antiquated gneiss. The tectonic setting for Mesozoic magmatism was subductive continental margin. But this it was not directly formed by present west Pacific subduction. It actully was the re-working of the Paleozoic subduction system( which was formed during the Paleo-Asia ocean shortening) controlled by west Pacific subduction. For this reason, Although Great Hinggan Mts. is far away from west Pacific subduction zone, its volcanic arc still occurred echoing to the volcanic activities of east China, it, but the variation trend of potassium content in volcano-plutonic complexes of Great Hinggan is just reverse to ones of west Pacific. The primitive magmas occurred in the southern Great Hinggan Mts. Include high-potassium calc-alkaline basalt, high potassium calc-alkaline rhyolite, high potassium rhyolite, non-Eu negative anomaly trachy-rhyolite et al. Therefore, all of primitive magmas are either mafic or acid, and most of intermediate rocks occurring in the area are the products of Mesozoic acid magma contaminated by the Paleozoic volcanic- sedimentary rocks. The depth of those primitive magma sources and chambers gradually increase from northwest to southeast. This suggests that Paleozoic subduction still controlled the Mesozoic magmatism. In summary, the lithosphere tectonic system of the southern Great Hinggan Mts. controlling Mesozoic magmatism is a double overlapped layer system developing from Paleozoic subduction system. For this reason, the depth of crust of the southern Great Hinggan Mts. is thicker than that of its two sides, and consequently it causes regional negative gravity abnormity. The second part of this report shows the prolongation of the research work carried on in my doctor's period. Author presents new data about Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotopic compositions and ages, geochamical features, genesis mineralogy and ore deposit geology of the volcanic rocks in Kunyang rift. On the base of the substantial work, author presents a prospect of copper bearing magnetite ore deposit. The most important conclusions are as follows: 1. It is proved that all of these carbonatites controlled by a ringing structure system in Wuding-Lufeng basin in the central Yunnan were formed in the Mesoproterozoic period. Two stages could be identified as follows: in the first stage, carbonatitic volcanic rocks, such as lavas(Sm-Nd, 1685Ma), basaltic porphyrite dykes(Sm-Nd, 1645Ma), pyroclastic rocks and volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks, formed in the outer ring; in the second stage, carbonatitic breccias and dykes(Rb-Sr, 1048 Ma) did in the middle ring. The metamorphic age of the carbonatitic lavas (Rb-Sr, 893 Ma) in the outer ring was determined. The magma of carbonatitic volcanic rocks derived mainly form enriched mantle whose basement is depleted mantle that had been metasomated by mantle fluid and contaminated by Archaean lower crust. Carbonatitic spheres were discovered in ore bearing layers in Lishi copper mining in Yimen recently, which formed in calcite carbonatitic magma extrusion. This discovery indicates that the formation of copper ore deposit genesis relates to carbonatitic volcanic activity. The iron and copper ore deposits occurring in carbonatitic volcanic- sedimentary rocks in Kunyang rift results from carbonatitic magmatism. Author calls this kind of ore deposits as subaqueous carbonatitic iron-copper deposit. The magnetic anomaly area in the north of Lishi copper mining in Yimen was a depression more lower than its circumference. Iron and copper ores occurrig on the margin of the magnetic anomaly are volcanic hydrothermal deposit. The magnetic body causing the magnetic anomaly must be magnetite ore. Because the anomaly area is wide, it can be sure that there is a large insidious ore deposit embedding there.