三种膜材喷涂尿素前后红外吸收的研究

包膜肥料是目前肥料研究领域中的热点。相关的研究主要集中在包膜材料对包膜肥养分释放的作用机制上,而膜材在包膜前后结构变化的可用信息则较少,此信息是能否直接用膜材研究包膜肥养分控释机理的关键所在。文章分别用以聚乳酸(PLA)、聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)和聚碳酸酯(PC)为主要材料配制的膜材为对象,研究他们在对尿素包膜前后红外吸收光谱的变化,目的是为利用纯膜材深入研究包膜肥养分控释机理提供理论依据。结果显示PLA和PC在对尿素包膜前后的红外吸收光谱变化较小,而PBS较大。这说明前两种包膜材料能够直接用于研究包膜肥养分释放情况,但PBS不能。

基于复用计算的大纹理实时合成

文中提出一种基于复用计算的纹理合成方法,逐步地利用已合成的部分纹理来生成更大的纹理块,以进行后续的纹理合成计算.由此,该方法可节省大量耗时的纹理块选择及缝合计算,提高了合成效率.实验表明,新方法可实时合成2048×2048像素的大纹理,而已有工作至多只能以交互的速度进行这样的合成.

Effect of block sequence and block length on the stimuli-responsive behavior of polyampholyte brushes: hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction as the driving force for surface rearrangement

Diblock polyampholyte brushes with different block sequences (Si/SiO2/poly(acrylic acid)-b-poly (2-vinylpyridine) (PAA-b-P2VP) brushes and Si/SiO2/P2VP-b-PAA brushes) and different block lengths were synthesized by sequent surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The PAA block was obtained through hydrolysis from the corresponding poly(tert-butyl acrylate). The polyampholyte brushes demonstrated unique pH-responsive behavior. In the intermediate pH region, the brushes exhibited a less hydrophilic wetting behavior and a rougher surface morphology due to the formation of polyelectrolyte complex through electrostatic interaction between oppositely charged blocks. In the low pH and high pH regions, the rearrangement of polyampholyte brushes showed great dependence on the block sequence and block length. The polyampholyte brushes with P2VP-b-PAA sequence underwent rearrangement during alternative treatment by acidic aqueous solution (low pH value) and basic aqueous solution (high pH value).

Highly efficient red electroluminescence induced by efficient electron injection and exciton confinement

HigWy efficient DCJTB-doped device was realized by enhanced electron injection and exciton confinement. A fluorine end-capped linear phenylene/oxadiazole oligomer 2,5-bis(4-fluorobiphenyl-4'-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (1) and a trifluoromethyl end-capped oligomer 2,5-bis(4-trifluoromethylbiphenyl-4'-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (2) were designed and incorporated as an electron transporting/hole blocking material in the device structure ITO/NPB (60 mn)/DCJTB:Alq(3) (0.5%, 10 nm)/1 or 2 (20 nm)/Alq(3) (30 mn)/LiF (1 nm)/Al (100 nm). The devices showed highly efficient red luminescence. In particular, the device based on 1 achieved pure red luminescence at 620 run originating from DCJTB, with a narrow FWHI of 65 nm, maximal brightness of 13,300 cd/m(2) at voltage of 20.8 V and current density of ca. 355 mA/cm(2). High current and power efficiencies (> 3.6 cd/A. 1.01m/W) were retained within a wide range of current densities. Our results show efficient and stable DCJTB-doped red electroluminescence could be anticipated for practical applications by taking advantage of the present approaches. The control experiments using BCP were also studied.

Effect of carbon source on growth and lipid accumulation in Chlorella sorokiniana GXNN01

Heterotrophic culture of microalgae to develop methods of increasing biomass productivity and storage lipids has brought new insight to commercial biodiesel production. To understand the relationship between heterotrophy and lipid production, the effects of carbon sources on the growth and lipid accumulation of Chlorella sorokiniana GXNN01 was studied. The alga exhibited an increased growth rate in response to the addition of carbon sources, which reached the stationary phase after 48 h at 30A degrees C. In addition, glucose and NaAc had a significant effect on the lipid accumulation during the early-stationary phase. Specifically, the lipid content was 0.237 +/- 0.026 g g(-1) cell dry weight and 0.272 +/- 0.041 g L-1 when glucose was used as the carbon source, whereas the lipid content reached 0.287 +/- 0.018 g g(-1) cell dry weight and 0.288 +/- 0.008 g L-1 when NaAc was used as the carbon source. The neutral lipid content was found to first decrease and then increase over time during the growth phase. A glucose concentration of 20 mmol L-1 gave the maximal lipid yield and the optimum harvest time was the early-stationary phase.

Ulva and Enteromorpha (Ulvaceae, Chlorophyta) from two sides of the Yellow Sea: analysis of nuclear rDNA ITS and plastid rbcL sequence data

Ulvacean green seaweeds are common worldwide; they formed massive green tides in the Yellow Sea in recent years, which caused marine ecological problems as well as a social issue. We investigated two major genera of the Ulvaceae, Ulva and Enteromorpha, and collected the plastid rbcL and nuclear ITS sequences of specimens of the genera in two sides of the Yellow Sea and analyzed them. Phylogenetic trees of rbcL data show the occurrence of five species of Enteromorpha (E. compressa, E. flexuosa, E. intestinalis, E. linza and E. prolifera) and three species of Ulva (U. pertusa, U. rigida and U. ohnoi). However, we found U. ohnoi, which is known as a subtropical to tropical species, at two sites on Jeju Island, Korea. Four ribotypes in partial sequences of 5.8S rDNA and ITS2 from E. compressa were also found. Ribotype network analysis revealed that the common ribotype, occurring in China, Korea and Europe, is connected with ribotypes from Europe and China/Japan. Although samples of the same species were collected from both sides of the Yellow Sea, intraspecific genetic polymorphism of each species was low among samples collected worldwide.

雨生红球藻诱变育种及突变株的筛选

虾青素是良好的着色剂，具有超强的抗氧化、捕获自由基、抗癌变，抗紫外线辐射、增强免疫等功能，在医疗、水产、食品和化妆品等生产领域有着广泛的市场。雨生红球藻（Haematococcus pluvialis）是一种单细胞的绿藻，在逆境条件下可积累高达4%干重的虾青素，是目前已知的天然虾青素含量最高的生物资源，规模化培养雨生红球藻是获取天然虾青素的最佳途径。 目前实验室研究和规模化培养使用的藻株多为出发株，存在一些缺陷：养殖过程中易被其它微藻、变形虫、原生动物、细菌等污染；只适合低温培养，28℃以上生长受抑制；生长相对较慢，培养周期长；尽管雨生红球藻是已知的天然虾青素含量最高的生物资源，但其含量仍然需要提高以适合规模化生产。因此筛选出温度适应范围广、生长速率快、虾青素含量高的雨生红球藻株一直是努力的方向。 本研究选用化学诱变剂甲基磺酸乙酯（EMS）和叠氮钠(NaN3)以及物理诱变剂紫外线（UV)分别处理雨生红球藻，测定各种诱变剂的致死率，及对红球藻生长和虾青素积累的影响，根据实验结果确定合适的诱变剂量和诱变时间，通过初筛、复筛、再次诱变等分离、筛选出生长速度快、虾青素含量高的单一藻株并进一步利用高压液相色谱等方法进行鉴定。 实验结果表明：浓度为0.2％-1.0％EMS处理4h，雨生红球藻H2的死亡率7%-35%；紫外线照射2min-10min，雨生红球藻H0的死亡率10%-98％；叠氮钠30mg/L－270 mg/L处理24h，雨生红球藻H0的死亡率为20％-100％。各种诱变剂诱变结束后立即观察发现死亡细胞的形态相似但存活细胞相态有所不同，死亡细胞呈浅绿色，轮廓模糊，形状不规则，质壁间隙消失，胞内有白色空泡；EMS处理后存活细胞，呈圆球状，部分失去鞭毛和前端突起，游动缓慢，处理后第二天，细胞即恢复游动和分裂，分裂方式与正常细胞相似。紫外线和叠氮钠处理后存活细胞壁加厚，呈深绿色，圆球状，部分失去鞭毛和突起，严重抑制细胞的游动和分裂，出现不动细胞，培养一段时间后才出现分裂细胞，游动的和不动的存活细胞主要是采用不对称无性繁殖，这与正常细胞的不对称无性繁殖有所不同，正常细胞中不对称无性繁殖的母细胞多为不动细胞。紫外线和叠氮钠处理后部分细胞还产生大量的小孢子（配子？），直径较小1-4m，在母细胞内不停摆动，四、五天后逐渐脱离母细胞。这和以前描述的有性繁殖很相似，但由于没观察到后期孢子配对过程和缺乏小孢子的DNA含量和倍性的有关数据，不能确定观察到的小孢子现象为雨生红球藻的有性繁殖。 各种诱变剂处理后，各组存活藻株的生长和虾青素积累情况同对照组相比发生了变化：EMS实验中0.4％EMS组生长速率提高24％，其它组的细胞生长速率有所降低。各组单细胞虾青素含量和积累速率均高于对照组，其中0.4％和0.8％处理组单细胞内虾青素含量分别提高了76％和90％，积累速率分别提高了69％和115％；紫外线实验中4min、6min和10min组生长速率分别提高20％、17％和35%，各组藻细胞虾青素积累速率有不同程度的提高，其中2min组和10min组虾青素积累速率提高幅度最大分别为32%和31%，单细胞内虾青素含量除10min处理组提高48%，其它各组均有不同幅度的降低；叠氮钠实验中60mg/L、120mg/L和180mg/L组细胞生长速率分别提高了13％、20％和9％，各组藻细胞内虾青素含量和虾青素积累速率得到明显的提高。其中60 mg/L和180 mg/L组单细胞内虾青素含量提高幅度最大，分别提高75%和140%。180mg/L和240mg/L组虾青素积累速率提高幅度最大，分别为280％和250％。 诱变后通过固体平板分离，得到一系列单一藻株，其中0.4%浓度EMS处理雨生红球藻H2 4h后分离到H2-419在生物量上比H2高出20％,但虾青素含量提高幅度不大。用UV对突变株H2-419再次诱变得到较稳定的藻株H2-419-4，培养五个月后与H2相比生物总量提高68%，单细胞内虾青素含量提高28％，经高压液相色谱分析证明H2-419-4类胡萝卜素提取物中主要成分仍然为虾青素，和出发株H2相比色素成分没有发生变化，只是各成分比例有所不同。 还分析研究了其它单一藻株，但或是稳定性较差，或虾青素含量高而生长慢。如雨生红球藻H2经0.02％EMS诱变十天，分离得到的E-L-22和出发株相比虾青素产量提高40％，但生物总量上降低了27％；5min紫外线照射雨生红球藻H0后，分离得到的UV-5-16和UV-5-14在生物总量分别提高7％和36％。叠氮钠200mg/L处理24h分离得到的藻株N-2-42生物总量提高43％，但藻株N-2-43生物总量比出发株降低8％。

Diet shift of upland buzzards (Buteo hemilasius): evidence from stable carbon isotope ratios

We measured the stable carbon isotope ratios for muscle of the upland buzzards (Buteo hemilasius), plateau pika (Ochotoma curzoniae), root vole (Microtus oeconomus), plateau zokor (Myospalax fontanierii) and passerine bird species at the Haibei Alpine Meadow Ecosystem Research Station (HAMERS), and provided diet information of upland buzzards with the measurement of stable carbon isotopes in tissues of these consumers. The results showed that δ~(13)C values of small mammals and passerine bird species ranged from -25.57‰ to -25.78‰ (n = 12), and from -24.81‰ to -22.51% (n = 43), respectively, δ~(13)C values of the upland buzzards ranged from -22.60‰ to -23.10‰ when food was not available. The difference in δ~(13)C values (2.88‰±0.31‰) between upland buzzards and small mammals was much larger than the differences reported previously, 1‰-2‰, and showed significant difference, while 1.31‰±0.34‰ between upland buzzard and passerine bird species did not differ from the previously reported trophic fractionation difference of 1‰-2‰. Estimation of trophic position indicated that upland buzzards stand at trophic position 4.23, far from that of small mammals, i.e., upland buzzards scarcely captured small mammals as food at the duration of food shortage. According to isotope mass balance model, small mammals contributed 7.89% to 35.04% of carbon to the food source of the upland buzzards, while passerine bird species contributed 64.96% to 92.11%. Upland buzzards turned to passerine bird species as food during times of shortage of small mammals. δ~(13)C value, a useful indicator of diet, indicates that the upland buzzards feed mainly on passerine bird species rather than small mammals due to "you are what you eat" when small mammal preys are becoming scarce.

分娩孕妇血液、胎盘与新生儿全血中铁元素含量的测定

对西宁市35例分娩孕妇血液、脐血及胎盘中的铁元素含量进行了测定。结果表明，母血中铁元素含量低于脐血中的含量，并且差异具有高度显著性（P < 0.01）；胎盘中铁的含量高于其他地区正常分娩孕妇胎盘中的含量。

移动机械手协调的研究进展

移动机械手的协调是结合操作能力和移动能力的典范。本文针对目前已有的典型协调策略做出了论述，指出各自的优点和不足，精确总结了协调的要素和研究的方向。

机器人动态仿真

随着科学技术的不断发展，机器人技术显示了越来越广泛的应用领域。机器人仿真系统不仅为机器人的设计和研究提供了一种方便的工具，而且也为机器人的开发应用提供了方便而可靠的试验手段。本文是在参加了863高技术“智能机器人动态仿真系统”的基础上完成的，分以下几项工作。1.分析消化掌握了清华大学的“机器人动态仿真系统。（从算法到程序实现）2.完成了两个轨迹规划算法的实现工作。3.完成了通用逆运动学算法的设计和程序实现工作。4.完成了各关节PID控制器仿真工具的开发工作，为机器人的控制系统仿真提供了方便的工具。5.完成了Adept机器人的正、反向运动学的算法设计和程序实现工作。为系统提供了Adept机器人的模型。

天然样品中锂的分离及其同位素比值的测定

以锂元素标准样品和K、Na、Ca、Mg元素标准样品的混合溶液为主要研究对象,采用阳离子交换树脂AG-50W X8（0.032～0.098 mm粒径）来分离富集Li,探索不同淋洗介质（包括盐酸、硝酸以及与甲醇、乙醇的混合）对Li分离纯化的最佳效果.在对比研究的基础上,建立了一种有效分离提纯天然样品中Li的方法.用本方法分离了水体、土壤、岩石等天然样品中的Li,并用MC-ICP-MS准确测定了Li同位素组成.研究结果表明,该方法的精度在0.1‰～1.0‰,与目前文献报道的分析方法具有相似的精度.经过流程前后单元素标准Li同位素比值（δ^7Li）的比较,发现化学处理过程所产生的同位素分馏约为0.3‰,化学处理的流程空白可以忽略不计.该方法测定海水δ^7Li值为（31.6±1.0）‰,与前人的分析结果吻合.因此,本方法可用于测定天然样品中的Li同位素组成.

东川桃园式铜矿Ar-Ar同位素年龄及意义

通过对东川桃园铜矿与铜矿共生石英的^40Ar／^39Ar同位素年龄的测定，得到马鞍形年龄谱，其坪年龄为768．43Ma±0．58Ma．等时线年龄为770．00Ma±5．44Ma。该矿床后期改造作用明显，并非同生沉积或成岩作用早期成矿，而与晋宁期Rodina大陆裂解有关。东川铜矿的形成可能是在Rodinia大陆裂解时，从深部带来大量成矿物质改造成岩时期初始的矿化，形成矿床的叠加富集和最终定位．因此，晋宁-澄江期是东川铜矿的主成矿期。