Experimental study of trophic cascade effect of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrixon) in a subtropical lake, Lake Donghu: on plankton community and underlying mechanisms of changes of crustacean community

An enclosure experiment was carried out to test trophic cascade effect of filter-feeding fish on the ecosystem: growth of crustacean zooplankton, and possible mechanism of changes of crustacean community structure. Four fish biomass levels were set as follows: 0, 116, 176 and 316 g m(-2), and lake water ( containing ca. 190 g m(-2) of filter-feeding fishes) was comparatively monitored. Nutrient levels were high in all treatments during the experiment. Lowest algal biomass were measured in fishless treatment. Algal biomass decreased during days 21-56 as a function of fish biomass in treatments of low (LF), medium (MF) and high (HF) fish biomass. Crustaceans biomass decreased with increasing fish biomass. Small-bodied cladocerans, Moina micrura, Diaphanosoma brachyurum and Scapholeberis kingii survived when fish biomass was high whilst, large-bodied cladocerans Daphnia spp. and the cyclopoids Theromcyclops taihokuensis, T. brevifuratus, Mescyclops notius and Cyclops vicinus were abundant only in NF enclosures. Evasive calanoid Sinodiaptomus sarsi was significantly enhanced in LF, but decreased significantly with further increase of fish biomass. Demographic data indicated that M. micrura was well developed in all treatments. Our study indicates that algal biomass might be controlled by silver carp biomass in eutrophic environment. Changes of crustacean community are probably affected by the age of the first generation of species. Species with short generation time were dominant and species with long generation time survived less with high fish biomass. Evasive calanoids hardly developed in treatments with high fish biomass because of the ( bottle neck) effect of nauplii. Species abundance were positively related to fish predation avoidance. Other than direct predation, zooplankton might also be suppressed by filter-feeding fish via competition.

Mechanical and tribological properties of epitaxial cubic boron nitride thin films grown on diamond

电子邮箱nataliya.deyneka@uni-ulm.de

Defect evolution and accompanied change of electrical properties during the GaN growth by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

The defect evolution and its correlation with electrical properties of GaN films grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition are investigated. It is found that the dislocation density decreases gradually during the growth process, and the dislocation reduction rate in the island coalescence process is especially rapid. The changes in electron mobility of GaN with the increase of growth time are mainly dependent on the dislocations acting as scattering centers. Furthermore, the variation of carrier concentration in GaN may be related with the point defects and their clusters. The quality of GaN could be improved by suitably increasing the film thickness. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Thermomagnetic behavior and first order magnetization processes of Sm3Fe29-xTx and Sm3Fe29-xTxN4 (T = V and Cr)

A systematic investigation of structure and intrinsic magnetic properties of the compounds Sm3Fe29-xTx (T = V and Cr) and their nitrides has been performed. Nitrogenation resulted in remarkable improvements in the saturation magnetization and anisotropy fields at 4.2 K and room temperature. First order magnetization processes are observed at around 5.7 T for Sm3Fe26.7V2.3 and around 2.8 T for Sm3Fe24.0Cr5.0 and Sm3Fe24.0Cr5.0N4, respectively. The spin reorientation of the easy magnetization direction of Sm3Fe26.7V2.3 is observed at around 230 K. As a preliminary result, the maximum remanence B-r of 0.94 T, the coercivity mu(0)H(C) of 0.75 T, and the maximum energy product (BH) of 108.5 kJ/m(3) for the nitride magnet Sm3Fe26.7V2.3N4 are achieved by ball-milling at 293 K.

一种开放混合实时系统的开放自适应调度算法

开放计算环境下的实时与非实时任务不确定并发,以及多种实时约束混合的复杂约束系统,即开放混合实时系统的需求越来越广泛.通过引入接收控制、调度服务器、自适应调节机制,提出一种开放环境下的自适应实时系统调度架构——OARtS(open adaptive real-time scheduling).它能适应开放计算环境的不确定性,有控制地接受实时任务运行;可根据系统空闲计算带宽变化,自适应地调节任务的实时等级,使得系统运行在最优的实时性能上;对于软实时任务,可根据其计算带宽需求变化,自适应地调节其计算带宽分配,以适应任务执行时间时变引起的实时不确定性.

WEPP模型坡面版在黄土丘陵沟壑区的适用性评价——以坡度因子为例

利用安塞试验站1985-1992年的气象观测数据和野外坡度径流小区径流和土壤侵蚀量监测资料,评价了WEPP模型在黄土丘陵沟壑区不同坡度条件下的适用性。结果表明,径流量的模拟值在10°、15°、20°、25°和28°五个坡度条件下,变化幅度不如实测值明显,但模拟值随坡度变化的趋势和实测值相一致;WEPP模型对次降雨、年平均和多年平均土壤侵蚀量模拟结果较好,且无论是模拟值在不同坡度之间的差值、还是模拟值随坡度变化趋势均与实测值接近。I30对WEPP模型模拟次降雨径流量有重要影响,当I30大于0.92mm/min,模型模拟误差较大。WEPP模型对次降雨土壤侵蚀量的模拟与PI30密切相关,当PI30大于129mm2/min时,模型模拟误差较大。∑PI30对WEPP模型模拟年平均径流量和侵蚀量有重要影响,当∑PI30大于150mm2/min时,模拟精度明显下降,且∑PI30对径流模拟影响较对土壤侵蚀模拟影响明显。WEPP模型对次降雨、年平均和多年平均径流量模拟的Nash-Sutcliffe有效性ME分别为0.914、0.912和0.617;对次降雨、年平均和多年平均土壤侵蚀量模拟的Nash-Sutcliffe有效性ME...

尼龙1010的平衡热力学参数及其γ-辐照产物的结晶过程

尼龙1010是我国特有的工程塑料。但对它的结构与性能的基础研究并不多见。迄今为止，许多聚酰胺的晶胞参数已被测定，并比较准确地计算出它们的结晶密度ρ_c。可是，尚未见到过有关尼龙1010的ρ_c的报道。此外，结晶高聚物的平衡熔融温度T°_m和平衡熔融热ΔH°_m是非常重要的热力学参数，尤其是后者更是用量热法计算结晶度的基准。早在50年代，Flory等对它的T°_m和ΔH°_m进行了许多研究，由于受当时历史条件限制，这些数值的准确性不高，不能当作平衡状态的数值。尼龙1010经γ-射线辐照后，有可能提高它的使用温度，扩大它的应用范围和领域。但至今未见到过大剂量下γ-辐照尼龙1010及其添加强化交联剂BMI的γ辐照产物的热学性能和结晶过程的研究。随着科学技术的发展，目前迫切需要准确的尼龙1010的ρ_c、T°_m、ΔH°_m的数值，以及大剂量下γ-辐照产物的热学性能和结晶过程的详细研究，以便更合理地开发和利用这一材料为四化建设服务。本文用DSC差示扫描量热仪、红外光谱仪、广角X-射线衍射仪以及TMS热机械仪等研究手段，准确地测定了尼龙1010的平衡热力学参数，并对尼龙1010及其添加强化交联剂BMI的γ-辐照产物的热学性能和结晶过程进行了详细的研究。用红外吸光度-密度外推法求得尼龙1010的ρ_a（非晶密度）= 1.003 ρ_c = 1.098g/cm~3。1.098g/cm~3与用X-射线衍射法求得的1.135g/cm~3比较，认为后者更为合理。用介稳态结晶试样的ΔH_m-(V-bar)_(sp)的线性关系，求得尼龙1010的平衡熔融热。ΔH°_m = 244.0J/g。企图用常用的Hoffman Tm-Tc外推法来确定尼龙1010的平衡熔融温度T°_m，但未能成功，并指出其升温过程中重结晶异常迅速是此法行不通的主要原因。用Kamide提出的双重外推法成功地求得尼龙1010的平衡熔融温度：T°_m = 487 K = 214 ℃通过详细地研究尼龙1010及其添加强化并联剂BMI的γ辐照产物的热学性能，发现强化交联剂BMI的加入，使尼龙1010大分子的交联更容易，但也使得空间网络较松散；同时γ辐照尼龙1010在再次等速升温过程中出现冷结晶峰是辐照产物中存在可结晶部分、交联网络阻碍可结晶部分结晶两者共同作用的结果。交联网络使可结晶部分在降温过程中来不及结晶，当再次升温到玻璃化转变温度以上时，链段冻结被解除，可结晶的分子链段进行有序排列而结晶，导致冷结晶峰的出现。冷结晶峰的强度和位置与辐照产物中可结晶部分的多少、交联网络的大小即相邻交联点之间的分子量Mc的大小、交联网络的松散程度以及试样的热历史都有关。选择适当的等温结晶温度，用DSC-2C型差示扫描量热仪研究了尼龙1010及其γ-辐照产物和添加强化交联剂BMI的γ-辐照产物的等温结晶过程。用DSC-2C 3600 TADS计算机自带的部分面积程序进行动力学数据处理。通过仔细的等温结晶动力学研究，发现γ辐照尼龙10104 Avrami指数n几乎不受辐照剂量R和强化交联剂BMI的影响，且一般为3.75，这说明尼龙1010及其γ辐照产物的结晶过程接近于均相三维成核。随着辐照剂量R和强化交联剂BMI含量的增大，折迭链表面自由能σe值增大，σe值的分布可能变宽，σe值的这种变化可以归因于辐照剂量R和强化交联剂BMI的含量增大时，交联网络增多，交联密度增大，Mc值的分布变宽，链尾和小链圈的数目增多，活动性减小，同时链尾也增长，结果导致σe（链尾、链圈）增大，从而σe值变大，σe值的分布可能变宽。σe值的这种变化也正是过冷度增大、拖尾现象严重、总的动力学速率常数Kn和结晶速率t_(0.5)~(-1)变小的总根源。由此可见，对于分子量不同或分子结构有差别的同一种结晶高聚物来说，σe值可以作为衡量结晶能力大小的定量标准。

（GaAs/AlAs）n短周期超晶格类型及其转变的光伏研究

于2010-11-23批量导入

超晶格的瓦尼尔-斯塔克效应

布洛赫振荡和"斯塔克梯"自提出以来一直没有在实验上观察到.半导体超晶格是由交替的势阱材料和势垒材料层组成,在超晶格中可实现布洛赫振荡.介绍了瓦尼尔-斯塔克效应的实验研究.在国内已实现了瓦尼尔-斯塔克效应,并且在应变超晶格中也实现了,并作出 了一些有特色的工作.