373 resultados para D. Optical properties


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有机-无机钙钛矿型杂化半导体材料结合了有机和无机材料优点,并在分子水平上自组装形成复合材料,具有独特的光、电、磁等性质,在许多领域具有潜在的应用。基于第四主族金属卤化物的杂化钙钛矿是本论文研究的主题,这一类杂化钙钛矿材料是一类独特的半导体材料,其光功能引起人们越来越多的重视。 为此,本论文通过选择不同的有机阳离子配体制备了新型的基于卤化铅的有机-无机杂化钙钛矿结构单晶材料和薄膜,对它们的发光性质进行了研究。利用N-(3-胺基丙基)咪唑和溴化铅在氢溴酸溶液中反应得到了罕见的(110)取向杂化钙钛矿(C6H13N3)2PbBr4 (monoclinic, P21/c)。所得到的杂化钙钛矿在吸收(392 nm)及发射(424 nm)光谱中均存在激子的特征峰。同时,由于N-(3-胺基丙基)咪唑的光活性,得到的杂化材料具有独特的发光性质,在无机层与有机层之间发生了能量传递,使得有机配体的峰位发生红移并且发光强度明显增加。利用CASTEP (Cambridge Serial Total Energy Package) 总能计算软件包对配合物及配体的能带结构进行了计算。结果证明了配体在杂化材料中发光的红移及激子与配体间的能量传递。另外,还发现了一个有机配体2-(2-氨基乙基)硫脲也能够与金属卤化物络合形成(110)取向的有机-无机杂化钙钛矿结构C3H11SN3PbBr4(monoclinic P21/c),由于有机配体的不同,2-(2-氨基乙基)硫脲构筑的(110)取向杂化钙钛矿结构较N-(3-胺基丙基)咪唑构筑的(110)取向杂化钙钛矿结构有较大程度的扭曲变形,使得它们的发光性质有所不同。 邻-(胺基甲基)吡啶,间-(胺基甲基)吡啶,对-(胺基甲基)吡啶在相同条件下与溴化铅组装,得到0-D [(m-C6H10N2)2PbBr6] (orthorhombic, Pbca), 1-D [(o-C6H10N2)PbBr4] (monoclinic, P21/c), 2-D [p-(C6H10N2)PbBr4] (orthorhombic, Pbca) 等不同维数的溴化铅骨架。其中间-(胺基甲基)吡啶与溴化铅在酸性条件下形成稀有的0-D化钙钛矿;邻-(胺基甲基)吡啶在相同条件下形成2-D状杂化钙钛矿;对-(胺基甲基)吡啶则得到共边八面体组成的一维链。证实了有机配体氢键和空间位阻对无机结构的形成起限制作用。得到的杂化钙钛矿化合物的无机层激子特征吸收峰分别位于428 nm(0-D)和431 nm(1-D),无机层激子特征发射峰位于461 nm (0-D)和467 nm(1-D)。 由于甲基咪盐的特殊胺盐构型,我们选用甲基咪盐取代的吡啶作为有机阳离子配体来构筑基于溴化铅的杂化钙钛矿,分别为3-甲咪基吡啶和4-甲咪基吡啶。3-甲咪基吡啶与溴化铅在酸性条件下构筑未见文献报道的即共点又共边的Pb-Br八面体连成无机层网络的杂化结构(C6H13N3)PbBr4 (monoclinic, C2/c)。4-甲咪基吡啶与溴化铅在相同条件下构筑的是常见的(100)取向的杂化钙钛矿结构(C6H13N3)PbBr4(orthorhombic, Pbca)。通过两个不同的化合物在结构和光学性质上的对比,表明有机阳离子配体对无机层结构以及杂化钙钛矿材料光学性质的影响。 在氢溴酸溶液中,组胺与卤化铅自组装成(100)取向杂化钙钛矿(C5H10N3)PbBr4 (monoclinic, P21/c),(C5H10N3)PbCl4 (monoclinic, P21/c)。得到由扭曲的共角八面体组成的钙钛矿片层。受有机配体空间位阻及氢键的影响,无机层发生一定的扭曲,从而导致激子吸收较(分别位于419 nm,339 nm)线形脂肪胺有一定程度的红移。荧光光谱中存在基于溴化铅,氯化铅杂化钙钛矿激子的特征发射峰。另外作为比较,另一个复杂的有机胺3-氨基-1,2,4-三唑,在同样的条件下与PbBr2进行组装得到的是无机组分为一曲折的链状一维结构的杂化结构(C2H2N4)PbBr3 (orthorhombic, Pna21)。 线形的二咪唑配体2,2΄-(二咪唑基-甲基)苯和4,4΄-(二咪唑基-甲基)对联苯,由于其空间位阻与氢键的影响,与卤化铅的组装得到链状骨架。2,2΄-(二咪唑基-甲基)苯与氯化铅构筑的无机骨架是由共边铅氯三角锥连成的一维链状结构(C7H8N2)PbCl3 (triclinic, P-1);与溴化铅形成类似交替排布的层状结构(C7H8N2)PbBr3 (triclinic, P-1)。4,4΄-(二咪唑基-甲基)对联苯构筑的氯化铅骨架为新奇的由共点的铅氯四方锥组成的类隧道形链(C20H21N4)Pb2Cl6•H2O (triclinic, P-1);构筑的溴化铅骨架为由共边的铅溴八面体组成的双链(C20H21N4)Pb2Br6 (monoclinic, C2/c)。形成配合物的发光为配体本身的π-π*跃迁发光。 所合成的杂化钙钛矿材料都具有较好的成膜性,利用简单的旋涂法即可得到质量较好的薄膜材料,有利于对其进行光电研究。

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本文主要利用Liquid-Solid-Solution(LSS)方法合成了一系列的碱土金属氟化物纳米粒子, 具有微米结构的Ba2ClF3体系以及复合金属氟化物NaMgF3纳米晶。利用X-射线衍射(XRD、透射电镜(TEM)、扫描电镜(FE-SEM)、红外光谱(IR)等技术对合成材料的结构、形貌、组成等进行表征,采用紫外-可见吸收光谱、荧光光谱(PL)、荧光寿命等手段评价合成材料的光致发光性能;探讨了油酸作为表面活性剂在纳米晶形成过程中的作用,并阐述了纳米晶的生长过程及可能的生长机理。对氟化物的胶体溶液的发光性质作了研究,并提出了可能的发光机理。 采用LSS方法制备的一系列碱土金属氟化物(CaF2,SrF2,BaF2)纳米晶结晶完好,具有碱土金属氟化物体材料的立方相结构。制备所得的碱土金属氟化物纳米晶分别具有被截的八面体,立方体和立方片形貌,粒子尺寸较均匀,分布范围较窄。制备的纳米晶由于表面被油酸的长烷基链所包覆,可以溶于非极性溶剂如环己烷形成稳定透明的胶体溶液。三种纳米晶的环己烷胶体溶液在光致发光光谱中在400nm左右出现了一个较强的发射峰。这可能是由在纳米晶的形成过程中产生的缺陷和电子中心所造成的。 采用LSS方法在较低的温度下(160oC)成功地制备了一维Ba2ClF3六方微米棒。制备的Ba2ClF3微米晶结晶完好,具有其相应体材料的斜方六面体结构。由于斜方六面体相晶胞表现出六方相的特性,因此具有各向异性。在包覆剂油酸的作用下,生成一维的六方微米棒。制备的六方微米棒具有较好的分散性,光滑的棒表面以及清晰的棱。同时,油酸的加入,氢氧化钠量,反应物加入量以及反应时间均对形貌和尺寸有所影响。通过调节合成参数,我们成功了具有不同尺寸和长宽比的微米棒。 采用LSS方法制备了复合氟化物NaMgF3纳米晶。制备的NaMgF3纳米晶结晶完好,具有正交晶相的结构。粒子平均尺寸约为38.6 nm。所得的纳米晶可溶于环己烷溶剂形成稳定透明的胶体溶液,其胶体溶液在400 nm左右有一个强的发射峰。

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本论文通过水热、溶剂热、高温固相以及单晶生长法合成了复合氟化物及部分稀土离子激活的氧化物。运用近年来兴起的温和水热和溶剂热法探索了MAIF5(M=Ca、Sr、Ba)和LIMAIFa(M=Ca、Sr)系列复合氟化物的合成条件。以水作为溶剂,合成了CaAIF、SrAIF、BaA作ICaAIF6和L诏rAI凡化合物,从起始反应物、反应温度、反应时间及酸度儿方面考察了几种化合物的合成条件。对于溶剂热反应,选择了五种不同的溶剂作为反应介质,分别为乙二醇、乙醇、甲苯、毗咙、四氢「臾喃。以乙二醇和甲苯为溶剂,可以合成SrAlF5和LiSrAlF6民复合氟化物,而乙醇、毗咙、四氢「归喃作为反应介质没有得到l;l标产物。在五种汽半剂中均不能合成CoAIF6、BaAlF5和LiCaAlF6复合氟化物。通过水热、高温固相以及单晶生民法介成了KMgF3:Eu体系。水热合成的产,物具有氧含员低、物相纯等优点,同时该伙合成的多移,体存在史多的色心。比较三种方法合成的KMgFa:EU的光谱,发现水热和单晶样品中除了6P7/2→8S7/2的线发则外,还明显出现址火峰位置位于420nm处的带发射。结合退火实验,相刃刁又热样品的带发射是由于色心所致,而单晶样l界,的带峰则源于晶体中存在的色心、和少量氧所致,但以色心为主。在高温样品中,只有特征的线发射,没有观察到类似的带发射。结合退火前后线带发射弧度的变化及色心激发谱和翻”.6P7/2-8S7/2发射潜的乘补程度,得出Eu3+→色心的能址传递。通过高温固相反应合成GdEu单掺、双掺的KMgFa、BaLiF3、BaY2F8三种磷光体,考察了Gd2+,Eu2+的光学性质,发现了双掺体系中(Gd3+→Eu2+的能里传递以生象,分析了能墩传递方式,并计算了前两个体系中Gd3+→Eu2+能最传递儿率。考察了Pr内+ 在KMgF2、LiYF4、BaY2F8基质中的光谱情况,指认了发射峰所对应的跃迁光潜项,具体讨论了KMgFa:Pr3+激发潜中352nm处的宽带激发峰。考察了Pr3+的发射弧度在KMg1-xCaxF3体系中的咨隋况,发现随枷含嫩的增加,Pr3+的在各发射区的发射强度显著增弧,分析了可能的原因。此外本论文也通过旋转试域熔融法生长了Ca2MgSi2O2单晶,详细讨论了生长品体的彩响因索,并以该化合物为纂质,考察了Eu的掺杂行为。在空气氛围下,没有发生Eu3+→Eu2+的还原,而是形成Ca2Eu8Si6O26化合物,这借助X-ray粉末衍射、组分分析及光谱分析得到证实。

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对于纳米复合材料来说,首要解决的问题就是光散射。光散射现象主要是粒子尺寸以及粒子与基质材料折射率的差异引起的。对于小粒子(<25nm),纳米粒子与基质材料之间的折射率差异不会造成明显的光散射现象,但对于较大粒子来说,为避免明显的光散射现象的发生,二者之间的折射必须吻合。由瑞利散射公式计算得知,当粒子直径大到100nm时,粒子与基质之间的折射率差值必须在0.02之内。因此,解决复合材料光散射问题有两种途径:尽量减小纳米粒子尺寸;选择折射率匹配良好的氟化物和聚合物分别作光学活性组分的基质和材料的基底材料。由于微乳液法合成纳米粒子条件温和、设备简单,所合成纳米粒子尺寸可控。本文首先研究了微乳液结构和性质,采用微乳液法合成氟化物纳米粒子,并研究了其稀土掺杂体系的光学性质。对于微乳液结构和性质的研究,本文绘制了十六烷基三甲基嗅化钱(CTAB)/正丁醇(n-C_4H_9OH)/正辛烷(n-C_8H_(18))/水(或NH4F溶液、或Ba(NO_3)_2溶液、或KNO_3-Mg(NO_3)_2混合溶液)四组分微乳体系的三元相图,观察了电导率随水(或豁溶液)含量变化的规律,很好地印证了微乳液体系的相行为。实验发现,在这四个四元体系的相图中,Ba(NO_3)_2溶液体系的油包水区域面积最大,纯水体系水包油微乳区面积最小,我们分析认为水包油微乳区面积的变化是由于体系中加入离子后对表面活性剂阳离子的静电作用所引起的。采用十六烷基三甲基澳化按(CTAB)/正丁醇/正辛烷/水体系合成了KMgF_3以及KMgF_3:Eu~(2+)纳米粒子。XRD析表明所合成纳米粒子为立方KMgF_3单相;环境扫描电子显微镜(ESEM)分析得到所合成KMgF_3:Eu~(2+)纳米粒子粒径约为20nm。KMgF_3:Eu~(2+)纳米粒子光谱研究发现其发射峰位于360nm附近,其激发峰位于250nm附近,较KMgF_3:Eu~(2+)单晶的激发峰峰蓝移了约80nm。对KMgF_3:Eu~(2+)纳米粒子激发峰蓝移的机理进行了初步探讨。采用CTAB/2-丁醇/水微乳体系合成出球形BaF_2纳米粒子,XRDICP数据显示样品为纯BaF_2相;FTIR谱图证明体系中没有有机物质的存在。将由纳米粒子分散到水中所形成的胶体滴到铜网上,干燥后发现所合成粒子有自组装的特性摘要且粒子自组装形状因粒子尺寸以及样品制备过程而异。粒子的自组装完全是自发的,没有任何的化学试剂对粒子进行包覆,也没对粒子施加除超声分散之外的任何外力。当将一滴胶体溶液直接滴到铜网上,干燥后我们得到粒子的圆形自组装,较大粒子分布在外围形成一个圆,较小粒子分布在圆的内部形成环;我们将一滴BaF_2纳米粒子胶体溶液滴加到铜网上,待干燥后滴加第二滴,重复此操作两次,这样铜网上共滴加的胶体溶液为3滴,此时我们得到粒子的双平行线型组装;直接滴加3滴BaF_2纳米粒子胶体溶液到铜网上,干燥后得粒子的桶状自组装。采用CTAB/正丁醇/正辛烷/水体系于35℃下合成带有枝晶的BaF_2纳米立方。这些枝晶生长在纳米立方的两个相邻面之间呈片状弧形。粉末XRD析表明,体系为BaF_2单相且结晶良好;用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对粒子进行分析发现,所得纳米立方边长为400-450nm;FTIR分析表明,经处理后样品中没有有机物质残存;对枝晶的能谱分析(EDS)分析表明,枝晶中只有Ba和F两种元素而未发现C元素存在。这说明,立方上所生长的枝晶为纯BaF_2产物而非有机物质所形成的。试验发现,所合成粒子的尺寸和形状依赖于反应温度和反应时间。采用士一述体系,于25℃下反应,可得到横截面边长40nm,长200nm的立方柱状纳米粒子,并且未见枝晶。从不同反应时间所合成粒子的形状上我们可以估计纳米立方以及枝晶的住:长过程。采用CTAB/正丁醇/正辛烷/水体系首次合成了BaF_2:Er纳米粒子,并研究了掺杂浓度对粒子红外发光的影响,XRD析表明所合成BaF_2:Er纳米粒子为BaF_2立方相,物相纯净,结晶良好;TEM分析表明在掺杂浓度为6mol%时,粒子尺寸为15-20nm,士曾大粒子的掺杂浓度(8,10和12mol%)下,其尺寸和形状无明显改变,但粒子团聚现象严重。粒子在氢离子激光器488nm激发下的荧光(PL)光谱显示,随粒子掺杂浓度的增大,其发光强度增强,半峰宽加宽。研究了BoF_2:Er纳米粒子尺寸对其发光强度的影响,通过调节体系中水含量以达到控制粒子尺寸的目的。在体系中水含量。分别为5,8,15的条件「分别合成出平均粒径约为8,10和20.5nm的粒子。从粒子的激光粒度分布图中我们可得到粒子的平均尺寸。从粒子的XRD中我们可以发现,随粒子粒径的减小,粉末的衍射峰出现偏移的情况。对于不同种纳米粒子,粒子粒径越小,衍射峰偏移越严重;对于相同的粒子,衍射角度越大,衍射峰偏移的越严重。从三种粒子的红峰的半峰宽和有效半峰宽越宽,对于8nm粒径的粒子,我们得到其最大半峰宽为145nm或有效半峰宽173nm。而且随粒子粒径的减小,其发射峰出现红移的现象。采用CTAB/正丁醇/正辛烷/水体系首次合成了CeF_3以及掺杂浓度为17,25,30,42和50mol%的CeF_3:Lu纳米粒子。XRD析表明,所合成纳米粒子为CeF_3六角相,物相纯净,结晶良好,即使在高的掺杂浓度下(50mol%)体系中一也无其他杂质相的存在。环境扫描电子显微镜(ESEM-FEG)分析表明,所合成CeF_3纳米粒子粒径为巧一20nm,Lu的掺入对粒子的形状和尺寸影响不明显,但在较高的掺杂浓度下粒子团聚现象严重。粒子的荧光光谱表明,CeF_3以及Lu:CeF_3纳米粒子在254nm的激发波长下的发射光谱从290nm到400nm的宽带发射,发射峰位于325nm,较单晶体的发射峰红移约30nm;Lu的掺入有利于提高CeF_3纳米粒子的发光强度,随Lu掺入量的增大,粒子的发光强度出现先增后减的情况,在掺杂浓度为30mol%时,我们得到CeF_3纳米粒子的最大发射,但在50mol%的掺杂浓度下的粒子的发射强度仍要比未掺杂体系的发光强度要强。325nln监测粒子的激发光谱是从200nm到350nm的宽带吸收,激发峰峰位于260nm左右。比CeF_3单晶体的280nm激发峰蓝移了20nm左右。而且粒子的激发光谱中未见长波方向上的肩峰,说明粒子中CeF_3纳米粒子结晶良好,且体系中氧含量低。采用自创建一步原位聚合的方法合成了聚合物包覆的纳米粒子,并采用本体聚合的方法合成复合材料。综上所述,本文采用微乳液法合成了不同的氟化物纳米粒子,并研究了其稀土掺杂体系的光学特性,为聚合物基复合材料的制备以及应用奠定了可靠的实验基础。

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The photoluminescence (PL) response of porous silicon is usually in the form of a single broad peak. Recently, however, PL response with two peaks has been reported. Here we report the observation of multiple peaks in the PL spectrum of porous silicon. A simple modeling of the line shape indicates that four peaks exist within the response curve, and analysis suggests that the PL of porous silicon is derived from quantum confinement in the silicon crystallites. The line shapes can be due to either minibands within the conduction and valence bands or crystallite size variation or a combination of the two.

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The magnetotransport properties of the two-dimensional (2D) electron gas confined in a modulation-doped Zn0.80Cd0.20Se/ZnS0.06Se0.94 single quantum well structure were studied at temperatures down to 0.35 K in magnetic fields up to 7.5 T. Well resolved 2D Shubnikovde Haas (SdH) oscillations were observed, although the conductivity of the sample in the as grown state was dominated by a bulk parallel conduction layer. After removing most of the parallel conduction layer by wet chemical etching the amplitude and number of SdH oscillations increased. From the temperature dependence of the amplitude the effective mass of the electrons was estimated as 0.17 m(0). Copyright (C) 1996 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd

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Optical properties of ordered Ga0.5In0.5P epitaxial layers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy are investigated by photoluminescence (PL) in a temperature range of 10-200 K using excitation power densities between 0.35 W/cm(2) and 20 W/cm(2). It is found that the intensity of the highest-energy PL peak of the ordered Ga0.5In0.5P epilayer decreases first, then increases and finally goes down again with increasing temperature. A model of ordered Ga0.5In0.5P epitaxial layers is proposed, in which the ordered Ga0.5In0.5P epilayer is regarded as a type-II quantum well structure with band-tail states, and the dependence of PL spectra on the temperature and excitation intensity is reasonably explained. (C) 1995 American Institute of Physics.

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High quality ZnO films are successfully grown on Si(100) substrates by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition at 300℃. The effects of the thickness of the ZnO films on crystal structure, surface morphology,and optical properties are investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning probe microscopy,and photoluminescence spectra, respectively. It is shown that the ZnO films grown on Si substrates have a highly-preferential C-axis orientation,but it is difficult to obtain the better structural and optical properties of the ZnO films with the increasing of thickness. It is maybe due to that the grain size and the growth model are changed in the growth process.

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Under short pulse laser excitation, it has been observed, for the first time, a new high-energy photoluminescence emission from GaNx As1- x/GaAs SQWs. This new emission has totally different optical properties compared with the localized exciton transition in GaNx As1-x, and is attributed to the recombination of delocalized excitons in QWs. At the same time, a competition process between localized and delocalized exciton emissions in GaNx As1-x/GaAs quantum wells is observed in the temperaturedependent PL spectra under the short pulse excitation. This competition process for the first time, reveals the physical origin of the temperature-induced S-shaped PL peak shift, which was often reported in the disordered alloy semiconductor system under continuous-wave excitation and puzzled people for a long time. We have also investigated a set of GaNx As1- x samples with small nitrogen composition( x < 1% )by PL, and time-resolved PL. After the PL dependence on temperature and excitation power and PL dynamics were measured, the new PL peak was identified as an intrinsic transition of alloy, rather than N-related bound states. This is the first observation in PL, showing that alloy state exists in GaNx As1- x materials even when N composition is smaller than 0.1%. Finally by selective excitation,both type-Ⅰ and type-Ⅱ transitions were observed simultaneously in GaAs1-xSbx/GaAs SQWs for the first time.

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The structural and optical properties of GaAsSb/GaAs-based quantum wells (QWs) are investigated. The interface quality of GaAsSb/GaAs/GaAsP coupled double (CD) QW structures is improved due to the strain compensation of epitaxial layers. The CD QWs possess a W-shape of energy band structure, and the optical properties display the features characteristic of a type-IQW when the GaAsSb layer thickness is thin enough.

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Semiconductor nanostructures show many special physical properties associated with quantum confinement effects, and have many applications in the opto-electronic and microelectronic fields. However, it is difficult to calculate their electronic states by the ordinary plane wave or linear combination of atomic orbital methods. In this paper, we review some of our works in this field, including semiconductor clusters, self-assembled quantum dots, and diluted magnetic semiconductor quantum dots. In semiconductor clusters we introduce energy bands and effective-mass Hamiltonian of wurtzite structure semiconductors, electronic structures and optical properties of spherical clusters, ellipsoidal clusters, and nanowires. In self-assembled quantum dots we introduce electronic structures and transport properties of quantum rings and quantum dots, and resonant tunneling of 3-dimensional quantum dots. In diluted magnetic semiconductor quantum dots we introduce magnetic-optical properties, and magnetic field tuning of the effective g factor in a diluted magnetic semiconductor quantum dot. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Surface morphology and optical properties of 1.3 mum self-organized InGaAs/GaAs quantum dots structure grown by molecular beam epitaxy have been investigated by atomic force microscopy and photoluminescence measurements. It has been shown that the surface morphology evolution and emission wavelengths of InGaAs/GaAs QDs can be controlled effectively via cycled monolayer deposition methods due to the reduction of the surface strain. Our results provide important information for optimizing the epitaxial parameters for obtaining 1.3 mum long wavelength emission quantum dots structures. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.