48 resultados para Tadashi Suzuki


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We compared partial sequences (402 bp) of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene in 68 individuals of martens (Martes), weasels (Mustela) and their relatives from the Northern Hemisphere to identify the modes of geographic differentiation in each species. We then compared complete sequences (1140 bp) of the gene in 17 species of the family Mustelidae to know the spatial and temporal modes of speciation, constructing linearized trees with transversional substitutions for deeper lineage divergences and with transversions and transitions for younger lineages. Our data suggested that these lineages of Martes and Mustela differentiated in a stepwise fashion with five radiation stages from the generic divergences (stage I) to the intraspecific divergences (stage V), during the last 10 or 20 million years as the fossil evidence suggests. In the lineage of Martes, the first offshoots are of Martes flavigula, M. pennanti, and Gulo gulo (stage II), the second is M. foina (stage III), and the third are M. americana, M. martes, M. melampus, and M. zibellina (stage IV). The divergence of the lineages of Mustela is likely to have taken place concurrently with the radiations of the Martes. These divergence processes are attributable in part to the geographic allocation along the two continents, North America and Eurasia, as well as among peripheral insular domains, such as Taiwan and the Japanese Islands. In addition, the Eurasian continent itself was shown to have been involved in the species diversification in the martens and weasels.

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Sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b (1140 bp) and nuclear IRBP (1152 bp) genes were used to assess the evolutionary history of Apodemus, using the complete set of Asian species. Our results indicate that speciation in Asia involved three radiations, which supports an earlier study. The initial radiation yielded A. argenteus (Japanese endemic), A. gurkha (Nepalese endemic), and the ancestral lineage of the remaining Asian species. This lineage subsequently diverged into four groups: agrarius-chevrieri (agrarius group), draco-latronum-semotus (draco group), A. peninsulae, and A. speciosus (Japanese endemic). The final step consisted of divergence within two species groups as a consequence of the geography of the Yunnan-Guizhou plateau and Taiwan. The ecological ability of two Apodemus-species to inhabit one locality via niche partitioning likely drove the second radiation and shaped the basic geographical pattern seen today: A. argenteus and A. speciosus in Japan, A. agrarius and A. peninsulae in northern China, and the A. agrarius and A. draco groups in southern China. The three radiations are estimated to have occurred 7.5, 6.6, and 1.8-0.8 Mya respectively, using the IRBP clock, based on rat-mouse divergence 12 Mya. (C) 2003 The Linnean Society of London.

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We sequenced the cytochrome b gene from two little-studied mammal species from the highlands of Southwest China, the long-tailed mole Scaptonyx fusicaudus and the gracile shrew-like mole Uropsilus gracilis. This data was used to examine the phylogenetic r

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Oriental voles of the genus Eothenomys are predominantly distributed along the Southeastern shoulder of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Based on phylogenetic analyses of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (1143 bp) obtained from 23 specimens (eight species)

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C2-对称性的1,1’-联萘-2-酚(BINOL)及其衍生物在不对称催化等领域受到了广泛的关注。联萘酚自身能够与具有路易斯酸性的亲氧过渡金属配位完成不对称催化,但往往不能在不对称催化反应中给出满意的结果;可以通过对其骨架中多个可修饰位点的改造和修饰,从而影响金属中心周围的环境,达到不对称诱导的目的。因此对联萘酚的结构改造成为人们始终关注的焦点和努力的方向。 本论文以天然的手性酮(-)-葑酮、(+)-樟脑、(-)-薄荷酮为原料合成两个系列的手性吡啶醇类化合物2a-c,12a-b,并通过与3-或3,3’-单或双(硼酸嚬呐醇酯)- 2,2’-双(甲氧甲基)-1,1’-联-2-萘酚的Suzuki偶联反应在联萘酚的3,3’-位引入手性吡啶醇取代基,合成了两个系列手性联萘酚衍生物,十对非对映异构体8a-c,9a-c,19a-b,20a-b,所有反应中间体及最终产物均已用1H NMR,13C NMR,IR和ESI-MS表征和验证结构。 探讨了两个系列手性配体在芳香醛不对称ZnEt2加成反应、苯甲硫醚不对称氧化反应中的应用。其中,第一系列六对非对映异构体8a-c,9a-c在芳香醛的不对称ZnEt2加成反应中表现出中等的反应活性及较好的对映选择性,最高可达96% e.e.对映选择性;在苯甲硫醚的不对称环氧化中,这些配体表现出较好的反应活性和中等的对映选择性,最好可达51%e.e.对映选择性。第二系列四对非对映异构体19a-b,20a-b在芳香醛的不对称ZnEt2加成反应中也表现出中等的反应活性及较好的对映选择性(91% e.e.值),但较第一系列配体要低一些;在苯甲硫醚的不对称环氧化中,这些配体同样表现出较好的反应活性和中等的对映选择性,但较第一系列配体显示出较高的手性诱导能力,e.e.值最高可达71%。 同时,将部分配体与金属钼(Ⅵ)配位合成手性金属配合物,对部分配合物进行单晶结构的表征,确定配合物中具有分子内氧桥键的结构。并初步探讨了金属配合物在非官能团化烯烃的不对称环氧化反应中的应用。

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过去的几十年,纳米科学在材料、医药、生物、催化等领域得到极其广泛的应用。由于在尺寸上的优势,使用纳米材料作为催化剂载体,可以使异相催化剂均相化,从而提高催化剂的活性和选择性。近年来,磁性纳米颗粒由于其容易分离的特点而作为催化剂载体受到广泛关注。鉴于此,本论文着眼于设计合成一系列磁性纳米颗粒负载的催化剂并研究其在一些有机化学反应中的应用,并进一步研究其重复使用情况。 本论文的主要内容包括以下几个部分: 1.制备了一系列磁性纳米颗粒固载的季胺盐和季膦盐,并将其应用到由二氧化碳和环氧化合物制备环状碳酸酯的反应中,详细研究了温度、催化剂用量、压力等条件对反应的影响,并进一步研究了催化剂的分离和重复使用情况。 2. 合成了二(2-吡啶基)-甲醇,通过Click反应将其固载到磁性纳米颗粒表面并与Pd进行配位,并将其应用于Suzuki和Sonogashira交叉偶联反应中,研究了不同溶剂和反应条件对反应的影响,并讨论了该催化体系的重复利用性能。 3. 合成了一系列的树枝状大分子负载的Click型有机催化剂,并将其用于酮对芳香硝基乙烯化合物的不对称Michael加成反应中。分别研究了在水相和无溶剂条件下反应进行的情况,并研究了催化剂的重复使用情况。 4. 制备了一系列磁性纳米颗粒负载的树枝状大分子催化剂,并应用于环己酮对芳香硝基乙烯化合物的不对称Michael加成反应中。研究了树枝状大分子的代数对催化剂活性的影响,并讨论了催化剂的分离和重复使用情况。

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本论文是以提高聚合物电致发光器件发光效率和热稳定性为目的,从材料设计的角度出发,以具有电子传输性能和热稳定性1,3,4-噁二唑和1,2,4-三唑为构造单元,采用Wittig聚合反应合成了一系列含有1,3,4-噁二唑和1,2,4-三唑的发光聚合物,在载流子平衡和实现红、绿、蓝三基色发光方面取得了一些有益的结果,主要包括以下几点:1.合成了一系列含1,2,4-三唑单元和三芳胺单元的PPV型电致发光聚合物。研究了不同空穴传输单元对发光聚合物热性能和电化学性质的影响,结果表明,所有聚合物都具有比较高的玻璃化转变和热分解温度,其中由于联苯二胺中含有刚性联苯结构,使得含联苯二胺结构的聚合物较其它发光聚合物具有更高的玻璃化转变温度,并且由于联苯结构的空间位阻效应,减小了聚合物分子链间的相互作用,使得溶液态和薄膜态的光致发光峰位符合的很好。2.对所合成含1,2,4-三唑和三芳胺的发光聚合物进行了电致发光性能表征。研究了不同器件结构对发光亮度的影响。结果表明,所有的器件发光波长都在515-530nm之间。单层结构器件工TO/Polymer/Mg:Ag启动电压在6-9伏之间。发光亮度只有45 cd/m左右。双层结构工TO/Polymer/PBD/Mg:Ag发光亮度在100 cd/m~2左右,启动电压与单层器件几乎没有变化。这说明尽管在聚合物中引入了拉电子的三唑基团,但聚合物依然表现为空穴传输为主,这是由于三芳胺基团空穴迁移率比三唑的电子迁移率高;而且三芳胺单元和三唑基单元在聚合物中所占的比例也是三芳胺高的原因。3.我们首次合成了4-苯基-3,5-二(4一氯甲基苯基)-1,2,4-三唑化合物。中国科学院长春应用化学研究所博士论文经过反复实验最终确定了适合反应的合成路线,采用氯苯做溶剂,过氧化苯甲酞做引发剂,硫酞氯为反应试剂。合成的产物收率高,而且容易分离;采用三丁基磷盐为聚合单体,合成出高分子量的聚合物,并且聚合物基本上是以反式烯烃双键为主。4.以合成蓝色发光聚合物为目的。合成了二种1,2,4-三唑和联咔吟(咔哇)共聚的即V型蓝色发光聚合物和一种含有1,2,4-三唑的PPP型蓝色发光聚合物材料。研究结果表明,将1,2,4-三唑引入到电致发光聚合物中,有效地提高了聚合物的Tg,与相类似结构的蓝色发光聚合物相比,其热性能改善明显。聚合物的发光波长都在450pm左右,是比较纯正的蓝色发光。5.合成了有1,2,4一三唑(1,3,4一噁二唑)和不同MEH-PPV单元长度的发光聚合物,研究了不同的MEH-PPV单元长度对发光波长和玻璃化转变温度的影响。结果表明,当MEH-PPV单元长度增加时,发光波长和玻璃化转变温度都有向MEH-PPV接近的趋势。而且,由于聚合物中1,2,4-三唑中4位氮原子被苯环取代后提高了杂环的稳定性。在相同的MEH-PPV单元长度时,聚合物主链为1,2,4-三唑结构比聚合物主链是1,3,理一噁二唑的玻璃化转变温度高。6. 含1,2,4-三唑单元和三个单元长度MEH-PPV单元的发光聚合物的单层器件(ITO/Polymer/Mg:Ag)发光亮度为320cd/m~2。同MEH-PPV的单层EL器件相比,在相同的制备工艺条件下,聚合物的电致发光器佩件的发光亮度比MEH-PPV的单层电致发光器件高20%。7.研究表明1,3,4-噁二唑单元和1,2,4一三唑单元嵌入到MEH-PPV主链后,它们并不像脂肪柔性链那样完全中断了聚合物共扼性的延伸,1,3,4一噁二唑单元和1,2,4一三唑单元依然是聚合物的共扼成分,只是中国科学院长春应用化学研究所博士论文降低了聚合物的有效共辘程度;并且由于1,2,4一三唑单元空间结构特性使得聚合物有效共扼程度比1,3,4一噁二唑单元降低的更多。8.合成了含有1,3,4一噁二唑单元和不同发光中心的小分子发光材料,我们发现带烷氧基取代的发光小分子发光颜色向长波方向移动。而带有联苯结构的发光小分子发光颜色向短波长方向移动。9.发光小分子的紫外吸收峰与1,3,4-噁二唑单元的发光峰位存在着非常大的重叠,当用1,3,4-噁二唑的紫外最大吸收波长激发发光材料时,1,3,4-噁二唑所发出的光能够被共扼的发光小分子吸收,存在着能量转移的现象。

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本论文是以合成高性能的聚合物电致发光材料为目的,从材料合成的角度出发,以蔡酞亚胺衍生物为构造单元,采用Suzuki聚合反应合成了主链或侧链含有蔡酞亚胺衍生物基元的聚合物材料,并通过能量转移的方法,实现了发光颜色的改变和固态光致荧光量子效率的提高。1.合成了一种侧链上含有蔡酞亚胺衍生物基元的聚菊类聚合物,该蔡酞亚胺衍生物基元通过一柔性链间隔与聚菊主链相连。通过调节共聚单体的投料比,得到了一系列具有不同蔡酚亚胺衍生物基元含量的高荧光量子效率的聚合物,对其热性能和一佩发光性能进行了研究,结果表明所有的聚合物均有较高的热稳定性;其光致发光和电致发光J胜能与聚合物中蔡 酞亚胺衍生物基元的含量有密切的关系。蔡酞亚胺衍生物基元含量在一 特定范围内,聚合物的固态荧光量子效率达到最大值,且其双层器件的 亮度也为最高。2.对聚合物溶液和固态的吸收光谱和发射光谱的异同的研究,确证了能量转移现象的存在和对聚合物的发光颜色的调节作用。聚合物蔡酞亚胺衍生物基元含量由高到低变化时光致荧光发射波长发生相应蓝移,但其电致荧光发射波长为一定值的现象表明该类聚合物的光致荧光发射和电致荧光发射具有不同的机理。3.将蔡酞亚胺衍生物基元引入共扼主链,合成了一利“新的聚荀类高分子。该分子和聚菊分子相似均具有较高的热稳定性。该类聚合物分子内及分子间也存在能量转移现象。通过调节聚合物中蔡酞亚胺衍生物基元的含量可实现聚合物的光致荧光从橘红色到黄色的调节。一该类聚合物的电致荧光较光致荧光有所蓝移,其随蔡酞亚胺衍生物基元含量的改变而变化趋势与光致荧光相同,表明两种荧光发射具有相同的发射机理。其双层电致发光器件具有较好的性能。

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本论文以手性联萘酚为手性源,合成一系列联蔡基手性联毗陡及其衍生物,歼探讨了部分手性配体在不对称催化氢转移等反应中的应用。同时,通过部分配体与金属离子配位合成了旋光纯手性金属配合物,并对其溶液性质进行了深入研究。主要工作和结论如下:利用Krohnke方法,从(R)-6-乙酞基-2,2'-二甲氧基-1,1'-联萘简洁地合成了6-[6-((R)-2,2'-二甲氧基-1,1'-联萘基)]-2,2'-联吡啶及其衍生物(R)-1a-e。在相似条件下,合成了6,6'-二[6-(2,2'-联吡啶基)]-1,1'-联萘衍生物(R)-27-b。利用Suztlki偶联反应,对化合物(R)-1e进一步进行修饰得到了高产率的6-芳基-6'-[6-((R)-2,2'-二甲氧基-1,1'-联萘基)〕-2,2'-联吡啶(R)-1f-i。通过(R)3-(4,4,5:5-四甲基-1,3,2-二唑硼烷基)2,2'-乙氧基-1,1'-联萘与6-溴-2,2'-联吡啶及其衍生物的Suzuki偶联合成了四种手性6-[3-((R)-2,2'-乙氧基-1,1'-联萘基)]-2,2'-联吡啶衍生物(R)-3a-d。将(R)-27b与AgSO3CF3进行配位合成Ag(I)配位聚合物35。固态下,35具有M构型的无限单股螺旋结构,且每个Ag(I)中心的手性受到配体,扫联蔡基的控制,其构型为Λ。在用MS、CD、UV及NMR对配合物35的溶液性质进行深入研究时发现,在溶液中配合物35离解为剂聚体,同时齐聚体之间存在快速平衡,且平衡随浓度、温度等条件的不同而发生改变,配体的平衡构象也相应被调整。另外,合成了Ag(I)与(R)-1d的单核配合物34,其洛液表现出与配台物35相似的性质。探讨了1a-i在苯乙酮氢转移还原、苯乙烯环丙烷化等不对称催化反应中的应用。在这些反应中,大部分配体表现出很好的反应活性,但立体选择性比较差。以(S)3,3'-二(4,4,5.5-四甲基-1,3,2-唑硼烷基于-2,2'-二(甲氧亚甲氧基)-1,1'-联萘为原料与2-溴吡啶及其衍生物先进行Stlzuki偶联,再经水解反应较高产率地合成了C2-对称性新型(S)-3,3'-二吡啶丛联茶酚衍生物(S)-38a-d。

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Wurtzite single crystal GaN films have been grown onto a gamma-Al2O3/Si(001) substrate in a horizontal-type low pressure MOVPE system. A thin gamma-Al2O3 layer is an intermediate layer for the growth of single crystal GaN on Si although it is only an oriented polycrystal film as shown by reflection high electron diffraction. Moreover, the oxide is not yet converted to a fully single crystal film, even at the stage of high temperature for the GaN layer as studied by transmission electron microscopy. Double crystal x-ray linewidth of (0002) peak of the 1.3 mu m sample is 54 arcmin and the films have heavy mosaic structures. A near band edge peaking at 3.4 eV at room temperature is observed by photoluminescence spectroscopy. Raman scattering does not detect any cubic phase coexistence.

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The nearly lattice-matched LiGaO2 and LiAlO2 substrates have been used for the growth of GaN by LP-MOVPE. GaN epilayers have been grown on the two substrates at very low input partial pressure of hydrogen and relatively low growth temperature. The difference in the growth rate, crystal and optical qualities of hexagonal GaN epilayers grown on LiAlO2 and LiGaO2 substrate with two polar domains are investigated. LiAlO2 and LiGaO2 single crystal with a single domain structure and an adequate surface plane are promising substrates for the growth of high quality of hexagonal GaN thin films.

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Unintentionally doped and Si-doped single crystal n-GaN films have been grown on alpha-Al2O3 (0001) substrates by LP-MOCVD. Room temperature photoluminescence measurement showed that besides the bandedges, the spectrum of an undoped sample was a broad deep-level emission band peaking from 2.19 to 2.30eV, whereas the spectrum for a Si-doped sample was composed of a dominant peak of 2.19eV and a shoulder of 2.32eV. At different temperatures, photoconductance buildup and its decay were also observed for both samples.. The likely origins of persistent photoconductivity and yellow luminescence, which might be associated with deep defects inclusive of either Ga vacancy(V-Ga)/Ga vacancy complex induced by impurities or N antisite (N-Ga), will be proposed.

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The longitudinal momentum distribution (P-//) of fragments after one-proton removal from Al-23 and reaction cross sections (sigma(R)) for Al-23,Al-24 on carbon target at 74A MeV have been measured simultaneously. An enhancement in sigma(R) is observed for Al-23 compaxed with Al-24. The full width at half maximum of the P-// distribution for Mg-22 fragments has been determined to be 232 +/- 28 MeV/c. Analysis of P-// using the Few-Body Glauber Model indicates a dominant d-wave configuration for the valence proton in the ground state of Al-23. The exotic structure in Al-23 is discussed.