Theory Of Phase Transformation And Reorientation In Single Crystalline Shape Memory Alloys

A constitutive model, based on an (n + 1)-phase mixture of the Mori-Tanaka average theory, has been developed for stress-induced martensitic transformation and reorientation in single crystalline shape memory alloys. Volume fractions of different martensite lattice correspondence variants are chosen as internal variables to describe microstructural evolution. Macroscopic Gibbs free energy for the phase transformation is derived with thermodynamics principles and the ensemble average method of micro-mechanics. The critical condition and the evolution equation are proposed for both the phase transition and reorientation. This model can also simulate interior hysteresis loops during loading/unloading by switching the critical driving forces when an opposite transition takes place.

Structural and magnetic properties of insulating Zn1-xCoxO thin films

Cobalt-doped ZnO (Zn1-xCoxO) thin films were fabricated by reactive magnetron cosputtering. The processing conditions were carefully designed to avoid the occurrence of Co precipitations. The films are c-axis oriented, and the solubility limit of Co in ZnO is less than 17%, determined by x-ray diffraction. X-ray photoemission spectroscopy measurements show Co ions have a chemical valance of 2+. In this paper, hysteresis loops were clearly observed for Zn1-xCoxO films at room temperature. The coercive field, as well as saturation magnetization per Co atom, decreases with increasing Co content, within the range of 0.07

Mn implanted GaAs by low energy ion beam deposition

High dose Mn was implanted into semi-insulating GaAs substrate to fabricate embedded ferromagnetic Mn-Ga binary particles by mass-analyzed dual ion beam deposit system at room temperature. The properties of as-implanted and annealed samples were measured with X-ray diffraction, high-resolution X-ray diffraction to characterize the structural changes. New phase formed after high temperature annealing. Sample surface image was observed with atomic force microscopy. All the samples showed ferromagnetic behaviour at room temperature. There were some differences between the hysteresis loops of as-implanted and annealed samples as well as the cluster size of the latter was much larger than that of the former through the surface morphology. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The magnetic and structure properties of room-temperature ferromagnetic semiconductor (Ga,Mn)N

Diluted magnetic semiconductor (Ga,Mn)N were prepared by the implantation of Mn ions into GaN/Al2O3 substrate. Clear X-ray diffraction peak from (Ga,Mn)N is observed. It indicates that the solid solution (Ga,Mn)N phase was formed with the same lattice structure as GaN and different lattice constant. Magnetic hysteresis-loops of the (Ga,Mn)N were obtained at room temperature (293 K) with the coercivity of about 2496.97 A m(-1). (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Energy principle of ferroelectric ceramics and single domain mechanical model

Many physical experiments have shown that the domain switching in a ferroelectric material is a complicated evolution process of the domain wall with the variation of stress and electric field. According to this mechanism, the volume fraction of the domain switching is introduced in the constitutive law of ferroelectric ceramic and used to study the nonlinear constitutive behavior of ferroelectric body in this paper. The principle of stationary total energy is put forward in which the basic unknown quantities are the displacement u (i) , electric displacement D (i) and volume fraction rho (I) of the domain switching for the variant I. Mechanical field equation and a new domain switching criterion are obtained from the principle of stationary total energy. The domain switching criterion proposed in this paper is an expansion and development of the energy criterion. On the basis of the domain switching criterion, a set of linear algebraic equations for the volume fraction rho (I) of domain switching is obtained, in which the coefficients of the linear algebraic equations only contain the unknown strain and electric fields. Then a single domain mechanical model is proposed in this paper. The poled ferroelectric specimen is considered as a transversely isotropic single domain. By using the partial experimental results, the hardening relation between the driving force of domain switching and the volume fraction of domain switching can be calibrated. Then the electromechanical response can be calculated on the basis of the calibrated hardening relation. The results involve the electric butterfly shaped curves of axial strain versus axial electric field, the hysteresis loops of electric displacement versus electric filed and the evolution process of the domain switching in the ferroelectric specimens under uniaxial coupled stress and electric field loading. The present theoretic prediction agrees reasonably with the experimental results given by Lynch.

Energy Functions And Basic Equations For Ferroelectrics

Energy functions (or characteristic functions) and basic equations for ferroelectrics in use today are given by those for ordinary dielectrics in the physical and mechanical communications. Based on these basic equations and energy functions, the finite element computation of the nonlinear behavior of the ferroelectrics has been carried out by several research groups. However, it is difficult to process the finite element computation further after domain switching, and the computation results are remarkably deviating from the experimental results. For the crack problem, the iterative solution of the finite element calculation could not converge and the solutions for fields near the crack tip oscillate. In order to finish the calculation smoothly, the finite element formulation should be modified to neglect the equivalent nodal load produced by spontaneous polarization gradient. Meanwhile, certain energy functions for ferroelectrics in use today are not compatible with the constitutive equations of ferroelectrics and need to be modified. This paper proposes a set of new formulae of the energy functions for ferroelectrics. With regard to the new formulae of the energy functions, the new basic equations for ferroelectrics are derived and can reasonably explain the question in the current finite element analysis for ferroelectrics.

Dissipative particle dynamics simulation of wettability alternation phenomena in the chemical flooding process

Wettability alternation phenomena is considered one of the most important enhanced oil recovery (EOR) mechanisms in the chemical flooding process and induced by the adsorption of surfactant on the rock surface. These phenomena are studied by a mesoscopic method named as dissipative particle dynamics (DPD). Both the alteration phenomena of water-wet to oil-wet and that of oil-wet to water-wet are simulated based on reasonable definition of interaction parameters between beads. The wetting hysteresis phenomenon and the process of oil-drops detachment from rock surfaces with different wettability are simulated by adding long-range external forces on the fluid particles. The simulation results show that, the oil drop is liable to spread on the oil-wetting surface and move in the form of liquid film flow, whereas it is likely to move as a whole on the water-wetting surface. There are the same phenomena occuring in wettability-alternated cases. The results also show that DPD method provides a feasible approach to the problems of seepage flow with physicochemical phenomena and can be used to study the mechanism of EOR of chemical flooding.

Noninterferometric measurement of lead zirconate titanate inverse piezoelectric extension

A noncontacting and noninterferometric depth discrimination technique, which is based on differential confocal microscopy, was used to measure the inverse piezoelectric extension of a piezoelectric ceramic lead zirconate titanate actuator. The response characteristics of the actuator with respect to the applied voltage, including displacement, linearity, and hysteresis, were obtained with nanometer measurement accuracy. Errors of the measurement have been analyzed. (C) 2001 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.

Optical bistability via amplitude and phase control of a microwave field

We investigate the steady-state optical bistability behavior in a three-level A-type atomic system closed by a microwave field under the condition that the applied fields are in resonance with corresponding atomic transitions. It is shown that the bistable hysteresis cycles can be controlled by both the amplitude and the phase of the microwave field. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

基于PLZT的电光偏转器的特性研究

采用具有高二次电光效应的掺镧锆钛酸铅陶瓷材料（PLZT），设计和制备了一种基于折射率随外加电压发生变化的电光偏转器。构建了测试系统，测得PLZT的电光系数是R33=2.1

Experimental investigation of optical beam deflection based on PLZT electro-optic ceramic

Based on the optical characteristics of PLZT electro-optic ceramic, two kinds of electro-optic deflectors, triangular electrode structure and optical phased array technology, are studied in detail by using transverse electro-optic effect. Theoretically, the electro-optic deflection characteristics and mechanisms of the deflectors are analyzed. Experimentally, the optical characteristics of ceramic wafer, such as the phase modulation, the hysteresis and the electro-induced loss characteristics, are measured firstly, and then the beam deflection experiments are designed to verify the theoretical results. Moreover, the effect of temperature on the performance of triangular electrode deflector is investigated. The characteristics of both deflectors are also compared and illuminated. (c) 2007 Optical Society of America.

聚焦光斑磁光极克尔磁滞回线的热效应分析

实验设计并组建了一套磁光极克尔磁滞回线测量装置，该装置可以通过改变照射到样品上的激光功率来改变薄膜样品上被聚焦光斑照射的测试点的温度。同时通过计算模拟了激光照射在TbFeCo磁光薄膜上的温度分布情况，得到了薄膜的矫顽力随照射激光功率的变化关系，由此可以确定薄膜的居里温度和补偿温度。为研究磁光薄膜样品在各种温度条件下，磁光性能的变化以及多层磁光薄膜的磁耦合效应提供了有效的手段。

GdFeCo／TbFeCo磁超分辨磁光记录薄膜研究

用磁控溅射法制备了GdFeCo／TbFeCo交换耦合两层薄膜，利用不同温度的克尔磁滞回线和VSM磁滞回线研究了读出层（GdFeCo）变温磁化方向变化过程．结果表明，随温度升高读出层从平面磁化转变为垂直磁化，交换耦合两层薄膜具有中心孔探测磁超分辨的基本性能．转变过程主要受饱和磁化强度（Ms）的影响，在GdFeCo的补偿温度附近，读出层的磁化强度较小，退磁场能也较小，在交换耦合的作用下，使读出层（GdFeCo）的磁化方向发生转变．磁化方向的转变在75℃～125℃的温度范围内变化较快．

沙冬青抗冻组份的分离纯化和afp基因克隆的尝试

本文用三种方法分离纯化沙冬青（Ammopiptanthus mongolicus）叶片抗冻蛋白质。从70%硫酸铵沉淀后的上清液中得到了一种碱性的小分子物质，UiS，具有较高的溶解度( 260 mg/ml)和较强的降低溶液冰点的能力（200 mg/ml，冰点小于-20℃）：从10%硫酸铵和26%氯化铵共沉淀物中分离到一种抗冻蛋白-B3，B3分子量为39.8 kDa，热滞活性为0.45℃(10 mg/ml)：从沙冬青叶片热稳定蛋白质中用双向电泳一电泳回收法分离到afp,其分子量为40 kDa,pl为9.0。热滞活性为0.9℃(20 mg/ml)，和其他抗冻蛋白质进行比较，没有发现相同的类型。afp和uis在叶片含量都很高，可能是沙冬青抗冻生理过程中两种主要物质，它们对于沙冬青抵御-20℃左右的冷冻温度具有重要的意义。afp N端序列为SDDL SFTF NKFV PCQT DILF，据此合成了六段5’引物和一段3’引物，用RT - PCR方法从叶片中扩增出一段200 bp左右的片段。

Dynamics of photo-enhanced magneto-crystalline anisotropy in diluted ferromagnetic GaMnAs

By chopping a pump beam in conventional time-resolved Kerr rotation (TRKR) experiments and measuring the time evolution of M-shaped "major" hysteresis loops of magnetic linear dichroism (Delta MLD = MLDpump-on MLDpump-off), the differential MLD signal in the presence and the absence of the pump beam, we studied the dynamics of photo-enhanced magneto-crystalline anisotropy, and found that its very long recovering time (much longer than 13 ns) might reflect the nature of the coherent coupling between photo-excited holes and localized spins in the d shell of manganese.