60 resultados para 740


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羟基多氯联苯是典型持久性有机污染物(POPs)———多氯联苯在生物体内的主要活性代谢产物,已在许多野生动物和人体内被检出。由于其化学结构与天然雌激素、甲状腺激素十分类似,因此羟基多氯联苯的内分泌干扰效应近年来已开始受到国际上的高度关注。本文对多氯联苯的代谢途径、羟基多氯联苯在生物体内的浓度水平、内分泌干扰及其多种毒性作用机制进行了综述。有关对多氯联苯的活性代谢产物———羟基多氯联苯的深入研究,将有助于进一步揭示多氯联苯的毒性机制,为我国早日建立有效的POPs污染危害评价与早期预警系统提供科学依据。

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Hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs a group of main active metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) which are typical persistent organic pollutants (Pops) I have been identified in wild animals and human. The endocrine disruption of OH-PCBs has been drawn great attention due to the similarity of their chemical structures to the natural estrogens and thyroid hormones. The metabolic pathways of PCBs, the levels of OHPCBs in organism, the endocrine disruption and other adverse effects of OH-PCBs are reviewed. The further investigation of OH-PCBs will not only reveal the toxicological mechanism of PCBs, but also can lay scientific basis for setting up the risk assessment of POPs contamination and early-warning system in China.

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The third-order optical nonlinear refractive properties of InAs/GaAs quantum dots grown by molecular beam epitaxy have been measured using the reflection Z-scan technique at above-bandgap energy. The nonlinear refractive index and nonlinear absorption index of the InAs/GaAs quantum dots were determined for wavelengths from 740 to 777 nm. The measured results are compared with the nonlinear refractive response of several typical III-V group semiconductor materials. The corresponding mechanisms responsible for the large nonlinear response are discussed.

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Surface plasmons(SPs) generated in nano metallic gratings on medium layer can greatly enhance the transmission field through the metallic gratings. The enhancement effect is achieved from lambda = 500 nm to near-infrared domain. The enhancement rate is about 110 % at the wavelength of about 6 10 nm and about 180 % at lambda = 700 nm and 740 nm where most kinds of thin film solar cells have a high spectral response. These structures should provide a promising way to increase the coupling efficiency of thin film solar cells and optical detectors of different wavelength response.

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With a series of supportive experimental phenomena as induced by ion beam bombardment, energetic beaminduced athermal activation process in Si is demonstrated. This is correlated with phenomena induced by ultrafast energy exchange in condensed matter in general. A critical modelling is presented on the above process and a universal concept: the ultrafast energy exchange-induced soft mode of phonons and the lattice instability in condensed matter are proposed.

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We present fabrication and experimental measurement of a series of photonic crystal waveguides. The complete devices consist of an injector taper down from 3 mu m into a triangular-lattice air-hole single-line-defect waveguide with lattice constant from 410nm to 470nm and normalized radius 0.31. We fabricate these devices on a siliconon-insulator substrate and characterize them using a tunable laser source over a wavelength range from 1510nm to 1640nm. A sharp attenuation at photonic crystal waveguide mode edge is observed for most structures. The edge of guided band is shifted about 30nm with the 10nm increase of the lattice constant. We obtain high-efficiency light propagation and broad flat spectrum response of the photonic crystal waveguides.

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This paper presents a 2GS/s 10-bit CMOS digital-to-analog converter (DAC). This DAC consists of a unit current-cell matrix for 6MSBs and another unit current-cell matrix for 4LSBs, trading off between the precision and size of the chip. The Current Mode Logic (CML) is used to ensure high speed, and a double Centro-symmetric current matrix is designed by the Q(2) random walk strategy in order to ensure the linearity of the DAC. The DAC occupies 2.2 x 2.2 mm2 of die area, and consumes 790mw at a single 3.3V power supply.

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国家自然科学基金;广东省自然科学基金

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时域反射仪(TDR)与频率反射仪(FDR)是目前最为先进,并且最具有发展前途的土壤含水量测量仪器。有便利、快捷、准确的优点。介绍了6种基于TDR或FDR原理的仪器对黄绵土含水量进行试验标定的方法与结果。标定结果表明:仪器的测量值与烘干法的测量值之间有一定的差异,CS616和Trime-T3烘干法测定结果接近,但是其余的4种仪器测定值均高于烘干法测定值,在应用这些仪器测定土壤含水量时需要进行标定。

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为了在实时气象条件下确定旱塬区适宜的肥力水平和产量水平,在模拟精度验证基础上,应用WinEPIC模型模拟研究了黄土高原长武旱塬地1957~2001年期间不同肥力水平下连作冬小麦田产量效应。模型验证结果表明CK、N、NP处理产量模拟值与观测值之间的相关系数分别为0.740、0.764和0.740,均达到显著水平,WinEPIC模型对不同肥力处理下冬小麦籽粒产量模拟较为准确。模拟结果表明,无肥、低肥、中肥和高肥处理下连作冬小麦的产量均呈现波动性降低趋势,其平均值分别为1.055、1.422、2.405和3.170t/hm2,不同肥力处理间差异显著,以中肥和高肥处理增产效果最好。为黄土高原南部沟壑区旱地小麦生产的可持续发展提供了科学依据。

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研究黄土丘陵区植被次生演替灌木群落形成过程中土壤养分的变化情况。【方法】以白羊草群落为对照,选取杠柳、狼牙刺、丁香、虎榛子和柠条5种乡土树种为研究对象,测定其土壤养分含量,计算灌木群落形成变化过程中的土壤养分指数(Soil Nutrient Index,SNI),分析了各养分因子间的线性相关关系。【结果】不同灌木初期对土壤养分的适应能力大小顺序为:柠条(0.072)>狼牙刺(0.114)>杠柳(0.163)>丁香(0.172)>虎榛子(0.292)。不同植被物种群落土壤SNI值大小顺序为:虎榛子群落(0.979)>狼牙刺群落(0.535)>柠条群落(0.457)>丁香群落(0.341)>杠柳群落(0.333)>白羊草群落(0.145)。从不同灌木群落形成过程所产生的土壤养分改善效应来看,各参试群落相对于白羊草群落土壤养分的增幅分别为:虎榛子(4.740倍)、狼牙刺(2.909倍)、柠条(2.661倍)、杠柳(1.169倍)和丁香(1.168倍)。各土壤养分因子间除土壤全磷与有效磷和有效钾的相关性不显著外,其余各土壤养分因子间均表现出极显著的线性相关关系(P<0.01)。【结论】不同灌木种群所需的适宜土...

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Al-Li合金是近年发展起来的新型航空材料,具有低密度、高强度的特点。目前世界上正就如何进一步提高其断裂韧性,使Al-Li合金尽早走出实验室,获得实际用进行广泛,深入的研究。熔盐电解法就是在这种情况下发展起来的。虽然此法现在尚处于研究的初级阶段,但已以其能够在较简单的设备上制备低Na高纯Al-Li合金的特点受到广泛的重视,是一种很有前途的发展方向。针对我国的技术、设备现状,在参考国外研究结果的基础上,采用熔盐电解法制备Al-Li母合金 → 应用合金的制备方法是可以尽快赶上世界发步伐的有效途径。因此,本文作为整个熔盐电解制备Al-Li合金系统研究的一部分,针对目前在此领域中很多应用基础问题,诸如:作为新的电解体系正在探索中的LiCl-KCl-LiF三元相图,Li在液体Al阴极中的扩散系数,利用熔盐电解法制备低Na高纯Al-Li合金的热力学基础及如何克服LiCl强烈的吸水性给电解工艺带来的种种不便等均未得到系统研究的现状,设计完成了一系列有关熔盐电化学和热力学实验,填补了本领域的一些研究空白,并为进一步系统研究工艺条件提供了重要的参考数据。1.用NH_4Cl氯化Li_2CO_3的研究 根据热力学从理论上论证了在200 ℃左右下述氯化反应:Li_2CO_3 + 2NN_4Cl = 2LiCl + 2NH_3~↑ + H_2O~↑ + CO_2~↑可以进行完全。利用DSC方法测定反应产物LiCl的纯度,并用离子色谱法分析反应产物中CO_3~=的含量,结果均证明:在Li_2CO_3:NH_4Cl = 1:4 (mol)时,Li_2CO_3可以定量转化为LiCl,剩余的NH_4Cl完全分解。根据热重分析结果推测NH_4Cl氯化Li_2CO_3的反应历程为:Li_2CO_3 + 2NH_4Cl = 2LiCl + 2NH_3~↑ + H_2O~↑ + CO_2~↑ NH_4Cl = HCl~↑ + NH_3~↑ 而并非是想像中的:NH_4Cl = HCl~↑ + NH_3~↑ 2HCl + Li_2CO_3 = 2LiCl + H2O~↑ + CO_2~↑利用X-射线衍射方法分析产物,结果亦说明氯化可以成功。将1:4(mol)= Li_2CO_3:NH_4Cl混合样品在差热分析反应炉中直接加热测定反应产物LiCl的溶点,并与纯LiCl样品熔点的测定结果相比较,二者完全一致。以上结果说明:不仅可用此氯化反应产物代替LiCl应用于熔盐电解制备Al-Li合金中,而且还可将其应用于LiCl体系的相图测定中。因Li_2CO_3,NH_4Cl均不吸水,极易处理,因此以上研究结果无论对于Al-Li合金的工艺研究还是其他有关LiCl体系的基础研究都是很有价值的。2.直接氯化法制备LiCl-KCl-LiF三元相图的研究。LiCl-KCl-LiF三元相图是研究此体系电解机制的重要基础。为将以上直接氯化法应用于差热分析中制作此三元体系相图,首先用直接氯化法测定了三个已知二元LiCl体系相图:LiCl-KCl;LiCl-LiF;LiCl-NaCl。与文献结果吻合很好。说明将此法应用于差热分析中制作LiCl体系相图结果是可靠的。在LiCl-KCl-LiF三元相图的测定中共做出七个垂直截面,在各截面上读出等温条件下的相界点投影到浓度三角形中,得到等温投影图。结果说明LiCl-KCl-LiF是固态完全不互溶的三元共晶体系,共有三个液-固两相区;三个液-固-固三相区;一个液-固-固-固四相区,(三元共晶平面)和一个固-固-固三相区。四相点温度为348 ℃,其组成在三相平衡线的交点处,在实验上测出近似等于:41.4KCl + 57.3LiCl + 1.3LiF (mol)。3.氯化物体系中Li~+, Na~+析出电位的比较及其去极化作用的研究。在正常电化序中,Li~+应先于Na~+析出。但在以Al作阴极电解LiCl体系时,则由于Li~+在Al上有较强的去极化作用而提前析出。这是熔盐电解法可以制备低Na,高纯Al-Li合金的基础。本文在理论上对此问题进行了较深入的研究。具体内容包括(1)。测定Li~+, Na~+在二元氯化物体系中的析出电位。通过在Al阴极,Mo阴极上二离子析出电位的比较,确认了Li~+在Al阴极上产生很强的去极化作用是能利用电解法制备低Na高纯Al-Li合金的根本原因。并为在工艺研究中选择合适的电流密度提供了参考依据。(2).根据热力学理论推导出合金化反应产生的自由焓变化与去极化作用的关系:ΔG_x + ΔG_m = -nFΔE。揭示了产生去极化作用的原因。并根据ΔG_x(偏摩尔过剩自由焓)与合金结构的关系提出可以利用二元合金相图推测极化类型及极化大小。并根据动力学原理对温度对极化的影响提出了自己的看法。(3).求出合金化反应的热效应,认为在一定条件下亦可利用此值作为判断去极化作用大小的标准。(4).测定Li~+, Na~+在Al-Cu, -Al-RE合金上的析出电位。结果表明Cu,RE的存在均可加强Li~+在阴极上的去极化作用,进一步加大了Li~+, Na~+析出电位之间的差别,有利于制备更纯的Al-Li 使金。为直接生产Al-Cu-Li, Al-RE-Li三元母合金奠定了基础。(5)测定Li~+在不同组成配比的LiCl-KCl熔体中,在Al阴极上的析出电位,并求出LiCl的离子平均活度系数γ=0.71 (T = 740 ℃), 熔体对理想状态产生负偏离。4.利用阳极计时电位法测定T=720 ℃时Li在液体Al中的扩散系数D_(Li/Al) = 4.94 * 10~(-5)cm~2·s~(-1),与利用Stocks-Einstan公式计算出的理论值D_(Li/Al) = 4.85 * 10~(-5)cm~2·s~(-1)吻合较好。5.在上述理论研究的基础之上进行了工艺初探,所得初步结论有:(1).加入LiF可以提高电效。(2).采用电流密度为1 A/cm~2时,不加搅拌亦可制备出成份均匀,含Li量为10%(w.f)的Al-Li合金。(3).根据实验结果提出 Li在熔体中的熔解可能是影响电流效果的主要原因。

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Based on the valence subbands of the zinc-blende GaN/Ga0.85Al0.15N strained quantum wells obtained by a 6x6 Hamiltonian (including heavy hole, light hole and spin-orbit splitting band), optical gain and radiative current density are calculated for the strained quantum well laser structures. The compressive strain in the GaN well region strongly depresses the TM mode optical gain and enhances the TE mode optical gain.