54 resultados para 69-37
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二氧化碳是主要的温室气体,同时也是一种廉价的、取之不尽用之不竭的碳氧资源。以二氧化碳为原料合成可生物降解的脂肪族聚碳酸酯是二氧化碳固定和利用领域的重要课题,其中最受关注的是由二氧化碳和环氧丙烷共聚合所制备的聚碳酸丙烯酯(PPC)。高分子量PPC可用于制备连续薄膜,这类薄膜除了保持可生物降解性能之外,还具有较好的透明性,而且其室温下对氧气的阻隔性能优良,在食品保鲜和药品包装等方面有很大的应用前景。但是, PPC在高温(40℃以上)强度迅速下降、低温(15℃以下)脆性加剧,为使PPC象普通塑料如聚乙烯那样实现大规模化应用,必须解决其高温增强和低温增韧的难题。 从高分子链结构来看,PPC的分子链主要由弱极性或非极性基团构成,且普通PPC的区域和立体规整性较低,导致PPC中分子链间作用力较弱,而且是无定型结构,降低了PPC耐温性能和机械力学性能。本博士论文的主要的思路就是通过调控PPC的链结构来提高其分子间作用力,从而改善PPC的耐温性能和力学性能。本论文围绕PPC的近程结构和远程结构控制,提出了改进PPC 链结构的五个方法,即提高PPC的分子量、制备交联型PPC、合成区域规整结构PPC、合成等规结构PPC、合成等规-无规立体嵌段PPC。通过研究链结构变化对PPC 热性能和机械性能的影响,证明通过共聚物链结构的设计和调控,可以大幅度增强PPC 的分子间作用力,拓展PPC 的使用温度范围。本文的主要内容包括: 1.通过在Y(Cl3COO)3-ZnEt2-glycerine三元催化体系或通过在环氧丙烷和二氧化碳聚合反应体系中引入少量双环氧单体如乙二醇二缩水甘油醚、丁二醇二缩水甘油醚或新戊二醇二缩水甘油醚,合成了数均分子量超过20万的PPC。与数均分子量为10万左右的PPC相比,分子量在20万左右的PPC的起始热分解温度增加了37℃,一定程度上改善了PPC的加工性能和使用性能。 2.将提高聚合物分子量改善其耐温和力学性能的思路进一步延伸,提出了分子量“无限大”的交联聚合物思路。通过在二氧化碳与环氧丙烷共聚反应中引入少量含有双键的环氧化合物(烯丙基缩水甘油醚),可以在基本上不影响聚合反应收率的前提下,得到侧链带双键的可交联的PPC。通过侧链双键的自由基反应,获得交联的PPC,其耐热性能、力学性能与未交联的PPC相比均有显著提高,大幅度提高了共聚物的尺寸稳定性。在65℃下未交联PPC的永久形变为17.2%,根据PPC交联程度的不同,交联PPC的永久形变在0-15%间可控,而且交联后的PPC仍然具有很好的生物降解性能。 3.通过在稀土三元催化体系中加入适量的路易斯碱,既保持了稀土三元催化剂可以得到高分子量PPC的优点,另外路易斯碱与活性中心配位,可提高活性中心的亲核性和环氧丙烷开环选择性,得到高分子量规整区域结构的PPC。聚合物的头尾连接最高达84.6%,数均分子量为136kg/mol。XPS研究证实路易斯碱与中心锌金属发生配位,提高了金属碳酸酯的亲核性,进而提高了活性中心进攻环氧丙烷单体的选择性,从而改善了PPC区域规整性。进一步研究了非均相稀土三元催化剂中多质子化合物配体以及手性多质子化合物配体对PPC区域结构和头尾连接的影响,结果表明电子效应是影响PPC区域结构的主要因素,为以后催化剂的设计和制备提供了依据。与高头尾结构的低分子量PPC不同,高头尾结构的高分子量PPC性能有了很大的改善。当头尾连接结构含量从69.7%增加到83.2%时,PPC的玻璃化温度增加8℃,起始热分解温度提高45℃,表明提高PPC的区域规整性确实可以改善其耐温性能。 4.利用二氧化碳和环氧丙烷(PO)共聚时,单体PO的开环方式决定聚合产物立体结构的特点,在Y(Cl3COO)3-ZnEt2-glycerin/PHEN催化体系下,通过S-PO与 CO2的共聚,制得数均分子量为97kg/mol的等规结构PPC。13C-NMR谱图证实聚合物为等规结构。 5. 通过简单的顺序加料方式,在Y(Cl3COO)3-ZnEt2-glycerin/PHEN催化体系下,通过S-PO/CO2和rac-PO/CO2嵌段共聚,制得数均分子量为139kg/mol的等规-无规立体嵌段PPC。13C-NMR谱图及分子量的数据证实聚合物为等规-无规立体嵌段结构。
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高效抗逆转录病毒治疗(HAART)的应用,极大的降低了AIDS发病率和死亡 率,延长了HIV感染者的生命。但HIV耐药在很大程度上影响了HAART的疗效, 耐药株的产生成为影响抗病毒治疗效果的主要因素。欧洲、美国的耐药监测技术 规范均推荐在新感染未经抗病毒药物治疗的患者中进行原发耐药检测。我国政府 于2003年底出台了艾滋病治疗的“四免一关怀”政策,陆续在全国范围内开展了大 规模的免费抗病毒治疗,监测我国未经抗病毒药物治疗HIV-1感染者中的耐药情 况可以为制定合理的用药方案和减少耐药毒株出现提供科学依据。 根据世界卫生组织(WHO)的“HIV 耐药监测指南”,无偿献血者中的HIV-1 感染者,可以认定为HIV 新诊断未治疗人群。分析了云南无偿献血者的血浆和 外周血单核细胞(PBMC),研究云南无偿献血人群的耐药状况。 已有实验室血清学方法识别HIV-1 新近感染和长期感染,用BED-CEIA 方 法,在河南、安徽、山西自愿咨询检测(VCT)人群中检出新近感染人群,进行耐 药基因研究, 对照研究了部分长期感染人群。 样品提取核酸后,巢式聚合酶链反应(nested-PCR)扩增pol 基因区(含蛋白酶 区1~99 氨基酸全长和逆转录酶区1~242 氨基酸)。PCR 产物双脱氧法测序,所 得序列与洛斯阿拉莫斯HIV 核酸序列库(Los Alamos HIV Database)标准株构建系 统进化树分析亚型;用斯坦福大学耐药数据库(Standford HIV Drug Resistance Database)分析耐药。 研究发现,云南省2005~2006 年无偿献血者中,有52 例为HIV-1 阳性,其 中49 例血浆和相应的PBMC 样品病毒基因扩增成功。序列分析表明,HIV 病毒 的亚型分布为CRF08_BC (51.0%), CRF07_BC (24.5%), CRF01_AE (20.4%)和B (4.1%);所有样品均未发现蛋白酶抑制剂(PI)耐药基因位点主要突变,只在6 例(11.7%)样品中发现7 例次PI 次要耐药位点突变;另外,在9 例(18.4%)样品中发现10 例次核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂(NRTI) 耐药突变,1 例(2.0%)发生非核苷类 逆转录酶抑制剂(NNRTI) 耐药突变;针对具体药物PI/NRTI/NNRTI 均只有1 例 有潜在的低度耐药,临床仍对药物敏感。PBMC 和血浆的病毒耐药没有显著差异。 从河南、安徽、山西27 个VCT 检测点2006~2007 年采集的10310 例样品 中,通过WB 和BED-CEIA 检测出新近感染人群63 例,分析成功50 例血浆样 品;河南VCT 长期感染样品中随机抽样,分析成功19 例样品。分析成功的69 例VCT 样品中,HIV 病毒株的亚型分布分别为B’ (95.7%),CRF01_AE(2.9%)和 C(1.4%)。上诉样品均未检出PI 主要耐药相关突变,只在26 例(37.7%)样品中存 在27 例次PI 次要耐药相关突变;3 例(4.3%)样品出现6 例次NRTI 耐药相关突 变,7 例(10.1%)样品出现8 例次NNRTI 耐药相关突变。通过与斯坦福大学耐药 数据库比对,没有发现针对PI 类药物的临床耐药;但有2 例(2.8%)针对NRTI 类 药物耐药,1 例有M184V 突变导致对拉米夫定(3TC)和氟代拉米夫定(FTC)高度 耐药;1 例样品存在T215Y、M41L、L210W 三重突变位点,对阿巴卡韦(ABC)、 去羟肌苷(ddI)和坦那夫韦(TDF)中度耐药,对齐多夫定(AZT)和司他夫定(d4T)高 度耐药;针对NNRTI 类药物,有3 例(4.3%)毒株有耐药,1 例有K103N 突变导 致对奈韦拉平(NVP)、地拉韦啶(DLV)和依菲韦伦(EFV)的高度耐药;1 例有Y188L 突变导致对NVP 和EFV 的高度耐药;1 例存在K101E 和G190A 双重突变,导 致对NVP 的高度耐药,对DLV、EFV 和依曲韦林(ETR)中度耐药。 比较长期感染和新近感染者之间的亚型和耐药,未发现显著差异。 研究结果表明,云南、河南和安徽未经治疗HIV-1 感染者中耐药处于低流行 状态。亚型分布云南无偿献血者以CRF_BC 为主,河南、安徽VCT 人群以B’ 为主。应持续在未经治疗人群中进行耐药监测。
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于2010-11-23批量导入
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980nm InGaAs/InGaAsP/AlGaAs strained quantum well lasers,vitta novel large optical cavity and asymmetrical claddings was fabricated bg MOCVD. Very high differential quantum efficiency elf 90% (1.15W/A) and low vertical divergence angle of 24 degrees at long cavity length were obtained for 100 mu m stripe lasers. The differential quantum efficiency is up to 94% (1.20) at cavity length of 500 mu m.
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High quality cubic GaN was grown on Silicon (001) by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) using a GaAs nucleation layer grown at low temperature. The influence of various nucleation conditions on the GaN epilayers' quality was investigated. We found that the GaAs nucleation layer grown by atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) could improve the quality of GaN films by depressing the formation of mixed phase. Photoluminescence (PL) and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the properties of GaN epilayers. High quality GaN epilayers with PL full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 130meV at room temperature and X-ray FWHM of 70 arc-min were obtained by using 10-20nm GaAs nucleation layer grown by ALE.
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LUCC是全球变化研究的核心主题之一,也是社会经济可持续发展的关键问题。改革开放后四川的社会经济发展非常快,在各种因素的驱动下,土地利用/覆盖发生了深刻变化。目前四川省缺乏基于实际调查数据的、全域性的、具有连续时间序列的LUCC和驱动力分析及土地可持续利用研究成果,这对我们从全局上把握全省土地利用现状、发展变化趋势,利用土地政策参与宏观调控,实现长期可持续发展目标,建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会极为不利。本研究针对这一问题,选取全川八大土地利用类型作为研究对象,研究了全省1996年到2006年的土地利用/覆盖格局和变化情况,分析了不同尺度的驱动因素,对全省农用地和建设用地的集约利用状况、潜力进行了分析评价,并提出相应的对策措施。 1.1996年-2006年10年来整个省域的土地利用/覆盖格局变化。 (1)1996年-2006年全省的土地利用/覆盖格局 1996年,全省是一个以农用地为主的土地利用/覆盖格局,林地和牧草地属于优势覆盖类型(合占69.17%),居民点及工矿用地和交通用地合占只有3%左右。 2000年的LUCC格局较为明显的特点是耕地所占比重下降0.4个百分点,水域和未利用土地所占比重有所下降,牧草地保持不变,其余地类所占比重有所上升。 与2000年相比,2004年林草地的优势格局进一步得到强化(合占比重达到70.23%)。耕地面积占幅员面积的比重下降0.83个百分点,略有下降的有未利用土地、水域和牧草地。值得关注的是在“退耕还林还草”的大背景下,牧草地占幅员面积的比重下降0.04个百分点。 到2006年,仍为林草地为主导优势的格局,二者合占上升0.15%。在城市化快速推进的背景下,居民点及工矿用地中的城市用地和建制镇用地占比重超过15%,农村居民点占比重降至76%。交通用地中农村道路占比重降至57.8%,公路用地占比重升至37.5%。五个地貌区的土地利用/覆盖格局与全省的变化基本一致。值得关注的是盆西平原区的交通用地上升幅度和盆地丘陵区的未利用土地的开发利用力度明显大于其它地貌区。 (2)1996-2006年10年间土地利用/覆盖格局的变化 1996-2000年4年间,耕地、水域和未利用地三个地类下降,年均减少0.75、0.19和0.32个百分点。其中耕地年均减少49229.0公顷,约一半流向林地,13.77%流向园地,约20%流向建设用地。另外5个地类面积增长,增长绝对量最大的是林地,年均增长40063.7公顷,交通用地增幅最大,4年年均增长达1.95%。 2001-2004年是西部大开发逐步推进、“退耕还林还草”项目全面展开和土地整理深入实施的关键期,LUCC更为深刻。耕地、未利用地、水域和牧草地四个地类面积下降,其余地类按增长幅度依次是园地、交通用地、居民点及工矿用地和林地。耕地加速下降,年均降幅达到1.59%,其减少去向主要是林地(占66.75%)和园地(占19.84%),其增加来源主要是未利用地、园地和水域。交通用地的增幅最大,为3.96%,其增加主要来源于耕地、未利用土地和林地,分别占49.96%、16.63%和13.09%。居民点及工矿用地增长幅度为3.12%。 从1996年到2006年的10年间,耕地、未利用地、水域和牧草地下降幅度分别为10.36%、3.61%、1.34%和0.26%。园地增幅达23.61%。绝对面积增长最大的则是林地,达630733.3公顷。交通用地和居民点及工矿用地增幅也较大,分别为15.00%和9.31%。 10年间年均总变化量为310326.6公顷,2000年-2004年之间变化最大(为356865.8公顷),高于平均变化量,而1996-2000年间和2004-2006年间都小于平均变化量。 (3)10年间不同地貌区的LUCC变化 盆西平原区的特点是园地大幅上升达77%,居民点及工矿用地和交通用地也大幅上升,耕地、未利用地下降幅度大,该区耕地、水域、未利用地的减少强度和园地、居民点及工矿用地、交通用地的上升强度均居五区第一;盆地丘陵区的特点是牧草地下降幅度大,为-36.89%,交通用地、园地和林地上升幅度较大,该区耕地减少、未利用地减少、林地增加、居民点及工矿用地和交通用地增加的变化强度均居五区相应地类增减的第二位;盆周山地区的特点是耕地减少较多,交通用地和园地增长较大,该区林地变化强度居各区第一位,牧草地和水域变化强度居各区第二位,耕地、居民点及工矿用地和未利用地居各区第三位;川西南山地区的特点是园地、耕地、交通用地和居民点及工矿用地变化幅度大,另外四个地类变化较小。该区减少的牧草地占全省牧草地减少的97.91%,变化强度居各个地貌区的第一位,园地相对变化强度居五区的第二位;川西北高山高原区的特点是耕地大幅下降、园地大幅上升,交通用地升幅也较大,其余地类变化不大。值得注意的是,该区牧草地和水域面积增加,与全省该地类的变化相反。其余地类的相对变化强度均是五个地貌区中最小的。 用变化强度分值考量变化强度,盆西平原区的变化强度最大,盆地丘陵区和盆周山地区的变化强度相当,川西北高山高原区的变化强度则要小得多。 (4)1996年及2006年全省土地利用/覆盖格局的景观生态学分析 全省是以自然景观占优势(占约70%)、农业景观为补充、建设用地景观居于从属地位的土地利用景观格局。景观多样性和均匀度不高。到2006年,全省总的景观格局并无大的改变。总体情况是随着时间的推移和人类活动的加强,区内景观优势度上升、多样性和均匀度变小。但斑块数减少,斑块面积和斑块孔隙度有所增大。斑块的形状指数和分维数均有所下降,表明受人为干扰有加剧的趋势。反映景观格局结构的破碎度指数有轻微下降。景观指数的变化表明全省土地利用有缓慢集中、规模聚集的趋势。 (5)三大生态建设工程对土地利用/覆盖变化的影响 1996-2006年间LUCC与三大生态建设工程实施的耦合分析,发现退耕工程对耕地、林地、牧草地等地类覆盖变化的影响最大,天保工程次之,长防工程最小。 2.四川省LUCC驱动力分析 (1)总体分析: 从整体上分析,人为因素对区域整体LUCC的影响从1996年的63.32%增加到2006年的66.99%,变得日益强烈。同时人为因素影响强度表现出明显的区域差异,地势平缓、经济区位条件好的区域其人为影响强度明显较高。 政策体制转变下的经济高速增长、快速的城市化、工业化过程和生态建设是四川省LUCC宏观尺度的驱动因素。区域的LUCC主要受到了由内向外(从城市到乡村)和由外向内(从山顶向平地)两种作用力的共同推动。局部尺度上,如距离交通线、水利线、中心城市的远近,地形凸起、大型独立项目落址、重污染项目的阻隔等,甚至一些乡规民俗等因素也会成为LUCC的驱动影响因素。在较小的尺度上,人类个体行为选择对LUCC的影响也是存在的。 根据驱动因子的特性作者将其划分为驱变、阻变、良性、惰性因子等类型。 (2)分地貌区的驱动因子分析 各地貌区都存在城市化、工业化、生态工程实施、自然灾害等驱动因子,但主次不一。对于盆西平原和盆地丘陵区,城市化、工业化是前两位的因子,而对另外三个地貌区,生态工程实施和产业结构调整则成为第第一、二位的驱动因子。 (3)分地类的驱动因子分析(以坡耕地为例) 分坡度的耕地变化分析发现,耕地减少主要集中在2°以下的平地、15°-25°和25°以上三个坡度级,是其它坡度级耕地减幅的三倍左右。这表明耕地减少受城市化进程和“退耕还林还草”工程驱动影响尤为巨大。 3.土地利用格局优化、集约利用评价和可持续利用及对策研究 (1)土地利用格局优化的战略选择及调整预测 土地利用格局调整的战略是农业生产用地、建设用地和生态及其他用地占幅员的比重分别稳定在13%、7%和80%左右,重点是三大类别内部二级和三级地类的合理调整。 (2)全省土地集约利用评价 全省农用地利用集约度为0.46,总体上集约度不高,处于较适度利用阶段。建设用地利用集约度为0.38,处于较适度利用阶段。集约利用提升空间较大。 农用地的潜力主要在于加强土地保育、完善利用制度、提高单产。城市建设用地的包括存量潜力、强度潜力、结构潜力,空间很大。农村居民点整理潜力可以逐步挖掘。 (3)新增建设用地集约利用的统筹安排 据测算,到2020年,四川省城市建设用地需求量在463850-492360hm2之间,城镇各业新增建设用地规模为361276.79hm2,占用耕地200565.94 hm2。2004-2020年间四川省农村居民点整理潜力33.86万hm2。农村居民点建设用地需求量为70.57万公顷。 (4)土地集约利用措施与坡耕地可持续利用战略 提出了土地集约利用的措施。在对坡耕地生态系统结构与功能分析的基础上,提出坡耕地可持续利用战略与生态恢复战略,并从技术和政策层面提出了坡耕地合理利用和生态退耕的措施和建议。 LUCC is one of the key questions of global change and sustainable development of society. After the opening and reform of China, the society and economy of Sichuan Province developed very fast ,the land-use/cover changed very strong droved by many factors .But nowadays we have no constant spatial-temporal study and driving force analysis about the whole province based on investigation. And it is lack of land sustainable utilization study based on correlative study. So we choose all the land resource in Sichuan, combine RS and GIS and field investigation, and take statistic-mathematic means and system analysis, to study the LUCC patterns and different scale driving force of different physiognomy regions, land cover types and periods; to analyze the current situation and potential of land resource intensive utilization, and gave out corresponding measurements. We found that forest and grassland are the dominant cover types of Sichuan provincial land –use/cover pattern, and becoming more and more stronger from 1996 to 2006,the natural landscape is the metric and occupy 70%,the diversity and evenness index are not high; the totally change quantity from 2000 to 2004 is the biggest; cultivated land especially steep cultivated land ,garden plot, forestry land ,settlement and industry land and traffic land changed relative stronger; among five physiognomy regions ,the changing intensity of PEN XI PING YUAN QU is the biggest, CHUAN XI BEI GAO SHAN GAO QU is smallest; under the background of policy system changing, the fast developing of economy, fast urbanization and industrialization and ecology construction are the macro-scale driving force of Sichuan provincial LUCC; to compare the impacts of “TUI GENG GONG CHENG” on LUCC especially to cultivated land ,forestry land and grassland is strongest, “TIAN BAO GONG CHENG ” is stronger,“ HANG FANG GONG CHENG” is smallest; the intensive utilization level of farmland and construction land of whole province is relative moderation, there is huge potential to excavate and fulfill the increasing demand of construction land;we must take synthetic measurements to accelerate the sustainable utilization of land resource, including administrative, economical ,technological and ecological policies.
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土壤是人类赖以生存的自然环境和农业生产的重要资源,目前土壤受到干旱和盐胁迫的危害越来越严重。杨树具有适应性强、生长快和丰产等特性,本论文以青杨组杨树为模式植物,研究杨树对土壤干旱和盐胁迫的生态生理及蛋白质组学反应,研究成果可为我国干旱半干旱地区营造人工林、防止沙漠化提供理论依据,也为恢复与重建盐污染地区退化生态系统提供科学指导。主要研究结果如下: 1 青杨不同种对逐步干旱胁迫的响应差异 将来自喜马拉雅山东缘高海拔的康定杨和低海拔的青杨枝条扦插在温室中,用来检测它们对逐步干旱胁迫的响应。研究结果表明来自不同海拔的杨树对逐步干旱胁迫的适应性反应是不一样的。株高、叶片发育、叶片相对含水量、丙二醛、过氧化氢等指标的显著性变化在青杨中比在康定杨中来得早些,而且随着干旱胁迫程度的增加,这些参数的变化越来越明显,尤其是当青杨受到严重干旱胁迫的时候;而可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸、抗氧化酶活力变化在康定杨中来得早一些。与青杨相比,在干旱胁迫下,康定杨仍能保持较好的植株生长和叶片发育;康定杨也能在逐步干旱条件下积累更多的可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸及抗氧化酶活力,但是在丙二醛和过氧化氢含量方面增加的更少些。而且,我们的研究结果表明高海拔的康定杨有更强的耐干旱能力,杨树对干旱胁迫的适应能力与干旱发生的速度、强度、持续时间及两种杨树的海拔有关。 2 干旱胁迫下青杨不同种的蛋白质组学分析 来自青杨和康定杨雌株的枝条扦插在温室中,用来研究它们对干旱胁迫的蛋白质组学反应。采用TCA-丙酮/酚提取法提取总蛋白,并进行双向电泳分析。在每个处理的重复图像中都能检测到1,000 个以上的蛋白点。在青杨中有58 个蛋白在干旱处理后发生显著变化,其中22 个蛋白通过肽指纹图谱成功鉴定。康定杨中有69 个蛋白的表达量发生了显著变化,其中有25 个蛋白通过肽指纹图谱成功鉴定。这些被鉴定的蛋白主要参与了光合作用、氧化还原平衡、信号传导、能量代谢、蛋白质合成等过程。尽管被鉴定的蛋白只占叶片总蛋白的很少一部分,但这些被鉴定的干旱响应蛋白可能对维持植株内部平衡方面有重要作用。 3 青杨的盐胁迫响应 青杨植株分别用 0、50 和100 mM NaCl 溶液进行处理。叶片相对含水量、叶绿素a、b 含量、CO2 同化速率和气孔导度的降低表明叶绿体受到了盐胁迫的影响。过氧化氢、丙二醛含量及电导率的升高表明细胞受到了伤害。可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸含量及抗氧化酶含量的上升增加了植株耐盐胁迫的能力。在每个处理的重复图像中都能检测到1,000 个以上的蛋白点。其中有38 个盐响应蛋白被成功鉴定,有16 个蛋白(点4、10、11、14、15、21、24、26、27、28、33、34、35、36、37 和38)出现在盐胁迫的植株中;3 个蛋白(点10、11 和35)只出现在重度盐胁迫处理中;而1 个蛋白(点1)只出现在对照处理中。2 个蛋白(点1 和2)表达量下降,其余蛋白点表达量都增加。被鉴定的蛋白一部分参与了生理生化反应,而另一部分则在信号传导、蛋白质合成等方面有重要作用。盐胁迫下的生理生化变化及蛋白质组学的联合研究有利于青杨对盐胁迫的适应性分析。 Soil is the indispensable environment for human survival and important resource for agriculture development. Nowadays soil is threatened by drought stress and salt stress. Poplars (Populus spp.) possess some characters such as strong acclimilation, fast growth and great production of biomass. In this study, different species of Populus section Tacamahaca spach were used as model plants to investigate the ecophysiological and proteomic responses to drought stress and salt stress. Our results can provide theoretical evidence for the afforestation and prevention of desertification in the arid and semi-arid areas, and also can supply scientific direction for the reconstruction and rehalibitation of ecosystems contaminated by salinity. The results are as follows: 1 Adaptive responses to progressive drought stress in two contrasting poplar species originating from different altitudes Cuttings of Populus kangdingensis C. Wang et Tung and Populus cathayana Rehd., originating from high and low altitudes in the eastern Himalaya, respectively, were examined during one growing season in a greenhouse to determine the effects of progressive drought stress. The results manifested that the adaptive responses to progressive drought stress were different in these two species from different altitudes. Significant changes in height increment, leaf development, relative water content (RWC), malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) appeared earlier in P. cathayana than in P. kangdingensis, whereas changes in soluble protein, soluble sugar, free proline and antioxidant enzymes appeared earlier in P. kangdingensis. In addition, changes in these parameters became more and more significant when the drought stress progressed, especially under severe drought stress in P. cathayana. Compared with P. cathayana, P. kangdingensis was able to maintain a superior height increase and leaf development under drought stress. Also, P. kangdingensis possessed greater increments in soluble protein, soluble sugar, free proline and antioxidant enzymes, but lower increments in MDA and H2O2 than did P. cathayana when the cuttings were exposed to progressive drought stress. Our results suggest that P. kangdingensis originating from the high altitude has a better drought tolerance than does P. cathayana originating from the low altitude. Furthermore, this study manifested that acclimation to drought stress are related the rapidity, severity, duration of the drought event and the altitude of two contrasting species. 2 Proteomic responses to drought stress in two contrasting poplar species originating from different altitudes The cuttings from a female clone of P. kangdingensis and P. cathayana were used to determine proteomic response to drought stress, respectively. Total proteins of the leaves were extracted by a combination of TCA-acetone and phenol, and separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. More than 1,000 protein spots were reproducibly detected on each gel. 58 differentially expressed spots were detected under drought stress in P. cathayana and 22 drought-responsive proteins were identified by peptide mass fingerprint. 69 differentially expressed spots were detected under drought stress in P. kangdingensiss and 25 drought-responsive proteins were identified by peptide mass fingerprint. The identified proteins are involved in several processes, i.e., signal transduction, protein processing, redox homeostasis, CO2 fixation and energy metabolism. Although the proteins identified in this investigation represent only a very small part of the poplar leaf proteins, some of the novel drought-responsive proteins identified here may be involved in the establishment of homeostasis in response to drought stress in the woody plants. 3 Responses to salt stress in P. cathayana Cuttings from a female clone of P. cathayana were treated by Hoagland’s solution: 0, 50, 100 mM NaCl, respectively. Salinity significantly decreased the relative water content of leaves, the contents of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, CO2 assimilation rate (A) and stomatal conductance (gs) in both salt stress treatments,which suggested the chloroplast was affected by salt stress. The observed increases of H2O2 and malondialdehyde contents and electrolyte leakage suggested that salinity caused cellular damage, whereas the increases in compatible solutes and in the activities of antioxidant enzymes enhanced the salt tolerance. More than 1,000 protein spots were reproducibly detected on each gel, and 38 salt-responsive proteins were successfully identified by peptide mass fingerprint (PMF). 16 spots (spot 4, 10, 11, 14, 15, 21, 24, 26, 27, 28, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37 and 38) absent in the control sample were induced by the salt treatment, and three spots (spot 10,11 and 35) were present only in the severely salt-stressed treatment. The %vol of the differentially expressed proteins generally increased with progressing salt stress, except for the decreased %vol of two proteins (spot 1 and 2) under salt stress and the presence of spot 1 only in the control sample. Some of the novel salt-responsive proteins identified here may be involved in physiological, biochemical response to salt stress in P. cathayana, the other identified proteins play a role in numerous cellular functions, including signal transduction and protein processing. An integrated physiological, biochemical and proteomic approach was used here to systematically investigate salt acclimation in poplar.
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全球气候变化已经成为不争的事实,其中全球变暖是近年来国内外的研究热点之一。土壤碳库作为陆地生态系统最大的碳库,气温升高必然会导致一系列的土壤碳储量和碳通量的变化,这些微小的变化又可能导致大气CO2浓度的变化并强化这种变暖的趋势。目前,土壤碳循环对温度升高的响应仍然是陆地碳循环研究最缺乏的部分,对土壤有机碳动态变化的研究仍存在着很大的不确定性与争议。四川西部的亚高山人工针叶林是青藏高原东部高寒林区的重要组成部分,是研究全球变化对森林生态系统影响的关键地区和重要森林类型。本研究通过采用原位人工模拟增温装置(Open-top chambers,OTCs)对川西米亚罗60年人工云杉林土壤实施增温,研究高海拔地区森林,尤其是人工森林系统下的土壤有机碳 含量、土壤呼吸及土壤酶活性对温度升高的响应。结果表明: 1. 增温处理的660天(2005年11月至2007年9月)期间,增温条件下的平均气温和土壤平均温度分别比对照提高0.43 ℃和0.27 ℃;0~10 cm土壤含水量在增温的不同时期均有不同程度的降低。 2. 土壤蔗糖酶、蛋白酶和脲酶活性在温度升高的不同阶段均有不同程度的提高。在增温处理300天(2006.09)、540天(2007.05)、600天(2007.07)和660天(2007.05)后,0~10 cm层的蔗糖酶活性分别比对照提高了36.36%(P<0.05)、24.31%、14.54%(P<0.05)和7.22%,脲酶活性分别提高了12.90%、24.19%(P<0.01)、34.48%(P<0.05)和14.64%(P<0.05),蛋白酶活性分别提高了31.37%、1.99%、3.70%和17.80%。10~20 cm层的土壤酶活性也均有不同程度的提高,但均没有显著差异。蔗糖酶、脲酶和蛋白酶活性均呈现出随土层加深而减弱的趋势。 3. 土壤过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性在增温的第1年内均有不同程度的提高,但在增温的第2年内比对照有所降低。增温300天后(2006.09),过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶在0~10 cm层分别比对照增加3.76%和49.25%(P<0.05),10~20 cm层分别增加了5.54%和29.67%。在增温的第2年内,增温540天(2007.05)、600天(2007.07)和660天(2007.09)后,0~10 cm层的过氧化氢酶活性分别比对照降低了27.70%(P<0.05)、4.34%和1.47%,多酚氧化酶活性分别降低了5.86%、11.76%(P<0.05)和7.47%。增温的第2年内,10~20 cm层的过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性也均有不同程度的降低,但差异均未达到显著水平。不同土层之间相比较,过氧化氢酶活性随土层加深而降低,多酚氧化酶活性随土层加深而增加。 4. 土壤有机碳和有机质在增温的不同阶段,含量比对照均有所降低;且随增温时间的延长,降低的幅度下降。0~10 cm层的土壤有机碳和土壤有机质在增温300天(2006.09)、540天(2007.05)、600天(2007.07)和660天(2007.09)后分别降低了8.69%、4.35%、3.80%和2.44%,差异均未达到显著水平。土壤全氮含量在增温后与对照相比无明显的增加或者降低趋势。增温条件下的土壤C/N比与对照相比有所降低,但在增温各阶段的差异均不显著。10~20 cm层的有机碳、有机质和C/N比也有不同程度的降低趋势,但差异均不显著。不同土层之间相比,0~10 cm层的有机碳、有机质、全氮含量和C/N比均高于10~20 cm层,呈现出随土层加深而降低的趋势。 5. 土壤呼吸速率在增温第1年内,与对照相比明显提高,但在增温处理2年后,与对照相比无显著变化。增温300天(2006.09)和360天(2006.11)后分别提高了13.32%和21.17%,差异显著。增温处理540天(2007.05)到660天(2007.09)期间,与对照相比,不仅没有明显的提升,反而有些月份比对照有所降低,对温度升高的敏感性降低,呈现出对温度升高的适应性。土壤呼吸的日呼吸速率呈现单峰曲线形式,在14:00~20:00期间达到最大值,在4:00~10:00期间具有最低值。土壤呼吸的季节变化,呈现出与外界环境温度相一致的趋势,在7月份(夏季) 最高,11月份(冬季)最低。土壤呼吸与2 cm土壤温度、5 cm土壤温度和空气温度均呈极显著指数相关,与0~10 cm土壤含水量呈线性相关,相关性达到显著水平,但低于土壤呼吸与温度的相关性。 The past century has seen a marked increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and a concomitant warming that has drawn scientific attention to the link between global carbon stocks and climate change. In particular, the decomposition and turnover of soil organic matter is recognised as an important determinant of carbon driven climate change. The slightly variation in soil organic carbon will result in the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and reinforce the tendency of warming. The experiment was conducted in Subalpine coniferous forest in western Sichuan province. Subalpine coniferous forest in western Sichuan was a important part of eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, which play a important role in reseaching the sensitivity of forest ecosystem to climate change. To investigate the effects of elevated temperature on soil organic carbon content, soil respiration rates, and soil enzyme activities in subalpine Picea asperata plantations, a esimulated warming measure was applied with Open-top chambers. The results were as followed: 1) During the period from Nov. 2005 to Sep. 2007, mean air temperature and soil temperature were respectively 0.43℃ and 0.27℃ the ambient higher. Soil water content decreased to different exent in different months in warmed plots than in unwarned plots at depth of 0-10 cm. 2) In general, elevated temperature enhanced the soil enzyme activities of invertase, protease, and urease. In the first year of warming—after 300 days’ treatment (in Sep,2006), the activities of invertase, protease, and urease increased by 36.36%, 12.90% and 31.37% respectively at the depths of 0-10 cm,among which the activity of invertase reached statistic significance. In the second year of warming, invertase activity increased by 24.31% after 540 days’ treament (in May, 2007), 14.54% after 600 days’ treament (in Jul, 2007) and 7.22% after 660 days’ treatment (in Sep, 2007) at the depths of 0-10 cm, and the differences in July and Septemmber were statistically significant. Elveated temperature also increased the activity of urease in the second year of warming and had significant effects in May and July. The activity of protease in warmed plots was also higher than in unwarmed plots at depths of 0-10 cm, but there was no significant difference. Elevated temperature had no significant effects on all soil enzyme acitivities at the depths of 10-20 cm in the first and sencond year. The values of above-mentioned soil enzyme all decreased with soil layers. 3) Eleavted temperature enhanced the activities of catalase and polyphenol oxidase in the first year of warming while they turned out downtrend in the second year. The activity of catalase increased by 3.76% and 5.54% at depths of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm respectively in the first year—after 300 days’ warming (in Sep, 2006), the differences of which had no statistical significance. The activity of polyphenol oxidase was significantly increased by 49.25% at depths of 0-10 cm and not significantly increased by 29.67% at depths of 10-20 cm after 300 days’ warming. In the second year of warming, the catalase activity was significantly decreased by 27.70% after 540 days’ treament (in May, 2007) and not significantly decreased by 4.34% and 1.47% after 600 days’ (in Jul, 2007) and 660 days’ treament (in Sep, 2007) respectively. The activities of catalase and polyphenol oxidase at depths of 10-20 cm were decreased to different extent, but there was no significant difference. Catalase activity stepped down with soil layers while polyphenol oxidase activity stepped up. 4) Increased temperature in both the first year and the second year resulted tendency of decrease in the contents of soil organic carbon and soil organic matter, and C/N ratios at soil depths of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm. However, with the prolonged warming, the tendency of decrease gradually tapered off and the extent of decrease in the second year of experiment were lower than that in the first year. The contents of soil organic carbon and soil organic matter were all decreased 8.69% by warming in the first year and dcreased 4.35%, 3.80% and 2.44% in May, July and September of the second year, but no significant difference were found. The C/N ratios increased 8.52% in the first year of warming and had less increment in the second year, all of which were not statistical significant. Eleveated temperature had no obvious effect on the content of tatol N in two year consecutive warming experiment. The contents of soil organic carbon and soil organic matter, total N and C/N ratios all had the tendency of dcreasing with soil layers. 5) Soil respiration rates were significantly enhanced by 13.32% and 21.17% after 300 days’ (in Sep, 2006) and 360 days’ (in Nov, 2006) treament in the first year of warming, but the same showed no obvious difference in the second year of treatment, which was assumed the adaptability of soil respiration with a certain heightened temperature. Diurnal soil resspiration showed a daily variation with a minimum value between 4:00 and 10:00 h and a maximum value between 14:00 and 20:00 h, coinciding with the minimum and maximum values of soil temperature at 2 cm. Soil respiration rates exhibited a pronounced seasonal variation with minimum values in Novmber and a maximum value in July, approximately coinciding with the seasonal variation of air and soil temperature. An exponential function provided the best fit for soil respiration with temperature while a quadric equation was used to estimate the effect of soil moisture on soil respiration, which were all significantly correlated. Soil respiraion rate was more highly correlated with the soil temperature than soil moisture.
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IEECAS SKLLQG
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A marine green alga, Platymonas subcordiformis, was demonstrated to photobiologically evolve hydrogen (H-2) after the first stage of photosynthesis, when subjected to a two-phase incubation protocol in a second stage of H2 production: anaerobic incubation in the dark followed by the exposure to light illumination. The anaerobic incubation induced hydrogenase activity to catalyse H? evolution in the following phase of light illumination. H,) evolution strongly depended upon the duration of anaerobic incubation, deprivation of sulphur (S) from the medium and the medium pH. An optimal anaerobic incubation period of 32 h gave the maximum H2 evolution in the second phase in the absence of sulphur. Evolution of H,) was greatly enhanced by 13 times when S was deprived from the medium. This result suggests that S plays a critical role in the mediation of H-2 evolution from R subcordiformis. A 14-fold increase in H-2 production was obtained when the medium pH increased from 5 to 8; with a sharp decline at pH above eight. H-2 evolution was enhanced by 30-50% when supplementing the optimal concentrations of 25 mM acetate and 37.5 mM glucose. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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在2001年森林生长季(6-9月),通过测量降雨各分量,分析了中国吉林省长白山北坡红松阔叶林冠层对降水分配各分量的影响。结果表明:干流量(37.39 mm),透流量(326.02 mm)和截留量(105.67 mm),分别占同期降雨量(469.08 mm) 的7.97%、69.50%和22.53%。林冠对降雨的月份分配规律是:树干茎流率的月变化为七、八月份大于其它月份,穿透率从6-9月份有逐渐减少的趋势,而截留率的变化正好与穿透率相反,从19.43%增加到31.02%。林内降雨中的养分元素浓度发生显著变化,除Ca、Mg外,其它元素的浓度都有所增加。经分析得出,大气降雨中养分元素的浓度序列为:Ca> Mg> N> K> Fe > P> Cu > Mn;而穿透雨中养分元素的浓度序列为:K>N>Mg>Ca>P>Fe>Mn>Cu;在林冠淋溶中各养分元素的浓度序列为:Mn> P>K>Cu>Fe>N>Mg>Ca。图1表5参13。
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研究了科尔沁沙地 6 9种植物的繁殖体 (30种为种子 ,39种为果实 )重量。结果表明 :1 )传播体为果实的植物可分为 4个组别 (即果实单粒重 <0 .1mg、0 .1~ 0 .9999mg、1~ 9.9999mg、1 0~ 99.9999mg) ;黄蒿 (Artemisiasco paria)果实 (0 .0 5 1 7mg)和小香蒲 (Typhaminima)果实 (0 .0 6 82mg)最轻 ,苍耳 (Xanthiumsibiricum)单个果实 (77.894 3mg)最重 ;2 )传播体为种子的植物可分为 3个组别 (即种子单粒重 0 .1~ 0 .9999mg、1~ 9.9999mg、1 0~ 99.9999mg) ;马齿苋 (Portulacaoleracea)种子 (0 .1 5 1 4mg)最轻 ,苦参 (Sophoraflavescens)种子 (4 6 .781 6mg)最重 ;3)黄蒿、马齿苋、轮叶沙参 (Adenophoratetraphylla)、碱地肤 (Kochiasieversiana)、狼尾花 (Lysimachiabarystachys)、灰绿藜 (Chenopodiumglaucum)、刺沙蓬 (Salsolaruthenica)、菟丝子 (Cuscutachinensis)、大籽蒿 (Artemisiasieversiana)、狗尾草 (Setariaviridis)、野古草 (Arundinellahirta)等植物所以广泛分布可能是因为它们繁殖体轻 (<1mg)且具有持久土壤种子库 ;4 )流沙上的先锋植物或沙生演替系列前期植物沙蓬 (Agriphyllumsquarrosum)、差巴嘎蒿 (Artemisiahalodendron)、乌丹蒿 (Artemisiawudanica)、狗尾草、雾冰藜 (Bassia
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采用莲藕状聚乙烯醇复合载体对镰刀菌(Fusarium sp.)固定化包埋,分别进行了不同接种量的固定化真菌对菲、芘的降解,固定化真菌对不同系列浓度菲、芘的降解试验,以及对固定化真菌在自然土壤中对菲、芘降解的各项参数作了测定,结果表明,固定化真菌具有较好的降解效果,同时用电镜观察研究了镰刀菌在固定化载体中的分布形态.自然土壤中固定化真菌在360h时,对菲、芘的降解效率分别为76.96%和20.69%,而土著菌仅达到33.37%和15.28%.
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通过测定黄土高原不同区域、不同类型土壤全锌和有效锌含量,研究了黄土高原土壤锌含量及影响有效锌的因素。结果表明,供试土壤全锌主要分布在50~100mg·kg-1之间,有效锌含量较低,其中20.69%在临界值(0.5mg·kg-1)之下,37.93%为低(0.5~1.0mg·kg-1)水平。用直线、幂函数和指数函数回归方程对影响有效锌的主要土壤因素进行回归拟合。发现土壤有效锌与全锌、全氮、全磷、有机质呈显著正相关,与土壤pH值呈显著负相关;幂函数可以较好地拟合有效锌与土壤全氮、有机质的相关关系,有效锌与全锌、全磷、pH值宜用指数函数表示其相关性。通径分析表明土壤性质对有效锌的直接作用系数大小次序为全氮>全锌>pH>全磷,土壤全氮对锌有效性的直接作用最明显。