A solid-phase microextraction fiber coated with diglycidyloxycalix[4]arene yields very high extraction selectivity and sensitivity during the analysis of chlorobenzenes in soil

A novel fiber coated with novel sol-gel (5,11,17,23-tetra-tert-butyl-25,27-dihydroxy-26,28-diglycidyloxycalix[4]arene/hydroxy-terminated silicone oil; diglycidyloxy-C[4]/OH-TSO) was prepared for use with headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatography (GC) and electron capture detection (ECD), which was applied in order to determine nine chlorobenzenes in soil matrices. Due to the improved fiber preparation, which increases the percentage of calixarene in the coating, the new calixarene fiber exhibits very high extraction selectivity and sensitivity to chlorine-substituted compounds. Various parameters affecting the extraction efficiency were optimized in order to maximize the sensitivity during the chlorobenzene analysis. Interferences from different soil matrices with different characteristics were investigated, and the amount extracted was strongly influenced by the matrix. Therefore, a standard addition protocol was performed on the real soil samples. The linear ranges of detection for the chlorobenzenes tested covered three orders of magnitude, and correlation coefficients > 0.9976 and relative standard deviations (RSD) < 8% were observed. The detection limits were found at sub-ng/g of soil levels, which were about an order of magnitude lower than those given by the commercial poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) coating for most of the compounds. The recoveries ranged from 64 to 109.6% for each analyte in the real kaleyard soil matrix when different concentration levels were determined over the linear range, which confirmed the reliability and feasibility of the HS-SPME/GC-ECD approach using the fiber coated with diglycidyloxy-C[4]/OH-TSO for the ultratrace analysis of chlorobenzenes in complex matrices.

Analysis of organchlorine compounds in water by solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography

In this work, both,solid phase microextraction (SPME) and solid phase extraction(SPE) were used to enrich organochlorine compounds in water samples and analyzed by gas chromatography with electron capture detector. The operating conditions of SPME have been studied and different kinds of solid phase were compared. Linear alkybenzene sulfonate(LAS) was added to the samples to investigate its effect on the analysis. The results indicated that polyacrylate was better than other commercial solid phases in extraction of moderated polar organic compounds and the sensitivity of SPME was higher than SPE. LAS affect much in liquid-liquid extraction and headspace SPME; but it has little effect on SPE and direct-SPME method. The applications showed that SPME was a fast and effective method in sample preparation.

Sol-gel method for the preparation of solid-phase microextraction fibers

A novel sol-gel method is applied for the preparation of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fibers. Scanning electron microscopy experiments suggested a porous structure for the poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) coating. SPME-GC analysis provided evidence that the sol-gel fibers have some advantages, such as high thermal stability, efficient extraction rates, high velocities of mass transfer, and spacious range of application.

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF A NOVEL 980nm MICROCAVITY SEMICONDUCTOR OPTICAL AMPLIFIER WITH HIGH GAIN AND LOW NOISE

A novel microcavity semiconductor optical amplifier ( MCSOA) was proposed by incorporating top and bottom distributed Bragg reflectors ( DBRs) into the waveguide structure of conventional traveling-wave semiconductor optical amplifiers(TW-SOAs). The incoming( outgoing) light beam incidented onto (escaped from) the waveguide structure at a oblique angle through two optical windows, where the top DBR was etched away, and anti-reflection coating was deposited. The light beams inside the optical cavity were reflected repeatedly between two DBRs and propagated along waveguide in a zigzag optical path. The performance of the MCSOA was systematically investigated by extensive numerical simulation based on a traveling-wave model by taking into account the comprehensive effects of DBRs on both the amplification of signals and the filtering of spontaneous emission( SE). Our results show that the MCSOA is capable of achieving a fiber-to-fiber gain as high as 40dB and a low noise figure is less than 3.5dB.

Quasi-hexagonal ordered arrays of FePt nanoparticles prepared by a micellar method

Hexagonally ordered arrays of magnetic FePt nanoparticles on Si substrates are prepared by a self assembly of diblock copolymer PS-b-P2VP in toluene, a dip coating process and finally plasma treatment. The as-treated FePt nanoparticles are covered by an oxide layer that can be removed by a 40 s Ar+ sputtering. The effects of the sequence of adding salts on the composition distribution are revealed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. No particle agglomeration is observed after 600 degrees C annealing for the present ordered array of FePt nanoparticles, which exhibits advantages in patterning FePt nanoparticles by a micellar method. Moreover, magnetic properties of the annealed FePt nanoparticles at room temperature are investigated by a vibrating sample magnetometer.

Surface characteristics of SiO2-TiO2 strip fabricated by laser direct writing

SiO2-TiO2 sol-gel films are deposited on SiO2/Si by dip-coating technique. The SiO2-TiO2 strips are fabricated by laser direct writing using all ytterbium fiber laser and followed by chemical etching. Surface structures, morphologies and roughness of the films and strips are characterized. The experimental results demonstrate that the SiO2-TiO2 sol-gel film is loose in Structure and a shrinkage concave groove forms if the film is irradiated by laser beam. The surface roughness of both non-irradiated and laser irradiated areas increases with the chemical etching time. But the roughness of laser irradiated area increases more than that of non-irradiated area under the same etching time. After being etched for 28 s, the surface roughness value of the laser irradiated area increases from 0.3 nm to 3.1 nm.

Laterally confined modes in wet-etched, metal-coated, quantum-dot-inserted pillar microcavities

We report the fabrication and the measurement of microcavities whose optical eigenmodes were discrete and were well predicted by using the model of the photonic dot with perfectly reflected sidewalls. These microcavities were consisted of the semiconductor pillar fabricated by the simple wet-etched process and successive metal coating. Angle-resolved photoluminescence spectra demonstrate the characteristic emission of the corresponding eigenmodes, as its pattern revealed by varying both polar (0) and azimuthal (45) angles. It is shown that the metal-coated sidewalls can provide an efficient way to suppress the emission due to the leaking modes in these pillar microcavities.

Metamorphic growth of 1.25-1.29 mu m InGaAs quantum well lasers on GaAs by molecular beam epitaxy

We demonstrate 1.25-1.29 mu m metamorphic laser diodes grown on GaAs by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) using an alloy-graded buffer layer (GBL). Use of Be in the GBL is effective to reduce surface/interface roughness and improves optical quality. The RMS surface roughness of the optimized metamorphic laser is only two atomic monolayers for 1 x 1 mu m(2). Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images confirm that most dislocations are blocked in the GBL. Ridge waveguide lasers with 4 mu m wide ridge were fabricated and characterized. The average threshold current under the pulsed excitation is in 170-200 mA for a cavity length of 0.9-1.5 mm. This value can be further reduced to about 100 mA by high-reflectivity coating. Lasers can work in an ambient temperature up to at least 50 degrees C. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Enhancement of 1.53 mu m photoluminescence from spin-coated Er-Si-O (Er2SiO5) crystalline films by nitrogen plasma treatment

Er-Si-O (Er2SiO5) crystalline films are fabricated by the spin-coating and subsequent annealing process. The fraction of erbium is estimated to be 21.5 at% based on Rutherford backscattering measurement. X-ray diffraction pattern indicates that the Er-Si-O films are similar to Er2SiO5 compound in the crystal structure. The fine structure of room-temperature photoluminescence of Er3+-related transitions suggests that Er has a local environment similar to the Er-O-6 octahedron. Our preliminary results show that the intensity of 1.53 mu m emission is enhanced by a factor of seven after nitrogen plasma treatment by NH3 gas with subsequent post-annealing. The full-width at half-maximum of 1.53 pm emission peak increases from 7.5 to 12.9 nm compared with that of the untreated one. Nitrogen plasma treatment is assumed to tailor Er3+ local environment, increasing the oscillator strength of transitions and thus the excitation/emission cross-section. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Determination of the absorption for incident light propagating parallel through the guest-host polymer film waveguide

Guest host polymer thin films of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) incorporated with (4'-nitrobenzene)-3-azo-9-ethylcarbazole (NAEC) were fabricated by spin coating and then poled by the method of corona-onset poling at elevated temperature. The absorption mechanism of the polymeric film, which is very important for the optical transmission losses and directly relates to the orientation of chromophore NAEC in polymer PMMA, was investigated in detail. From the UV-visible absorption spectra for NAEC/PMMA film before and after being poled, we determined the change of absorption coefficient kappa with the wavelength and approximately calculated the maximum absorption A(parallel tomax) as 3.46 for incident light propagating parallel through the film, i.e. the ordinary polarized light, which cannot be directly measured in the spectro photometer. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Side radical influence on the nonlinear optical properties and thermal stability of poled polymer films

Films of polyetherketone doped with the chromophores Disperse Red 1 (DR1) and Disperse Red 13 (DR13) were prepared by spin-coating method. By the in situ Second-harmonic Generation (SHG) signal intensity measurement, the optimal poling temperatures were obtained. For the investigated polyetherketone polymer doped with DR1 (DR1/PEK-c) and polyetherketone polymer doped with DR13 (DR13/PEK-c) films, the optimal poling temperatures were 150degreesC and 140degreesC, respectively. Under the optimal poling conditions, the high second-order nonlinear optical coefficient chi(33)((2)) = 11.02 pm/V has been obtained for the DR1/PEK-c; and for DR13/PEK-c at the same conditions the coefficient is 17.9 pm/V. The SHG signal intensity DR1/PEK-c could maintain more than 80% of its initial value when the temperature was under 100degreesC, and the SHG signal intensity of the DR13/PEK-c could maintain more than 80% of its initial value when the temperature was under 135degreesC. (C) 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Dielectric relaxation of poled polymer DCNP/PMMA

We have prepared the polymer thin films of a 3-(1,1-dicyanothenyl)-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole (DChTP)/poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) guest-host system by spin coating. In order to investigate their temporal and temperature stability, we have measured their dielectric relaxation spectra including the frequency dependence of the real and imaginary parts of dielectric constants. The investigated frequency ranged from 50 Hz to 10 MHz. The measured temperature range above the glass transition temperature T-g (95 degrees C) of the DCNP/PMMA system was from 95 degrees C to 1250C. By using the Adam-Gibbs model, the temperature dependence of the characteristic time tau above T-g was fitted, and the values of the characteristic times tau below T-g were estimated. The lifetimes of the polymer were evaluated by the Kohlrausch-Williams Watts (KWW) empirical decay model. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Fabrication and Investigation of High Efficiency Evanescently Coupled Uni-Traveling Carrier Photodiodes

In this paper, an evanescently coupled uni-traveling carrier photodiodes (EC-UTC-PDs) have been fabricated and investigated, which can benefit from the incorporation of a multimode diluted waveguide of appropriate length with experiment-simulation comparison. A high responsibvity of 0.68 A/W at 1.55-mu m without an anti-reflection coating, -1 dB compression current of more than 19 mA, and a large -1 dB vertical alignment tolerance of 2.2 mu m were achieved.

A V-shaped module technique for promoting generation photocurrent density of silicon solar cells

A V-shaped solar cell module consists of two tilted mono-crystalline cells [J. Li, China Patent No. 200410007708.6 (March, 2004)]. The angle included between the two tilted cells is 90 degrees. The two cells were fabricated by using polished silicon wafers. The scheme of both-side polished wafers has been proposed to reduce optical loss. Compared to solar cells in a planar way, the V-shaped structure enhances external quantum efficiency and leads to an increase of 15% in generation photocurrent density. The following three kinds of trapped photons are suggested to contribute to the increase: (1) infrared photons converted from visible photons due to a transformation mechanism, (2) photons reflected from top contact metal, and (3) a residual reflection which can not be eliminated by an antireflection coating.

Design and Characterization of Evanescently Coupled Uni-Traveling Carrier Photodiodes with a Multimode Diluted Waveguide Structure

A new evanescently coupled uni-traveling carrier photodiode (EC-UTC-PD) is designed, fabricated and characterized, which incorporates a multimode diluted waveguide structure and UTC active waveguide structure together. A high responsivity of 0.68A/W at 1.55-mu m without an anti-reflection coating, a linear photocurrent responsivity of more than 21 mA, and a large-1 dB vertical alignment tolerance of 2.5 mu m are achieved.