THE DETERMINATION OF STANDARD ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE OF CELL Cu vertical bar CuSO4 vertical bar Hg2SO4-Hg AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES

The emfs of Cu|CuSO_4|Hg_2SO_4-Hg were determined at 5 temperature points from 278.15K to 313.15K. Based on the Pitzer' s Equation a polynomial approximation for the determination of standard emf, E_m, was proposed. The values of E_m obtained by author's method agree with values of E_m obtained by the extended Debye-Huckel equation within experimental errors. Compared with the extrapolation result of extended Debye-Huckel equation, the uncertainty by the selecting of parameter of ion size was avoided.By the...

Purification and partial characterization of Mn superoxide dismutase from muscle tissue of the shrimp Macrobrachium nipponense

Superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1) is an enzyme that protects against oxidative stress from superoxide radicals in living cells. This enzyme had been isolated, purified and partially characterized from muscle tissue of the shrimp Macrobrachium nipponense. The purification was achieved by heat treatment, ammonium sulfate fractionated precipitation and column chromatograph on DEAE-cellulose 32. Some physiological and biochemical characterization of it was tested. The molecular weight of it was about 21.7 kDa, as judged by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified enzyme had an absorption peak of 278 nm in ultraviolet region, and the enzyme remained stable at 25-45 degreesC within 90 min. However, it was rapidly inactivated at higher temperature. Treatment of the enzyme with 1 mM ZnCl2, SDS and 1 mM or 10 mM mercaptoethanol showed some increasing activity. However, the enzyme activity was obviously inhibited by 10 mM CaCl2, CuSO4, ZnCl2 and 1 mM CaCl2 and 10 mM K2Cr2O7. SOD activity did not show significantly variation after incubated with 1 mM CaCl2, EDTA and 10 MM SDS. The enzyme was insensitive to cyanide and contained 1.03 +/- 0.14 atoms of manganese per subunit shown in atomic absorption spectroscopy, which revealed that purified SOD was Mn superoxide dismutase. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Study on early-stage development of conchospore in Porphyra yezoensis Ueda

Porphyra yezoensis Ueda (Rhodophyta) is a seaweed of economic importance with a typical dimorphic life cycle consisting of a leafy gametophyte and a filamentous sporophyte. Recently, it has been recognized as a model system for fundamental and applied studies in marine biological sciences. Conchospore, a major spore linking the two distinct multicellular phases in the life cycle, is most widely used in the breeding of P. yezoensis. In this paper, the early-stage development of conchospore, including the attachment and the cell wall formation, was studied with fluorescent reagents staining and Scanning Electron Microscopy detection. Results displayed: (I) the cell wall began to be generated after culturing for 4 h in the attached conchospores; (2) the initially released conchospores were plastids with some filmy, amorphous substance on the surface, and they attached to the fibers firmly via the actively secreted mucilaginous substances after their touch to the fibers; (3) cellulase and pectolase prohibited the attachment of conchospores in the different ways; and (4) only attached conchospores generated cell walls and developed normally, while the suspending ones could not. It indicated that the cellulose played crucial roles in the permanent attachment as the pectin did in the initial attachment. The conchospore attachment seemed to trigger the cell wall formation and the further development. Affects of light on the development of conchospores were also discussed. The results showed that high intensity (200 mu mol.m(-2).s(-1)) and long-wave (>= 580 nm) light facilitated the division rate of conchospores. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Characterization of the life history of Bangia fuscopurpurea (Bangiaceae, Rhodophyta) in connection with its cultivation in China

Bangia fuscopurpurea (Rhodophyta) was cultivated in Putian (Fujian province, China). The characteristics of the life history concerned with cultivation were investigated and the cultivation procedure was presented. The gametophytic phase (thallus) and the sporophytic phase (conchocelis) occurred alternately in the life history of B. fuscopurpurea. Young thalli produced archeospores, and the number depended on the environmental factors. Temperature affected the number of archeospore release and percent of germination, and photo flux density (PFD) mainly affected the time of spore release and germination. Thalli matured from December to February and developed into the conchocelis phase through sexual reproduction. The conchocelis grown in shells had three developmental stages: vegetative conchocelis, conchosporangiall formation and conchospore formation. Pit-connections were present in the first 2 stages but absent after conchospore formation. Vegetative conchocelis and conchosporangial. branches can transform into each other. However, conchospores only developed into the gametophytic phase. Cultivation of B. fuscopurpurea was based on characterization of the life history, consisting of 3 steps: zygotospores collection, indoor cultivation of conchocelis and outdoor cultivation of thalli. Young thalli that developed from conchospores produced numerous archeospores before December. Over 90% of the crop was from the development of archeospores. The results indicated that conchosporelings were a good source of archeospores, and the development of the large quantity of archeospores acted as a more prevailing means to increase the population size. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Molecular cloning, characterization and expression of a novel serine proteinase inhibitor gene in bay scallops (Argopecten irradians, Lamarck 1819)

Serine protease inhibitors, critical regulators of endogenous proteases, are found in all multicellular organisms and play crucial roles in host physiological and immunological effector mechanisms. The first mollusk serine proteinase inhibitor (designated AISPI) cDNA was obtained from the bay scallop Argopecten irradians by randomly sequencing a whole tissue cDNA library and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The full-length cDNA of the scallop serine protease inhibitor was 1020 bp, consisting of a 5'-terminal untranslated region (UTR) of 39 bp, a 3'-terminal UTR of 147 bp with a canonical polyadenylation signal sequence AATAAA and a poly(A) tail, and an open reading frame of 834 bp. The AISPI cDNA encoded a polypeptide of 278 amino acids with a putative signal peptide of 22 amino acids and a mature protein of 256 amino acids. The deduced amino-acid sequence of AISPI contained six tandem and homologous domains similar to that of Kazal-type serine protease inhibitors, including the conserved sequence C-X(7)-C-X(6)-Y-X(3)-C-X(2,3)-C and six cysteine residues responsible for the formation of disulfide bridges, indicating that the AISPI protein from bay scallop should be a member of the Kazal-type serine protease inhibitor family. The temporal expression of AISPI was measured by semi-quantitative RT-PCR after injury or bacterial challenge. After the adductor muscle was wounded or injected with Vibrio anguillarum, the expression of AISPI mRNA in hemolymph was up-regulated and reached the maximum level at 8 and 16 h, respectively, and then progressively dropped back to the original level. The results indicated that AISPI could play an important role in injury healing and immune response in mollusks as it could be induced by injury and bacterial challenge. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

对虾性别分化、性腺发育中若干关键问题的研究

利用扫描电镜和组织学研究相结合的方法研究了中国对虾早期的性别分化。扫描电镜观察的结果表明，中国对虾外部性征的性别分化是在变为仔是后第35天开始的，而内部性征则是在变为仔虾后的第76天观察到生殖腺原基向精巢和卵巢的分化。促雄腺(Androgenic gland)是控制甲壳动物性别分化的一个重要器官。到目前为止，已在软甲类的多数目中报道了促雄腺的存在。不同种类促雄腺的分布位置不同，外部形态也有很大差别。中国对虾的促雄腺位于第五对步足基部的肌肉间，于片状覆盖在精荚囊与射精管连接处。当用苏木精染色时，由于其嗜碱性比较强，整个腺体被染成深蓝色。扫描电镜观察可见，中国对虾的促雄腺具有葡萄串状的外形，它是由许多葡萄形的亚单位组成的，这些亚单位的大小、形态各异组织学观察的结果表明，中国对虾的促雄腺由两种类型的细胞组成。第一类细胞，数量少，核的嗜碱性很强，被苏木精染成深蓝色，核仁不易分辨；第二类细胞，数量大，核比较膨大，嗜碱性较弱，核质疏松，具有明显可见的核仁。不同大小的虾中，腺细胞的排列方式不同。随着对虾的发育成熟，腺细胞逐渐由索状排列变为成团排列，说明促雄腺的形成存在一个逐渐发育的过程。利用手术破坏促雄腺或用促雄腺匀浆液浸泡仔虾的方法研究了中国对虾促雄腺的功能，中国对虾促雄腺的存在与否对于雄性外部性征的发育和维持起着重要作用。破坏促雄腺的雄虾的交接器的发育明显受到抑制。但是，未观察到促雄腺对对虾内部性征发育的影响，这可能与进行手术时对虾所处的发育期有关。利用促雄腺的匀浆液浸泡仔虾，对雄虾交接器的发育有一定促进作用。高温处理对中国对虾受精卵孵化率的影响随处理温度及处理时间的改变而发生变化。用热处理方法成功地诱导了中国对虾三倍体，最高诱导率达75%，并对三倍体群体的生物学特性进行了研究。在中国对虾三倍体的群体中，雌体的巢存在两种类型：一种类型卵巢，生殖细胞停留在卵原细胞阶段，没有进一步发育；另一种类型的卵巢，生殖细胞由卵原细胞发育为初级卵母细胞，发育情况与对虾的类似。对卵巢处于发育的第II或第III期的中国对虾以及卵巢发育处在第I、II、III期的几纳对虾的血液和卵巢中法呢烯酸甲酯（MF）含量进行了研究，结果表明，中国对虾和凡纳对虾中均存在MF。凡纳对虾血液和卵巢发育具有明显的刺激作用，这种刺激作用是通过血液中法呢烯酸甲酯含量的提高来实现的。这一研究结果进一步说明了法呢烯酸甲酯与甲壳动物繁殖之间的关系。

浒苔多糖的化学组分及生物学活性的初步研究

浒苔（Enteromorpha）是青岛沿海常见的一种绿藻。2008年6月份，在我国黄海海域爆发了一场大面积浒苔“绿潮”。本文研究了青岛沿海产缘管浒苔(QE)和“绿潮”浒苔(GE)的化学组成，并对其多糖的化学组成、结构及生物学活性进行了初步研究，为进一步开发利用浒苔提供实验依据。 对两种浒苔主要化学组成进行了分析，QE除灰分含量明显高于GE的含量外，水分、碳水化合物、粗脂肪和粗蛋白含量均低于GE的。两种浒苔均含有丰富的氨基酸，其中含量最高的是天门冬氨酸和谷氨酸；必需氨基酸含量占总氨基酸含量的42.755%和44.989%。不饱和脂肪酸含量占总脂肪酸含量的34.156%和34.278%。结果表明浒苔是一种矿物质和蛋白含量高，脂肪含量低，必需氨基酸和必需脂肪酸含量高的优质食物资源。 以水提醇沉法制备浒苔多糖，QE和GE多糖分别命名为QEP和GEP，并利用琼脂糖凝胶离子交换色谱对所得多糖进行分级纯化。高效液相色谱测定单糖组成，两种多糖均为鼠李糖-木糖-葡萄糖醛酸聚合物，其中鼠李糖含量占中性糖的67.55%和65.56%，木糖占中性糖的24.61%和19.33%。离子交换色谱分级结果表明，QEP主要由两种组分，分别为鼠李糖-木糖-半乳糖-糖醛酸聚合物和鼠李糖-木糖-糖醛酸聚合物；GEP主要组分为鼠李糖-木糖-甘露糖-糖醛酸聚合物。利用红外光谱、甲基化分析和核磁共振分析多糖QEP的结构，并利用ChemNMR软件辅助分析NMR谱图，结果表明，多糖主要有(1→2,4)-和(1→4)-连接的鼠李糖残基，(1→4)-连接的木糖残基，硫酸根主要连接在鼠李糖基3位。 研究了QEP及其分级组分对超氧阴离子、羟自由基、1,1-二苯基苦基苯肼(DPPH)的清除作用和还原能力，结果表明各组分均具有一定的清除自由基能力，其中QEP各项清除能力均较强，且还原能力最强，具有良好的抗氧化活性。以透明质酸和甘油作为对照，研究了GEP和本实验室褐藻多糖硫酸酯(FPS)及其衍生物的保湿和吸湿能力，结果表明GEP、低分子量FPS，以及低分子量FPS的离子交换凝胶色谱分级产物均有较强的保湿和吸湿活性，且与天然活性保湿因子透明质酸的保湿和吸湿特征很相似。GEP相对透明质酸、低分子量FPS及其衍生物而言，样品制备简单，原材料来源丰富，是良好的保湿活性物质。

青海油菜蜂花粉酶解破壁前后营养成分的比较

对青海油菜蜂花粉及生物酶解破壁花粉的营养成分进行了分析和比较。结果表明，花粉经酶解破壁后，粗蛋白、粗脂肪、还原糖、核酸、总黄酮、灰份、多数氨基酸、维生素（A、B、C和K）及黄酮类化合物（原青花素、芦丁、槲皮素、异鼠李索）的含量得到了明显提高，而K、Na、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn、Cu、Cr、Cd、Ni、Mn等矿质元素的含量无明显变化。青海油菜花粉经破壁后更有利于营养成分和活性成分的释放。

三种高寒草甸植被类型植物群落结构及其土壤环境因子研究

对海北定位站地区分布的金露梅灌丛草甸、矮嵩草草甸和沼泽化藏嵩草草甸3种高寒植被类型群落及土壤环境因子的观测结果表明:3种植被类型地上年净生产量依次为矮嵩草草甸(339.594 g/m2)＞沼泽化藏嵩草草甸(339.358 g/m2)＞金露梅灌丛草甸(278.299 g/m2);光能利用率为矮嵩草草甸(0.099%)＞沼泽化藏嵩草草甸(0.091%)＞金露梅灌丛草甸(0.075%);植被群落的种类组成为矮嵩草草甸(54种)＞金露梅灌丛草甸(47种)＞沼泽化藏嵩草草甸(24种).观察矮嵩草草甸和金露梅灌丛草甸0～20 cm土壤温湿度表明,矮嵩草草甸土壤温度＞金露梅灌丛草甸,土壤湿度则相反,其中矮嵩草草甸土壤温度较高,土壤湿度较低,金露梅灌丛草甸则是高土壤湿度和低土壤温度,而沼泽化藏嵩草草甸土壤湿度达饱和甚至超饱和状态,土壤温度显得更低.

试谈禾本科植物生殖器官主要性状的分类价值及其适用等级

生殖器官性状一直是禾本科植物分类的主要依据，但由于各个性状所附实体的形态特点，着生位置，发育程度和环境饰变的差异，其分类价值是不尽相同的，为了克服该类性状使用上的种种弊病，本文特对主要宏观性状的分类价值进行了评述，总结了它们在应用中各自适宜的等级范围，其中象花序的类型，小穗的着生，小花和果实的形状等价值较高，通常适合于族级以上烘群的划分，花序的形状，小穗的排列，果料的类型等价值偏低，通常 适合于属，种级类群的区分，而花序 的长短与粗细，小穗轴，内稃等价值较低，通常适合于种级或种级之下类群的鉴分。

繁殖期高原鼠兔的攻击行为

通过室内配对实验对高原鼠兔( Ochotona curzoniae) 繁殖期的攻击行为进行了研究。结果表明, 雌雄动物的攻击水平基本相同, 同性个体间的攻击性明显高于异性个体间。雌雄动物具有不同的攻击模式, 雌性个体遇到陌生个体首先以攻击中的进攻和追逐为主,然后通过相互接触确定个体的性别, 若为同性个体, 以防御为主, 若为异性个体, 则有防御和亲昵两种选择; 雄性动物遇到陌生个体同样首先以攻击为主, 相互接触后, 若为异性个体, 表现出高的亲昵行为, 若为同性个体, 仍然以攻击为主, 其攻击行为方式中的进攻、追逐和进攻姿态一直维持在高的水平。这表明高原鼠兔在配偶选择中雌雄个体均具有主动性, 攻击行为是自然种群内存在多种婚配制度的主要原因之一。雌雄攻击模式的不同使种群内一夫多妻制占有较多的比例, 而一妻多夫制所占比例相对较低。

A new species of Orinus (Poaceae) from Qinghai, China

A new species of Orinus Hitchcock, O. alticulmus L. B. Cai & Tong Lin Zhang, is described and illustrated. This species is endemic to Qinghai province, China, occurring at altitudes of 2450-2600 m on sandy soils. It resembles O. kokonorica (K. S. Hao) Tzvelev, but differs from that species by its slightly effuse panicles, longer spikelets usually with five or six florets, purple-yellow anthers, shorter caryopses, and the paleas usually longer than the lemmas. A key to the five species of the genus is provided.

状态受限的非完整链式系统的实际镇定

考虑了状态受限的非完整单链式系统的实际镇定问题，利用链式系统的特殊结构设计了两步控制算法，该方法能够使闭环系统的状了终收敛到原点的任意小邻域中，且若系统初值小于任意正数M，那么除了一个收敛到的状态变量外，其余状态变量在整个实际镇定过程中均小于正数（1＋ε）M，其中ε可事先任意小，最后对平面移动机器人进行了仿真，验证了所给方法的有效性。