343 resultados para Neutral pH buffer
Resumo:
pH指示剂在高分子载体上的固定化研究是应光导纤维pH传感器的发展要求而发展起来的新的研究领域。pH指示剂在高分子固态载体上的固定直接决定着光导纤维pH传感器的灵敏度、响应时间、寿命等性能。迄今,吸附、包埋和化学键合三利,固定方法已得到广泛应用。吸附法与包埋法简单易行,但因指示剂易于逸出而无法保证试剂相的使用稳定性及寿命;化学键合法目前仅限于对含氨基等高反应活性基团的指示剂固定。另外,这三种固定技术均存在试剂相与分析对象呈现固/液两相分离的问题,它严重制约了传感器响应性能,成为pH指示剂固定技术发展的“瓶颈”。改善、发展与寻找新的指示剂/载体固定配对体系已成为本领域的研究焦点。本论文针对上述问题,开拓与发展了一系列指示剂固定于固态高分子载体上的新体系。(一)首先开拓与发展了酚红/交联聚乙烯醇与邻甲酚红/交联聚乙烯醇固定对的新体系。在酸性条件下,以甲醛做交联剂,通过在玻璃板上倾涂聚乙烯醇甲醛的凝胶溶液制备了高亲水性的交联聚乙烯醇载体膜;然后采用接枝共聚反应将丙烯酞胺单体与通过酸碱反应接枝有酚红或邻甲酚红的丙烯酞胺混合物接枝固定到交联聚乙烯醇薄膜上,首次将不含氨基的酚红、邻甲酚红在高亲水性的聚乙烯醇载体上固定。利用紫外可见光光谱仪测试了其响应性能。结果表明,固定化指示剂的光谱行为与其相应的水溶液的光谱行为不一致,这可能是固定化过程中新的化学键生成以及载体与指示剂之间的相互作用如氢键的作用等引起的。这也导致了其pH响应范围与相应指示剂水溶液的响应范围的差异。固定酚红交联聚乙烯醇pH敏感膜的pH响应范围为pH=6.72~8.49;固定邻甲酚红交联聚乙烯醇pH敏感膜的两个响应范围分别为[H~+]=0.1mol/L~5mol/L和pH7.97~12.26。这种方式制备的这两种pH敏感薄膜均表现出优异的可重复使用性、可逆性、稳定性及易于制备的特点。更突出的优点在于,与以聚丙烯酰胺为基质直接固定酚红的薄膜(PAM-PR)相比,这种固定技术制备的敏感膜,当其与分析剂溶液接触时,其接枝于表面的水溶性高分子溶解,呈现“液态”,在固态基质表面形成一“液膜”层,从而消除了试剂相与分析剂之间的相界面,克服了指示剂固定化技术中的“瓶颈”问题,大幅度地提高了其响应速度与灵敏度,使响应时间从PAM-PR的数十分钟降至30秒以下。(二)开拓了刚果红醋酸纤维素包埋对的pH敏感膜(CCM)及刚果红/环氧氯丙烷交联聚乙烯醇(PECM)和甲醛交联聚乙烯醇(PFCM)的三种pH敏感膜新体系,测试并比较了三种膜的响应性能。结果表明,固定化刚果红的光谱性质和响应范围与刚果红水溶液不一致,而且用不同载体固定的刚果红的光谱特征与响应范围也各不相同。CCM的响应范围为pH=2.5~4.5,PECM的响应范围在[H~+]=2mol/L~pH=6.8之间,PFCM响应范围为pH=2.90~5.48。这也可能是固定化过程中的氢键效应、空间位阻、指示剂与载体间发生的化学反应不同及载体本身结构的差异等引起的。这三种膜也具有良好的重现性、可逆性及响应迅速(平均响应时间低于25秒)的特点。另外发现醋酸纤维素包埋刚果红的敏感膜具有特殊的稳定性。对这种特殊的稳定性原因的分析表明选择合适尺寸分子的指示剂与载体配对将可能克服包埋技术中指示剂逸出的缺点。(三)对制备的pH敏感膜及对应的水溶液的pH线性响应范围给出了相应的线性回归方程(R>98.2)。结果表明这些敏感膜对响应范围内的pH均具有良好的线性响应关系。这些结果与思想不仅丰富了光导pH传感器的试剂相内容,也为后续工作提供了一些有益的借鉴。
Resumo:
本文研究和开拓了一类pH值致变色的高分子材料,它们的响应机理是分子链中有pH值致变色的基团,即PH值的变化使生色基团的结构发生变化,并最终导致其吸收光谱(吸收型)或发射光谱(荧光型)的变化。这类材料在如下领域,例如:光纤pH值传感膜材料,可重复使用的PH值指示材料,滤光材料,颜色材料,以及离子交换和离子选择性透过材料等领域有很好的应用前景。本文在总结前人研究的基础上,采用简单程序制备了多种响应快,长期稳定性好的光纤pH值传感膜材料,其可望用于制备光纤PH值传感器以满足不同领域的需求。工作大致包括以下五个方面。(一)采用一步法在碱性条件下让酚酞和邻甲酚酞分别与甲醛反应生成各自的高分子型pH值指示剂(PPF和cPF),GPc曲线表明它们的产物含有很多预聚物(如二聚体,三聚体和四聚体)和少量的高分子量组分。(二)分别制备了固定有PPF和CPF的两种聚合物膜(纤维素膜和聚乙烯醇膜)。沿用物理"包埋"的方法将PPF和CPF等低聚物固定在水解的二醋酸纤维素膜中,同时也开拓了共价键键接酚酞等到新的基质(PVA)上的方法,测试表明该类膜在pH8.0-14.0范围内具有很好的响应。(三)开拓了一种膜动力学分光光度法用于测定高碱度([OH-]=1-8SM),实验结果表明该方法可以提供一个快速(605)和准确(相对标准偏差为2.6%)的测定高碱度的方法。(四)制备了固定有酚红的PvA膜用于近中性pH值(6.5-10.5)和高酸度(5M[H+]-pH3.0)测定,该膜长期稳定性好,至少能连续使用3个月,特别适合生物学,海水,氨水溶液和高酸度的测量。(五)采用一步法在碱性条件下让荧光素与甲醛反应生成荧光齐聚物型pH值指示剂FLF,激光质谱表明它们的产物含有很多预聚物。可见光谱测试表明FLF-PVA膜的吸收光谱在pH0.0-10.0的范围内有很好的响应。
Resumo:
DNA是重要的生物大分子,也是主要的抗癌药物靶分子。小分子与DNA之间的相互作用是以DNA为靶分子的各种物质生物效应的基础,它们之间的特异性结合导致了癌变、突变及细胞的死亡。能够与DNA特异性结合的小分子很多都是临床上广泛应用的抗癌药物。因此,小分子与DNA之间的相互作用不论是对阐述抗癌、抗病毒药物的作用,还是对致癌机理的研究,尤其对抗癌药物的体内筛选都有重要意义。近十年来,开发新型的抗癌药物小分子,使它们具有对DNA序列特异性的识别能力己成为国内外研究的热点。斓系配合物由于具有广泛的光学、磁学和电学等特性使得有可能成为新的DNA特异性识别分子。然而,斓系离子在中性条件下极其容易水解的特性又极大的阻碍了斓系配合物对于DNA的识别性研究。本文在中性条件下合成了铜系氨基酸配合物,并成功的获得了这些配合物的晶体结构,利用这些有确定结构的I系氨基酸配合物与特定的DNA序列相作用,通过多种生物物理方法研究了它们对DNA序列特异性识别。主要的结果如下:1.在近中性条件下,合成了Eu-Val([Eus_8(L-HVal)_(16)(H_2O)_(32)]Cl_(24)·12.5H_2O),Eu-Asp([Eu_4(μ3-OH)_4(L-Asp)_2(L-HAsp)_3(H_2O)_7]Cl·11.5H_2O)和Tb-Cys(「Th_2(DL-Cys)_4(H_2O)_8]Cl_2)三种铜系氨基酸配合物,这些配合物的结构由于合成条件(温度,反离子及合成比例)上的差异与已报到的类似配合物的结构具有明显的不同。三种配合物的结构各具特色,从而在与DNA作用时将表现出各自特有的识别性能。2.Eu-Val配合物在与单链DNA作用时,配合物能键合到DNA碱基所在的疏水区,在与富含dC和dT碱基的序列相结合时,发生显著的能量传递,从而极大的增强了配合物中Eu的发射光谱。配合物结合DNA的化学计量比随序列中dC含量的降低而降低。配合物同样能够与处于DNA疏水区的富含dA和dG序列相结合,这种结合不能够产生能量传递,但使得DNA的紫外-可见光谱出现明显的减色和红移现象。此外,这一配合物还能够诱导单链DNApoly(dA)及p01y(rA)产生自身的二级结构,形成双链结构。这为进一步认识斓系离子的生物学效应奠定了基础,斓系氨基酸配合物可以诱导单链poly(dA)及poly(rA)形成自身结构尚无文献报道。3.Eu一AsP配合物能够选择性的稳定非B一构象的Poly(dA)Poly(dT),而使B一构象的印oly(dAdT)]2和[Poly(dGdC)]2变得不稳定。如在1:2比例时,该配合物可使Poly(dA)Polv(dT)的融化温度提高4℃,而使印oly(dAdT)}2的融化温度降低6℃,[Poly(dGdC)]2则出现了两个转变温度。进一步的圆二色实验结果充分表明Eu一Asp配合物对于富含Poly(dA)Poly(dT)和[Poly(dAdT)]2的双链DNA没有构象上的改变,而对于[Poly(dGdC)]2的双链DNA则产生了显著的构象上的改变,很有可能正是这一改变使得[Poly(dGdC)]2变得极其的不稳定。配合物对[Poly(dGdC)]2的这种不稳定影响随着配合物浓度的逐步升高而越来越明显。变温实验结果清楚的表明,在37℃时,Eu-AsP使[Poly(dGdC)JZ发生了构象转化,并且这种转化是可逆的。4.Tb-Cys配合物与单链(除了poly(dA))和双链DNA都能发生能量传递,从而使得配合物的荧光显著增强。不同的DNA表现出不同的增强效果,表明TbCys配合物对DNA的序列存在选择性,单链要强于双链,富含Poly(dAdG)的序列增强效果最好。单链和双链能量传递的差异表明了配合物能够区分DNA的单链和双链,配合物在与单链作用时结合更强。TbCys配合物在与DNA作用时存在不同的结合位点,而且单链和双链的结合位点明显不同。TbCys配合物能够引起富含dC和dT的单链DNA发生减色效应,而能够引起富含poly(dA)、poly(dAdG)的单链DNA和富含poly(dA)poly(dT)、[Poly(dAdT)]2和[poly(dGdC)]2的双链DNA发生明显的红移。此外,这一配合物同样能够影响双链DNA的稳定性,使得富含poly(dA)Poly(dT)序列变得稳定,而使得富含印oly(dAdT)]2和富含印oly(dGdC)]2的序列变得不稳定。这些结果都表明了配合物对DNA存在选择性。比较不同配合物的差别后能够发现DNA对于不同的配合物同样具有选II择性,这种选择性能够用来区分配合物。一这些钢系氨基酸配合物由于选择了天然的氨基酸作为配体,从而大大的降低了对人体的毒性,进一步表现出的对不同的DNA序列的选择型则使其有望成为新型的抗癌诊疗试剂。
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本文研究了Armco铁在盐酸溶液中的腐蚀电化学行为,探讨了ψ~-离子和PH值对铁的阳极溶解过程的影响,并进而讨论了ψ~-离子浓度和PH值对铁的腐蚀电化学行为的影响之间是否存在交互效应。在本工作中,作者提出了两个新的研究方法:(a) 从单支弱极化曲线测定腐蚀电流和阴、阳极反应的Tafep斜率;(b)根据交流方波电流扰动的响应函数方程测定极化电阻Rp和界面电容C。设I_c、I_(2c)、I_(3c)及I_(4c)分别为对应于弱极化区内极化电位为ΔE、2ΔE、3ΔE和4ΔE的极化电流,且令a = I_(2c)/I_c, b = I_(3c)/I_c, c = I_(4c)/I_(2c), 而(4b-3a~2)~(1/2)、(3c-2b)~(1/2)、(2c-a~2)~(1/2)则以S_j表示之,则可得到:I_(corr) = I_c/S_j b_c = ΔE/lg((a+s_j)/2) b_a = -ΔE/lg((a-s_j)/2)为了方便,准确地求出动力学参数,可选用一系列的ΔE值,得出相应的极化电流I_λ,求出S_λ,应用统计方法处理数据,可得:I_(corr) = ∑ from i=1 to n I_λ/∑ from i=1 ton S_λ b_c = ∑ form λ to n ΔE_λ/∑ form i=1 to n lg ((a_λ+S_λ)/2) b_a = ∑ form i=1 ton ΔE_λ/∑ form i=1 to n lg ((a_λ-S_λ)/2)在线性极化区间内向腐蚀金属电极体系施加一交流方波电流扰动讯号时,通过Laplace变换分析,得到相应的响应函数方程为:E_1(t) = λ_o(R_s+R_p) - 2λ_oR_p (e~(-(τ-λ)/RpC))/(1+e~(λ/RpC)) (o<τ<λ) E_2(t) = -λ_o(R_s+R_p) + 2λ_oR_p (e~(-(τ-λ)/RpC))/(1+e~(λ/RpC)) (λ<τ<2λ)由此方程可知,它们在E~λ坐标系统中的轨迹为对称兴致勃勃原点的两条直线。由此方程可进一步得到:ΔE = 2λ_oR_p (e~(λ/RpC)-1)/(e~(λ/RpC)+1) = 2λ_oR_p t_(anh)(λ/(2RpC)) Δh = 2λ_o Rs式中ΔE为单支响应直线的长度,Δh则为两条直线最高点之间的距离。上述公式可进一步简化为:Rp =(ΔE)/(2λ_o) λ>>RpC (λ_o)/(ΔE) = C/λ + 1/(2Rp) λ<
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PEO/PH共混体系的组份之间存在着氢键的相互作用,从偏光显微镜观察及熔点下降法测定,PEO/PH共混体系是相容体系,且PEO是在非晶区与PH相容,PH分子链不进入到PEO的晶格中,不引起晶胞参数的改变。对PEO/PH共混体系的等温结晶动力学研究表明,随共混体系中非晶组份PH含量的增加,体系的结晶生长方式由盘状生长转化为原纤状生长,成核方式由方式I(Kg=Kg(I)=4b. σσeTm/ΔHf.K)转化为方式II(Kg=Kg(Ii)=2b. σσeTm/ΔHf.K)析叠链表面自由能(σe)逐渐增大,体系的平衡溶点降低。在PEO/PH共混体系非等温结晶动力学的研究中,DSC实验表明,在常冷却速率下,PEO/PH共混体系符合Avrami方程所揭示的规律,为更好地反映非等温结晶特点,从Avrami方程和Ozawa方程出发,导出一个新的基本方程,根据这个方程,获得了描述非等温结晶过程的一些基本参数,在一定冷却速率下,随非晶组份PH含量的增加,东混体系的结晶速率降低;对于同一组成,冷却速率越大,体系结晶速率越快。WAXD和SAXS分析表明,随非晶组份PH含量的增加,PEO/PH共混体系的结晶度降低,长周期增大,过渡层厚略有变化,但变化很小。进一步表明,过渡层基本上是PEO的非晶相的贡献,PH不进入到PEO的晶格中,PEO是在非晶区与PH相容。
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GaSb films with AlSb/GaSb compound buffer layers were grown by molecular beam epitaxy on GaAs (001) substrates. The crystal quality and optical properties were studied by high resolution transition electron microscopy and low temperature photoluminescence spectra (PL), respectively. It was found that the AlSb/GaSb compound buffer layers can restrict the dislocations into GaSb epilayers. The intensity of PL spectra of GaSb layer becomes large with the increasing the periods of AlSb/GaSb superlattices, indicating that the optical quality of GaSb films is improved.
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The energetics, lattice relaxation, and the defect-induced states of st single O vacancy in alpha-Al2O3 are studied by means of supercell total-energy calculations using a first-principles method based on density-functional theory. The supercell model with 120 atoms in a hexagonal lattice is sufficiently large to give realistic results for an isolated single vacancy (square). Self-consistent calculations are performed for each assumed configuration of lattice relaxation involving the nearest-neighbor Al atoms and the next-nearest-neighbor O atoms of the vacancy site. Total-energy data thus accumulated are used to construct an energy hypersurface. A theoretical zero-temperature vacancy formation energy of 5.83 eV is obtained. Our results show a large relaxation of Al (O) atoms away from the vacancy site by about 16% (8%) of the original Al-square (O-square) distances. The relaxation of the neighboring Al atoms has a much weaker energy dependence than the O atoms. The O vacancy introduces a deep and doubly occupied defect level, or an F center in the gap, and three unoccupied defect levels near the conduction band edge, the positions of the latter are sensitive to the degree of relaxation. The defect state wave functions are found to be not so localized, but extend up to the boundary of the supercell. Defect-induced levels are also found in the valence-band region below the O 2s and the O 2p bands. Also investigated is the case of a singly occupied defect level (an F+ center). This is done by reducing both the total number of electrons in the supercell and the background positive charge by one electron in the self-consistent electronic structure calculations. The optical transitions between the occupied and excited states of the: F and F+ centers are also investigated and found to be anisotropic in agreement with optical data.
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GaAs epilayers grown on Si by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) using an ultrathin a-Si buffer layer were characterized by deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS). Six electron traps with activation energies of 0.79, 0.67, 0.61, 0.55, 0.53 and 0.32 eV below the conduction band were determined by fitting the experimental spectra. Two of the levels, C (0.61 eV) and F (0.32 eV), were first detected in GaAs epilayers on Si and identified as the metastable defects M3 and M4, respectively. In order to improve the quality of GaAs/Si epilayers, another GaAs layer was grown on the GaAs/Si epilayers grown using MOCVD. The deep levels in this regrown GaAs epilayer were also studied using DLTS. Only the EL2 level was found in the regrown GaAs epilayers. These results show that the quality of the GaAs epilayer was greatly improved by applying this growth process.
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We report a novel technique for growing high-quality GaAs on Si substrate. The process involves deposition of a thin amorphous Si film prior to the conventional two-step growth. The GaAs layers grown on Si by this technique using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition exhibit a better surface morphology and higher crystallinity as compared to the samples gown by conventional two-step method. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the x-ray (004) rocking curve for 2.2 mu m thick GaAs/Si epilayer grown by using this new method is 160arcsec. The FWHM of the photoluminescence spectrum main peak for this sample is 2.1 meV. These are among the best results reported so far. In addition, the mechanism of this new growth method was studied using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy.
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Recently, we reported successful growth of high-quality GaAs/Si epilayers by using a very thin amorphous Si film as buffer layer. In this paper, the impurity properties of this kind of GaAs/Si epilayers have been studied by using PL spectrum, SIMS and Hall measurement. Compared to a typical PL spectrum of the GaAs/Si epilayers grown by conventional two-step method, a new peak was observed in our PL spectrum at the energy of 1.462 eV, which is assigned to the band-to-silicon acceptor recombination. The SIMS analysis indicates that the silicon concentration in this kind of GaAs/Si epilayers is about 10(18) cm(-3). But its carrier concentration (about 4 x 10(17) cm(-3)) is lower than the silicon concentration. The lower carrier concentration in this kind of GaAs/Si epilayer can be interpreted both as the result of higher compensation and as the result of the formation of the donor-defect complex. We also found that the high-quality and low-Si-concentration GaAs/Si epilayers can be regrown by using this kind of GaAs/Si epilayer as substrate. The FWHM of the X-ray (004) rocking curve from this regrowth GaAs epilayer is 118 '', it is much less than that of the first growth GaAs epilayer (160 '') and other reports for the GaAs/Si epilayer grown by using conventional two-step method (similar to 200 '').