The effect of nucleation time on the growth of a microvoid in a viscoelastic material

In this paper, discussions are focused on the growth of a nucleated void in a viscoelastic material. The in situ tensile tests of specimens made of high-density polyethylene, filled with spherical glass beads (HDPE/GB) are carried out under SEM. The experimental result indicates that the microvoid nucleation is induced by the partially interfacial debonding of particles. By means of the Laplace transform and the Eshelby's equivalent inclusion method, a new analytical expression of the void strain at different nucleation times is derived. It can be seen that the strain of the nucleated void depends not only on the remote strain history, but also on the nucleation time. This expression is also illustrated by numerical examples, and is found to be of great usefulness in the study of damage evolution in viscoelastic materials.

Cr~(2+):ZnSe的激光输出和调谐性能

Cr~(2+):ZnSe具有很宽的吸收带和发射带,是中红外波段优秀的可调谐激光材料。从吸收光谱、发射光谱以及角度调谐输出对Cr~(2+):ZnSe晶体的激光输出性能进行了研究。采用真空高温扩散法制备Cr~(2+):ZnSe晶体.获得了高浓度的Cr~(2+)离子掺杂的厚1.7 mm,直径10 mm的薄片ZnSe晶体。使用中心波长2.05μm,最大输出功率8 W的Tm离子掺杂的光纤激光器抽运,使用平凹腔结构搭建谐振腔,获得了最大平均功率1.034 W,中心波长2.367μm,线宽10 nm的连续激光输出。利用角度调谐的方法,对Cr:ZnSe晶体的调谐性能进行了研究,在100 nm范围内获得了调谐输出。

沙地中植物的传粉对策——毛乌素案例研究

地环境严酷多变，植物的物种多样性较低且常成斑块状分布，传粉昆虫的种类较少且其数量在时间和空间上变化较大。生长在沙地中的植物常采取一些独特的传粉对策来适应其严酷多变的的环境。然而，前人对沙生植物传粉生物学的研究还非常有限，至今未总结出其与沙生环境相适应的传粉生物学特点。本文以生长于毛乌素沙地的角蒿、披针叶黄华和羊柴三种主要蜜源植物为材料，通过大量的野外观察和人工实验，对其开花习性、花生物学特点、传粉和交配系统及有性繁殖成功进行了研究，得到以下主要结论： 1. 由于传粉昆虫的种类较少，传粉者的拜访频率低且时空分布不均，角蒿发育出一种有效的生殖保障机制——通过风驱动花冠脱落实现延迟自花授粉。在花开放后期，角蒿仍然张开且未萎蔫的花冠被风吹落，拖动冠生雄蕊沿花柱向前滑动，使得花药穿过张开的柱头裂片，从而实现自花传粉。然而在柱头裂片闭合后，由于柱头表面被封闭，使得这一自花传粉过程不能实现。该植物不存在雌雄异熟，并且是完全自交亲和的。与自然状况下相比，在风排除帐中花冠脱落的比例显著减小，说明风对角蒿花冠的脱落至关重要。在排除传粉者的情况下，花开放后期花冠的脱落显著增加了柱头上的花粉数，相应也显著增加了花的结实和结籽率，说明风驱动的花冠脱落可通过促进自交来增加果实和种子生产。仅散熊蜂和四条无垫蜂两种蜂为角蒿提供传粉，但在自然状况下样地中仅仅一半的花被拜访，并且去雄花的结实率显著低于未去雄的花，表明昆虫传粉仅对花的结实有部分贡献，并且延迟自花传粉能为角蒿提供繁殖保障。另外，角蒿的柱头较敏感，它的两个张开的柱头裂片在受到传粉者触碰后很快紧紧闭合，但是如果此时柱头表面未收到或仅收到少量花粉，闭合的柱头裂片又会重新张开，这一特性是一种动态的雌雄异位，能减少自交和异交的干扰，并且也是角蒿生殖保障机制的一部分。由于涉及花器官的运动及风和敏感柱头的积极参与，因此角蒿的延迟自花传粉与以前报道的自花传粉机制均不同。此外，角蒿由蜂类和风拖动花冠共同参与的传粉模式也是一种新的风和动物联合传粉机制。 2. 披针叶黄华在早春开花，植株密集，花量较大，由于在此期间开花的虫媒植物很少，此时出现的蜂类在食源有限的情况下频繁地拜访披针叶黄华的花。在传粉者频繁拜访的压力下，披针叶黄华采取了花药序次成熟和开裂的对策来实现花粉的最佳散布。披针叶黄华是自交亲和的，单花期长3-4天，它的十枚完全分离的雄蕊在2-3天内分五对序次地伸长和开裂，这五对花药序次开裂通常彼此间隔3-4小时，但这一行为在夜间停止。五对序次开裂花药的大小、花粉数量和可育花粉的比例无显著差异。有七种蜂为披针叶黄华提供传粉，其中山本氏切叶蜂是主要传粉者，它对披针叶黄华的拜访频率很高，一朵花平均每天受到25次拜访。山本氏切叶蜂在一次拜访中移出一朵花内可获得花粉的70-90%，且一次拜访和多次拜访对花粉的移取率无显著差异;在具有1-5对开裂花药的花间，昆虫对花粉的移取率也无显著差异，说明传粉者对花粉的移取能力很强。其花蜜的分泌模式与花药序次开裂的模式及传粉者的拜访特点相适应。正是传粉者高的拜访频率和强的花粉移取能力使得披针叶黄华采取了序次呈现花粉的策略来增加花粉被散布的机会。 3. 羊柴是毛乌素沙地的一种优势克隆植物，花期较长，开花量大。该种植物是不完全雄性先熟的，P/O比为55 610，花蜜的分泌模式与雌性功能的出现和昆虫的拜访相适应。有14种蜂为其提供传粉，其中意大利蜂、散熊蜂、白脸条蜂、和海切叶蜂是四种主要传粉者。该种植物具有自交异交混和交配系统，但自体受精结实率很低，种子繁殖需依靠传粉者提供授粉，传粉者的拜访行为能导致频繁的同株异花传粉。 4. 羊柴植株具有短时间大量开花的特点，但相邻不同斑块的开花时间差异很大，早、晚开花的斑块较少，大多数斑块一致在开花季节中期开花。这种斑块水平上开花的不同步能影响传粉者的种类组成和拜访频率，在整个开花季节内，传粉者的种类逐渐减少，并且早开花的斑块比那些中期开花的有更高的传粉者拜访频率,说明大量中期开花的斑块间存在传粉者竞争。在早开花的斑块中，传粉者的拜访频率与花展示的大小成显著正相关，说明大量开花能增加花展示对传粉者的吸引。但在中期开花的斑块中，随着开花量的持续增加，传粉者拜访减少。与中期开花的斑块相比，早、晚开花的斑块有更高的结实率。斑块水平上植株的结实率与羊柴的盖度、植株密度和重要值等种群统计学参数无显著相关，并且植株的大小和花展示的大小对开花时间与结实率的关系没有影响。由此可知，羊柴在斑块水平上大量开花和不同步开花共存的开花模式可能是对吸引传粉者和减少植株间对传粉者竞争的一种折衷。 5. 生长于毛乌素沙地的这三种主要蜜源植物的花期几乎不重叠，均具有泛化传粉系统，在花期内出现的大多数蜂类都可为披针叶黄华和羊柴提供传粉，比较特殊的是角蒿具有昆虫和风联合传粉的泛化传粉系统。三种植物都是自交亲和的，具有混合交配系统。这可能与沙地环境中蜂类的物种多样性较低，且其数量在时间和空间上变化很大有关。

Game Vertebrate Densities in Hunted and Nonhunted Forest Sites in Manu National Park, Peru

Manu National Park of southern Peru is one of the most renowned protected areas in the world, yet large-bodied vertebrate surveys conducted to date have been restricted to Cocha Cashu Biological Station, a research station covering <0.06 percent of the 1.7Mha park. Manu Park is occupied by >460 settled Matsigenka Amerindians, 300-400 isolated Matsigenka, and several, little-known groups of isolated hunter-gatherers, yet the impact of these native Amazonians on game vertebrate populations within the park remains poorly understood. On the basis of 1495 km of standardized line-transect censuses, we present density and biomass estimates for 23 mammal, bird, and reptile species for seven lowland and upland forest sites in Manu Park, including Cocha Cashu. We compare these estimates between hunted and nonhunted sites within Manu Park, and with other Neotropical forest sites. Manu Park safeguards some of the most species-rich and highest biomass assemblages of arboreal and terrestrial mammals ever recorded in Neotropical forests, most likely because of its direct Andean influence and high levels of soil fertility. Relative to Barro Colorado Island, seed predators and arboreal folivores in Manu are rare, and generalist frugivores specializing on mature fruit pulp are abundant. The impact of such a qualitative shift in the vertebrate community on the dynamics of plant regeneration, and therefore, on our understanding of tropical plant ecology, must be profound. Despite a number of external threats, Manu Park continues to serve as a baseline against which other Neotropical forests can be gauged.

HIV p24抗原的检测及意义

国家自然科学基金（E9M88;E:）、云南省自然科学基金（9MA8899P）云南省中青年科学与技术学术带头人基金（95-12）、中国科学院“西部之光”人才基金（97）资助项目。

The distribution and economic losses of alien species invasion to China

Invasive alien species have become one of the most serious environmental issues in the world. Data of taxon, origin, pathway, and environmental impacts of invasive alien microorganisms, invertebrates, amphibians and reptiles, fish, birds, mammals, herbs, trees, and, marine organisms in terrestrial, aquatic, and marine ecosystems of China were analyzed during 2001 and 2003, based on literature retrieval and field survey. There were 283 invasive alien species in China, and the number of species of invasive alien microorganisms, aquatic plants, terrestrial plants, aquatic invertebrates, terrestrial invertebrates, amphibians and reptiles, fish, and mammals were 19, 18, 170, 25, 33, 3, 10, and 5, respectively. The proportion of invasive alien species originated from America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Oceania were 55.1, 21.7, 9.9, 8.1, and 0.6%, respectively. Methods for estimation of direct economic losses to agriculture, forestry, stockbreeding, fishery, road and water transportation, storage, water conservancy, environment and public facilities, and human health were established. Methods for estimation of indirect economic losses caused by invasive alien species to service functions of forest ecosystems, agricultural ecosystems, grassland ecosystems, and wetland ecosystems were also established. The total economic losses caused by invasive alien species to China were to the time of USD 14.45 billion, with direct and indirect economic losses accounting for 16.59% and 83.41% of total economic losses, respectively.

Substrate temperature dependence of ZnTe epilayers grown on GaAs(001) by molecular beam epitaxy

ZnTe thin films have been grown on GaAs(0 0 1) substrates at different temperatures with constant Zn and Te beam equivalent pressures (BEPs) by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). In situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) observation indicates that two-dimensional (2D) growth mode can be established after around one-minute three-dimensional (3D) nucleation by increasing the substrate temperature to 340 degrees C. We found that Zn desorption from the ZnTe surface is much greater than that of Te at higher temperatures, and estimated the Zn sticking coefficient by the evolution of growth rate. The Zn sticking coefficient decreases from 0.93 to 0.58 as the temperature is elevated from 320 to 400 degrees C. The ZnTe epilayer grown at 360 degrees C displays the narrowest full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of 660 arcsec from (0 0 4) reflection in double-crystal X-ray rocking curve (DCXRC) measurements. The surface morphology of ZnTe epilayers is strongly dependent on the substrate temperature, and the root-mean-square (RMS) roughness diminishes drastically with the increase in temperature.

10 Gb／s电吸收调制器的微波封装设计

在高速光电子器件的微波封装过程中，需要综合考虑封装寄生参数和芯片寄生参数对器件高频性能的影响。利用封装寄生参数对芯片寄生参数的补偿作用，成功实现了10Gb／s电吸收调制激光器（EML）的高频封装。通过封装前后芯片和器件的小信号频率响应测试结果对比，器件的反射参数和传输参数有所改善，3dB带宽达到10GHz；并进行了10Gb／s速率的光纤传输实验，经过40km光纤传输后通道代价不到1dBm（误码率为10^-12），满足10Gb／s长距离光纤传输系统的要求。