37 resultados para Europa -- Condicions rurals -- S. XIV-XVIII


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Este trabajo trata de explicar la situacion preindustrial entre los siglos XVI-XVII, ofreciendo información acerca de diferentes organizaciones de la época como son los gremios y las cofradías. También se habla de la importancia de la industria armamentística y de las unidades productivas que hubo en la zona del cantábrico. Por último, se analiza el caso de Inglaterra, donde se dieron las condiciones para el cambio hacia la revolución industrial.

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[ES] Partiendo de los valores semestrales de cada una de las nueve variables que componen el índice de riesgo país elaborado por Euromoney, en el periodo comprendido entre septiembre de 1992 y septiembre de 2002, para 41 países europeos y 30 países americanos, los autores proponen la construcción de dos nuevos índices de riesgo país, a los que han denominado «Índice Simplificado» e «Índice Observacional». La característica de ambos índices es que, además de contener únicamente cuatro variables (de las nueve propuestas por el índice de riesgo país de Euromoney), permiten replicar, con un elevado índice de fiabiabilidad el ranking de países (dado en función de su riesgo país) proporcionado por el índice del cual se derivan.

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The territory of the European Union is made up of a rich and wide-ranging universe of languages, which is not circumscribed to the «State languages. The existence of multilingualism is one of Europe’s defining characteristics and it should remain so in the constantly evolving model of Europe’s political structure. Nonetheless, until now, the official use of languages has been limited to the «State languages and has been based on a concept of state monolingualism that has led to a first level of hierarchization among the languages of Europe. This has affected the very concept of European language diversity. The draft of the treaty establishing a European Constitution contains various language-related references that can be grouped in two major categories: on the one hand, those references having to do the constitutional status of languages, and on the other, those regarding the recognition of European language diversity. Both issues are dealt with in this article. In analyzing the legal regime governing languages set forth in the draft of the constitutional treaty, we note that the draft is not based on the concept of the official status of languages. The language regulation contained in the draft of the constitutional treaty is limited in character. The constitutional language regime is based on the concept of Constitutional languages but the official status of languages is not governed by this rule. The European Constitution merely enunciates rights governing language use for European citizens vis-à-vis the languages of the Constitution and refers the regulation of the official status of languages to the Council, which is empowered to set and modify that status by unanimous decision. Because of its broad scope, this constitutes a regulatory reservation. In the final phase of the negotiation process a second level of constitutional recognition of languages would be introduced, linked to those that are official languages in the member states (Catalan, Basque, Galician, etc.). These languages, however, would be excluded from the right to petition; they would constitute a tertium genus, an intermediate category between the lan guages benefiting from the language rights recognized under the Constitution and those other languages for which no status is recognized in the European institutional context. The legal functionality of this second, intermediate category will depend on the development of standards, i.e., it will depend on the entrée provided such languages in future reforms of the institutional language regime. In a later section, the article reflects on European Union language policy with regard to regional or minority languages, concluding that the Union has not acted in accordance with defined language policy guidelines when it has been confronted, in the exercise of its powers, with regional or minority languages (or domestic legislation having to do with language demands). The Court of Justice has endeavoured to resolve on a case by case basis the conflicts raised between community freedoms and the normative measures that protect languages. Thus, using case law, the Court has set certain language boundaries for community freedoms. The article concludes by reflecting on the legal scope of the recognition of European language diversity referred to in Article II-82 of the European Constitution and the possible measures to implement the precept that might constitute the definition of a true European language policy on regional or minority languages. Such a policy has yet to be defined.

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[ES]En este artículo se pasa revista y se analizan los distintos factores que contribuyeron a la construcción de un discurso homofóbico por parte de la sociedad europea a partir del siglo XIII. Se centra la atención especialmente en la homosexualidad masculina.

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Número monográfico publicado bajo el título:" Mendia, gizartea eta kultura. Montaña, sociedad y cultura. Montagne, societé et culture".

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Kolokioaren agiriak : XVIII.mendea Euskal Herrian letretan eta historian: Baionan 2004ko azaroaren 18 eta 19an, Bonnat museoan / Actes du Colloque:Le XVIIIe siècle au Pays Basque à travers les lettres et l'histoire, Muse Bonnat, Bayonne, 18-19 novembre 2004.

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[ES]Si hasta mediados del siglo XVIII la jurisdicción sobre los bosques guipuzcoanos fue acumulativa y a prevención entre las instituciones provinciales, los alcaldes, el Corregidor y las instituciones de Marina, la Real Cédula de 28 de junio de 1749 inauguró un nuevo período en el que la Provincia la detentó de forma privativa y excluyente, lo que provocó un choque frontal con el Corregidor, quien se resistía a dejar de ejercer sus prerrogativas.

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Eguíluz, Federico; Merino, Raquel; Olsen, Vickie; Pajares, Eterio; Santamaría, Jos Miguel (eds.)

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Julio Urkixo Euskal Filologi Mintegiaren Urtekariaren Gehigarriak, LI.

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Santamaría, Jos Miguel; Pajares, Eterio; Olsen, Vickie; Merino, Raquel; Eguíluz, Federico (eds.)

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Eterio Pajares, Raquel Merino y Jos Miguel Santamaría (eds.)